Deck 11: Delinquency Prevention and Juvenile Justice Today

Question 1

In the case People v.Lara,the court ruled that a juvenile's waive of his/her Miranda rights is determined by the totality of the circumstances.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Since the mid-1990s,the juvenile violence rate has increased substantially.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The validity of juvenile waiver of rights depends on the age of the youth,education,their knowledge of the charges,the method of interrogation,and whether the youth was allowed to consult their family.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A case involving a juvenile often demands that the officer consider the facts of the case,the law,and police discretion.

Question 5

Most juvenile laws provide broad authority for the police to take juveniles into custody,which implies a protective rather than punitive form of custody.

Question 6

In deciding what to do with a juvenile offender,police officers may be influenced by their perception of community alternatives to police intervention.

Question 7

Most courts have held that the Fourth Amendment ban against unreasonable search and seizure applies to juveniles.

Question 8

Among the factors that play into the police discretionary process are the attitude of the offender and the complainant.

Question 9

Meda Chesney-Lind found that adolescent female status offenders are arrested for less serious offenses than boys.

Question 10

The first organized police force was created in London in 1829.

Question 11

Historically,when children violated the law,they were often treated the same as adult offenders.

Question 12

In misdemeanor cases,the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody.

Question 13

In felony cases involving juveniles,the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody or have probable cause to believe that a crime took place and that the juvenile did it.

Question 14

Since the mid-1960s,any incriminating statements arising from a "custodial interrogation" cannot be used at trial.

Question 15

Most officers regard juvenile violations as serious regardless of the offender.

Question 16

Juveniles typically account for about 40 percent of all violent crime arrests.

Question 17

Many studies find that Hispanic teens are the most likely to view the police as dishonest.

Question 18

Police do not need probable cause to arrest juveniles.

Question 19

In a classic 1963 study,Nathan Goldman examined the arrest records of more than a thousand juveniles from four communities in Pennsylvania and concluded that the majority of the police contacts with juveniles were handled informally.

Question 20

Research indicates that a police officer is much more likely to take formal action if the crime is serious,if it has been reported by a respectable member of the community,and if the offender is well known to them.

Question 21

According to the text,the use of community policing officers has increased significantly in the last few years.

Question 22

Which racial group is less likely to believe the police are honest?

A)White
B)Hispanic
C)African American
D)Asian

Question 23

Operation Ceasefire,which took place in Boston,has been one of the most successful examples of pulling levers policing.​

Question 24

Community policing and problem-oriented policing are alike in that both are viewed as proactive delinquency prevention strategies.

Question 25

Handling juvenile offenders can produce major ___________ for police;they may experience a tension between their desire to perform what they consider their primary duty,law enforcement,and the need to aid in the rehabilitation of youthful offenders.

A)moral dilemmas
B)role conflicts
C)technical strain
D)legal uncertainties

Question 26

The first professional police force was established in 1829 in:

A)Boston
B)New York City
C)London
D)Athens

Question 27

The most important police official in the American colonies was the:

A)watchman
B)sheriff
C)top pledge
D)police chief

Question 28

Which of the following statements about police informants is true?

A)They share information with police in exchange for money or special treatment.
B)They are undercover cops that develop access to criminal networks.
C)The evidence obtained through informants is inadmissible in court.
D)They are not utilized during investigations involving juveniles.

Question 29

What policing system was used in England prior to the Norman conquest and the establishment of the watch system?

A)Constable system
B)Pledge system
C)Posse system
D)Community policing

Question 30

Juveniles account for what percent of all violent crime arrests?

A)6 percent
B)11 percent
C)16 percent
D)25 percent

Question 31

​The G.R.E.A.T.program is the only delinquency prevention program to score a 100 percent effectiveness rating for reducing criminal activity of participants over the last decade.

Question 32

The British "bobbies" were named after:

A)Bobby Knight
B)Bob Wickersham
C)Robert Peel
D)John Roberts

Question 33

Under problem-oriented policing,the main police role should be to increase feelings of community safety.

Question 34

The ______________  was the organization of men in early English society who patrolled areas at night to protect against disturbances and breaches of the peace.

A)posse system
B)watch system
C)guardian angel system
D)Knights of Columbus system

Question 35

The main difference between arrests of adult and juvenile offenders is the broader latitude police have to control youthful behavior.

Question 36

___________________ was the Chief of Police in Berkeley,California,who required university training,used modern management techniques,and instituted prevention programs.

A)Wilson
B)Bell
C)Peel
D)Vollmer

Question 37

Which of the following statements about juveniles' views about the police is true?

A)African American teens are more likely to view the police favorably than their white counterparts.
B)White non-Hispanic youth are the least likely to have a favorable view of the police of all racial/ethnic groups.
C)Asian and Hispanic youth are less likely to view the police favorably than their African American counterparts.
D)Juveniles with prior police contact tend to view police less favorably than juveniles with no prior contact.

Question 38

It is estimated that _____ percent of all juvenile arrests are handled informally within the police department or referred to a community service agency.

A)10
B)23
C)35
D)43

Question 39

Federal funding from the _________________,an agency set up to fund justice-related programs,was a catalyst for developing hundreds of new police programs and enhancing police services for children.

A)C.O.P.S
B)O.J.J.D.P.
C)L.E.A.A.
D)N.I.J.

Question 40

In regard to the future of juvenile policing,hard technologies refer to nonlethal weapons,such as tasers or stun guns.​

Question 41

In ______________________,the Supreme Court ruled that a child asking to speak to his probation officer was not the equivalent of asking for an attorney.

A)Miranda v.Arizona
B)California v.Prysock
C)Fare v.Michael C.
D)People v.Lara

Question 42

Like adults,juveniles are protected against "___________________" searches and seizures.

A)unfair
B)intrusive
C)unreasonable
D)unethical

Question 43

What U.S.Supreme Court case made the Miranda warning applicable to juveniles taken into custody?

A)People v.Lara
B)in re Gault
C)Miranda v.Arizona
D)Breed v.Jones

Question 44

The protection against unreasonable searches and seizures is contained within the ________________ Amendment.

A)First
B)Fourth
C)Fifth
D)Sixth

Question 45

Which of the following is not a warrantless search?

A)Plain view
B)Stop and frisk
C)Search incident to an arrest
D)They are all warrantless searches

Question 46

Since the mid-1990s,the juvenile violence rate has:

A)surged insurmountably
B)remained stable
C)reduced substantially
D)tripled

Question 47

Most studies conclude that nine variables are important in the police discretionary process.Which of the following is not one of these variables?

A)The attitude of the complainant
B)The type and seriousness of the offense
C)The offender's prior contacts with the police
D)The officer's personality type

Question 48

Which of the following is not a factor in police discretion with juveniles?

A)Police perception of community alternatives to police intervention.
B)Pressure from supervising officers and decisions made by peers.
C)The level of housing available in the detention facility.
D)Delinquent behavior and actions that occur during police detention.

Question 49

Research shows that police are much more likely to take formal action if:

A)the crime is serious
B)the crime has been reported by a victim who is a respected member of the community
C)if the offender is well known to them
D)all of the above increase the likelihood of police taking formal action

Question 50

Crimes such as murder,rape,and ________________ are felonies.

A)speeding
B)disturbing the peace
C)petty larceny
D)robbery

Question 51

Which of the following is the legal standard that allows the police to make an arrest for felonies they did not witness?

A)Reasonable suspicion
B)Beyond a reasonable doubt
C)Absolute certainty
D)Probable cause

Question 52

The right to remain silent,right to an attorney,and the idea that statements made voluntarily will be used against the person make up the:

A)discretionary waiver
B)Miranda warning
C)totality of the circumstances
D)Juvenile Rights Waiver

Question 53

According to _____________________,juveniles can waive their Miranda rights,but the validity of the waiver is determined by the circumstances of each case,otherwise known as the totality of the circumstances.

A)People v.Lara
B)Courtright v.Pennsylvania
C)Miranda v.Arizona
D)California v.Prysock

Question 54

The FBI estimates that almost two-thirds of all juvenile arrests are:

A)referred to juvenile court
B)referred to another agency
C)referred to criminal court
D)handled informally and released

Question 55

According to the text,which of the following is a source of police discretion?

A)Environmental factors
B)Department policy
C)Situational factors
D)All of the above

Question 56

What happens with illegally seized evidence in juvenile proceedings?

A)It can be used against the youth.
B)It is inadmissible in an adjudicatory hearing.
C)It can be used against the youth,but only if it points to their guilt.
D)It can be used at the youth's hearing,and the officers can be liable for the intrusion.

Question 57

__________________ refers to questions posed by the police to a suspect held in custody in the prejudicial stage of the juvenile justice process.

A)Interview
B)Custodial interrogation
C)Incident to an arrest
D)Miranda warning

Question 58

_________________ refers to facts,circumstances,and evidence that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime was committed and a specific person did it.

A)Probable cause
B)Reasonable suspicion
C)Reasonable doubt
D)Preponderance of the evidence

Question 59

In a classic 1963 study,Nathan Goldman examined the arrest records of more than 1,000 juveniles from four communities in Pennsylvania and concluded that _________  percent of police contacts with juveniles were handled informally.

A)16
B)37
C)48
D)64

Question 60

Police _________ is selective enforcement of law by authorized police agents,giving officers a choice among possible courses of action within limits on their power.

A)bias
B)discretion
C)demeanor
D)policy

Question 61

________________________ is an evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender's or another group's problem or dispute was handled by police.

A)Probable cause
B)Procedural justice
C)Discretionary review
D)Community resolution

Question 62

The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T. )program is one example of a _______________________ partnership to prevent delinquency.

A)police and community
B)school and community
C)police and school
D)police and community

Question 63

What issue is Jason's police handler facing?

A)Authority complex
B)Aversion
C)Role conflict
D)Discretion

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender and police treatment?

A)Female teens are more likely than male teens to be arrested for status offenses.
B)Males who have committed minor or status offenses seem to be referred to juvenile court more often than females.
C)Males who engage in "typical male" delinquent activities are much less likely to develop police records than females.
D)Adolescent male status offenders are arrested for less serious offenses than females.

Question 65

Operation Ceasefire utilized a highly focused deterrence strategy that involves communicating to offenders direct and explicit messages about the responses they can expect if certain illegal behavior (e.g. ,gun violence)is not ceased. This strategy is known as:

A)Community policing
B)Saturation patrol
C)Problem-oriented policing
D)Pulling levers

Question 66

When police arrested Jason two years ago,what did they need?

A)Custody
B)Probable cause
C)Miranda warning
D)Suspicion

Question 67

What is the least effective police strategy to prevent delinquency?

A)Undercover police in schools
B)Engaging the community
C)Saturation patrols
D)Problem-oriented policing

Question 68

What statement about race and police discretion is false?

A)African American youth are arrested at a rate proportionate to their representation in the population.
B)African American drivers are disproportionately stopped by police.
C)African Americans are more likely than European Americans to be recommended for formal processing.
D)African Americans are more likely than European Americans to be given harsher dispositions for comparable offenses.

Question 69

What is not a way in which schools and police have closely collaborated?

A)Police serving as educators
B)Recreational program development
C)School resource officers
D)Undercover operations

Question 70

What situational factor is evident in this scenario that helped with Stacy receiving only a verbal warning?

A)Attitude of the offender
B)Prior police contact
C)Parents willingness to solve the problem
D)Stacy's denial of alleged actions

Question 71

Decentralized police operations,direct engagement with the community,empowering line officers,and community partnerships are associated with:

A)traditional policing
B)problem-orientated policing
C)community policing
D)professional policing

Question 72

According to the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS)survey,what percent of local police departments have full-time community policing officers?

A)16 percent
B)39 percent
C)47 percent
D)70 percent

Question 73

_______________ refers to a style of law enforcement that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone.

A)Traditional policing
B)Problem-oriented policing
C)Community policing
D)Professional policing

Question 74

After placing Jason in cuffs,police found the marijuana on him through a pat down. What type of search was this?

A)Plain view
B)Stop and frisk
C)Search incident to arrest
D)Consent search

Question 75

Operation Ceasefire has two main elements: a direct law enforcement focus on illicit gun traffickers who supply youth with guns and:

A)an attempt to generate a strong deterrent to gang violence
B)reduction in unlicensed street vendors
C)reduction in truancy in city schools
D)reintegration of hard core gang members into conventional society

Question 76

The systematic nature of problem-oriented policing is characterized by its adherence to a four-step model,often referred to as:

A)B.A.R.T.
B)C.O.P.S.
C)S.A.R.A.
D)D.A.R.E.

Question 77

What concept may have played into the police officer not arresting Stacy?

A)Masculine hypothesis
B)Gender discrimination
C)Chivalry hypothesis
D)Gender bias

Question 78

Given the scenario,what statement best describes what the officer was doing with Stacy's situation?

A)Using his discretion
B)Utilizing rational choice
C)Filing a formal charge against her
D)Discussing options with her parents

Question 79

One method of contemporary delinquency prevention relies on aggressive patrolling targeted at specific patterns of delinquency,such as targeting gang areas and arresting members for any law violations. This strategy is known as:

A)community policing
B)saturation patrol
C)problem-oriented policing
D)pulling levers

Question 80

What role does Jason serve to law enforcement?

A)Informant
B)Service representative
C)Problem solver
D)Discretionary authority