Deck 7: The Family and Delinquency

Question 1

A group of youths who collectively engage in delinquent behaviors is called a clique.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

About half of all gangs in the United States are European Americans.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In the 1950s and early 1960s,the threat of gangs and gang violence was not in the public consciousness.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

According to the liberation view,ganging can provide girls with a sense of "sisterhood," independence,and solidarity,as well as a chance to earn profit through illegal activities.

Question 5

According to control theory,delinquents are as detached from their peers as they are from other elements of society.

Question 6

Strength or power is asserted through the terms rifa,which means to rule,and controllo,indicating that the gang controls the area.

Question 7

Gang members who flash a crowd with the hand signals of a rival gang are representing.

Question 8

Gangs that are described as "near-groups" have limited cohesion and disturbed leadership.

Question 9

Gang experts believe the average age of gang members has been increasing,a condition explained in part by the changing structure of the economy.

Question 10

Gang formation typically occurs when members of an ethnic minority join together for self-preservation.

Question 11

According to the "social injury" view,female members are still sexually exploited by young gang members and are sometimes forced to exploit other females.

Question 12

According to the text,gangs communicate through graffiti,secret vocabulary,hand signs,and the Internet.

Question 13

Control theorists contend that delinquents are alienated from conventional society,but maintain strong positive bonds to delinquent friends.

Question 14

Klein notes that even the most criminal gang members spend the bulk of their time in noncriminal activities.

Question 15

According to social learning theory,kids who fall in with a bad crowd learn bad habits,attitudes,and behavior from their more deviant friends.

Question 16

Thrasher posits that gangs form spontaneously in interstitial areas and then are integrated through conflict.

Question 17

Party gangs are involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana.

Question 18

Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study indicated that only 15 percent of all reported delinquent acts were committed by gang members.

Question 19

Klikas are subgroups of same-aged youths in Hispanic gangs that remain together and have separate names and a unique identity in the gang.

Question 20

A popular headpiece among Asian gang members is the "stingy brim" fedora or a baseball cap with the wearer's nickname and gang affiliation written on the bill.

Question 21

The alienation view assumes that gangs are a natural response to lower-class life and a status-generating medium for boys whose aspirations cannot be realized by legitimate means.

Question 22

According to the text,programs that improve the lives of adolescents are the key to reducing gang delinquency.

Question 23

Klein's famous research in the 1960s and 1970s found that typical gang members came from dysfunctional and destitute families and lacked adequate role models.​

Question 24

According to the text,__________________ are aggressive kids who are either highly liked or intensely disliked by their peers.

A)controversial status youth
B)millennium ragers
C)street punks
D)honor roll students

Question 25

Which statement about adolescent peer relations is false?

A)Peer influence is gender-specific.
B)Peer influence may be more important than parental nurturance in the development of long-term behavior.
C)Peers may actually outweigh the influence of parents in producing a delinquent way of life.
D)The number and the variety of friendships increase as children go through adolescence.

Question 26

While youth gang membership is correlated with delinquency,research on the length of gang involvement,meaning the longer a youth stays affiliated with a gang,finds no correlation with disruption into adulthood.​

Question 27

A crowd is defined as:

A)loosely organized groups of children who share interests and activities
B)small groups of friends who engage in crime and use drugs and alcohol
C)small groups of friends who share activities and confidences
D)large hoards of youths who share common locations like schools and neighborhoods

Question 28

Detached street worker programs are sometimes credited with curbing gang activities in the 1980s and 1990s.

Question 29

Which of the following statements best reflects control theory?

A)Delinquents are alienated from conventional peers,but have strong bonds to delinquent peers.
B)Delinquents are detached from their conventional peers and from their delinquent peers.
C)Delinquents learn delinquent values,attitudes,and behaviors from their peers.
D)None of the above statements reflect control theory.

Question 30

Klein notes that even the most criminal gang members spend the bulk of their time:

A)in noncriminal activities
B)at drug and alcohol parties
C)partying with gang chicks
D)planning and committing crime

Question 31

According to ___________________ theory,kids who engage in unstructured socializing with like-minded peers,without parental controls,will have greater opportunities to get involved in delinquent behaviors than those who receive adult monitoring and control.

A)social learning
B)control
C)social disorganization
D)routine activities

Question 32

According to the anthropological view,kids with personality problems form gangs and become leaders.

Question 33

Co-offending is defined as:

A)the tendency for youths to commit two or more delinquent acts rather than a single act
B)the tendency for youths to use drugs or alcohol when they commit delinquent acts
C)the tendency to commit delinquent acts in small groups rather than alone
D)the tendency for youths to commit delinquent acts when with older youths

Question 34

According to Thrasher,___________________ areas are cracks and voids in the social,political,and economic fabric of society.

A)extraterrestrial
B)spacial elliptical
C)interstitial
D)geographic void

Question 35

Which of the following were not among the early American gangs?

A)Plug Uglies
B)Roach Guards
C)Dead Rabbits
D)Bugles

Question 36

A clique is defined as:

A)loosely organized groups of children who share interests and activities
B)small groups of friends who engage in crime and use drugs and alcohol
C)small groups of friends who share activities and confidences
D)large hoards of youths who share common locations like schools and neighborhoods

Question 37

Which of the following statements about the impact of peer relations is true?

A)Delinquent friends cause law-abiding youth to "get in trouble."
B)Youths who maintain friendships with antisocial peers are less likely to become delinquent.
C)As children move through the life course,they outgrow their antisocial friends.
D)Troubled kids choose delinquent peers out of desire rather than necessity.

Question 38

In some instances,a peer group provides the social and emotional basis for antisocial activity.When this happens:

A)an out-group is transformed into a social category
B)a crowd is transformed into a gang
C)a clique is transformed into a gang
D)an in-group is transformed into an out-group

Question 39

According to __________________ theory,delinquents are as detached from their peers as they are from other elements of society.

A)sociocultural
B)control
C)social disorganization
D)strain

Question 40

"Prestige crimes" occur when a gang member steals or assaults someone to get out of the gang.

Question 41

Which of the following best describes the most common reason for gang member migration in the United States?

A)Political,to spread the influence of gangs
B)Social,the gang member's family moves
C)Economic,to spread the drug distribution network
D)Social,to spread the social networks of the gang

Question 42

According to the text,females are involved in gangs in three ways.Which of the following is not one of these three ways?

A)As auxiliaries of male gangs
B)As part of sexually mixed gangs
C)As backup gangs
D)As autonomous gangs

Question 43

________________ type of gang is described as being involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana.

A)Social
B)Party
C)Serious
D)Organized

Question 44

Which of the following statements about gangs in the 1950s and 1960s is false?

A)The threat of gangs and gang violence swept the public consciousness.
B)By the mid-1960s,the gang menace seemed to have peaked.
C)In the 1960s,some gangs shifted their emphasis from criminal behavior to get involved in social or political activities.
D)The decrease in gang menace was partially due to many gang members being drafted into the army.

Question 45

A(n)_________________ gang is heavily involved in criminality,particularly in drug sales,and they use violence to establish control over drug sale territories.

A)social
B)party
C)organized
D)none of the above

Question 46

What is not a reason attributed to the reemergence of gang activity in the 1970s?

A)Gang involvement in the sale of illegal drugs.
B)It may have been the natural consequence of the economic and social dislocation.
C)The traditional weapons of gangs were replaced by automatic weapons.
D)Local youth has access to conventional careers.

Question 47

Subgroups of same-aged youths in Latino gangs that remain together and have separate names and a unique identity in the gang are known as ______.

A)barrios
B)cohorts
C)klikas
D)near-groups

Question 48

______________________ was terrorized by organized gangs that called themselves "Hectors," "Bugles," "Dead Boys," and other colorful names.

A)London
B)New York
C)Boston
D)Seattle

Question 49

The __________________ gang was created in Los Angeles,California,in 1969 by teens Raymond Washington and Stanley "Tookie" Williams.

A)Bloods
B)Crips
C)Wilson St.Brawlers
D)Black Assassins

Question 50

A(n)________________ gang concentrates on drug use and sales but forgoes most delinquent behavior.

A)social
B)party
C)serious delinquent
D)organized

Question 51

__________ are clusters of youth who outwardly seem unified,but actually have limited cohesion,impermanence,minimal consensus of norms,shifting membership,disturbed leadership,and limited definitions of membership expectations.

A)Cliques
B)Klikas
C)Near-groups
D)Gangs

Question 52

With regard to gang leadership,which statement is false?

A)Those who assume leadership roles earned their position by demonstrating fighting prowess,verbal quickness,or athletic distinction.
B)In some gangs,each age level has its own leaders.
C)Older members are considered leaders by younger members.
D)Less-organized gangs are marked by diffuse and shifting leadership.

Question 53

Previously impoverished inner-city districts of major cities such as New York and Chicago are now quite fashionable and expensive,devoted to finance,retail stores,high-priced condos,and entertainment.Which of the following statements best describes an aspect of this development that inhibits urban gang formation?

A)There are few residential areas and thus few adolescent recruits.
B)Juveniles who live there often work in the financial and commercial businesses.
C)There are less police there to catch potential law violators.
D)There is less to steal in those areas.

Question 54

The 2012 Youth Gang Survey depicted an estimated 30,000 gangs containing about ______________ gang members active in the United States.

A)320,000
B)600,000
C)850,000
D)1,200,000

Question 55

Less than ______ percent of gang members move to a new location solely to participate in illegal ventures or to start up a new gang branch.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)50

Question 56

What is not a common characteristic of contemporary gangs?

A)Symbols and graffiti associated with different gangs
B)Wearing colors traditionally associated with a rival gang
C)More concern over turf and territory
D)Members who sometimes switch from one gang to another

Question 57

What statement about the age of gang members is false?

A)Traditionally,most members of offending groups were usually no more than a few years apart in age.
B)Because members are staying in gangs longer than in the past,it is believed the average age of gang members has been increasing.
C)The changing structure of the U.S.economy has allowed former gang members to leave the gang for higher-paying jobs.
D)Criminal records acquired at an early age quickly lock gang members out of the job market so that remaining in a gang becomes an economic necessity.

Question 58

According to Fagan,which of the following categories of gangs is "on the verge of becoming a formal criminal organization"?

A)A social gang
B)A party gang
C)A serious delinquent gang
D)An organized gang

Question 59

When gang members toss or flash signs to proclaim their gang membership,this is called:

A)fronting
B)passing
C)badging
D)representing

Question 60

What is not a form of communication used by gangs?

A)Graffiti
B)Internet
C)Hand signs
D)All are forms of communication

Question 61

Which is not one of the unique characteristics of the racial gang provided in the scenario?

A)The use of a nickname
B)Distinctive hairstyle
C)Fierce loyalty
D)Wearing rags

Question 62

With regard to gender and gangs,what statement is false?

A)Studies show that females leave gangs at an older age than males.
B)Most girls join gangs in an effort to cope with their turbulent personal lives.
C)Many of the girl gang members had early exposure to neighborhood violence.
D)Female gang membership protected female gang members from sexual assault by nongang neighborhood men.

Question 63

Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study indicate that gang members account for a significant portion of all violent and drug crimes.According to the text,these data support which of the following theories?

A)Control theory
B)Gang-crime association theory
C)Rational choice theory
D)Social disorganization theory

Question 64

Given John's propensity toward being aggressive,what might he be considered?

A)Criminal atavist
B)Interstitial male
C)Controversial status youth
D)Precocious male

Question 65

Which of the following is not one of the largest African American gangs in the United States?

A)Bloods
B)Crips
C)Black P.Stone Nation
D)Wu Tang Disciples

Question 66

Which of the following is not about the community gang-control strategies?

A)Strengthening families
B)Ensuring that punitive sanctions target delinquent gang apparel
C)Reducing youth's conflicts
D)Improving community-level supervision of youth

Question 67

According to the ____________________ view,female members are still sexually exploited by young gang members and are sometimes forced to exploit other females.

A)liberation
B)social injury
C)rational choice
D)anthropological

Question 68

Given the scenario,which of the following may not be a reason why Julie joined a gang?

A)Protection
B)Financial opportunity
C)Family dysfunction
D)Peer pressure

Question 69

In recent years,gang control has often been left to local police departments and has taken three basic forms.Which of the following is not one of these basic forms?

A)Youth services programs
B)Gang details
C)Gang units
D)Peer-gang educators

Question 70

According to the _____________ view,ganging can provide girls with a sense of sisterhood,independence,and solidarity,as well as a chance to earn profit through illegal activities.

A)liberation
B)social injury
C)rational choice
D)anthropological

Question 71

What might be expected when Julie gives birth?

A)She will remain with the gang for the long term.
B)The gang will take care of her baby.
C)She will drift away from the gang.
D)The gang will oust Julie.

Question 72

According to the ___________________ view,gangs appeal to adolescents' longing for the tribal process that sustained their ancestors.

A)liberation
B)social injury
C)rational choice
D)anthropological

Question 73

William Julius Wilson contends that older members are still active to some degree in gangs because:

A)young adults choose gang life over conventional roles
B)older gang members are forced to remain through fear and intimidation
C)they occupy lucrative leadership roles in the gang
D)of the inability to find adequate jobs

Question 74

Based on the facts presented,what is the status of Julie's gang?

A)Autonomous gang
B)Mixed gang
C)Auxiliary gang
D)Clique

Question 75

The __________ is considered by some experts to be the most dangerous gang in the United States.

A)Bloods
B)Crips
C)MS-13
D)Wah Chings

Question 76

With regard to Michael's long-term behavior patterns,what is true?

A)His parents are the strongest influence.
B)John is the most important influence of all Michael's friends.
C)The influence of his peers is more important than Michael's parents.
D)Michael's friends will not impact his long-term behavior.

Question 77

According to the ____________ view,ganging provides girls with independence and a chance to earn profit through illegal activities.

A)liberation
B)social injury
C)critical feminist
D)prestige status

Question 78

Which of the following statements about the psychological view of gang formation is true?

A)Kids join gangs for protection,fun,and survival
B)Gangs appeal to kids' tribal instincts
C)Gangs form because of destructive sociocultural forces in disorganized inner-city areas
D)Kids with personality problems form gangs and become leaders

Question 79

Michael binge drinks with his closest friends. This is this illustrative of:

A)co-offending
B)representing
C)prestige crimes
D)masculinity hypothesis

Question 80

The earliest gangs,the Wah Ching,were formed in the nineteenth century by Chinese youths affiliated with adult crime groups called:

A)triads
B)tongs
C)hui kuan
D)tsu