Deck 17: Mechanics of Breathing

Question 1

Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them.
1)secondary bronchi
2)bronchioles
3)primary bronchi
4)alveoli
5)terminal bronchioles

A) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
B) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4
C) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
D) 3, 1, 2, 5, 4
E) 1, 3, 2, 5, 4

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Type I alveolar cells

A) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes.
B) secrete a chemical known as surfactant.
C) are phagocytic.
D) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes, secrete a chemical known as surfactant, and are phagocytic.
E) None of the statements are true.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Surfactant

A) protects the surface of the lungs.
B) phagocytizes small particulate matter.
C) replaces mucus in the alveoli.
D) helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing.
E) is not found in healthy lung tissue.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The lungs are located in the ________ cavity.

A) pericardial
B) pulmonary
C) pleural
D) thoracic
E) costal

Question 5

Which of the following features of the alveolar sacs allows for the ease of diffusion of gasses?

A) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium.
B) Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant.
C) Elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.
D) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium and elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.

Question 6

The lower respiratory tract includes

A) all of the bronchial branches.
B) only the lungs.
C) only the trachea.
D) all of the bronchial branches and the lungs
E) all of the bronchial branches, the lungs, and the trachea.

Question 7

Type II alveolar cells

A) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes.
B) secrete a chemical known as surfactant.
C) are phagocytic.
D) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes, secrete a chemical known as surfactant, and are phagocytic.
E) None of the statements are true.

Question 8

Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?

A) regulation of water balance
B) regulation of pH balance
C) protection against pathogens
D) vocalization
E) gas exchange

Question 9

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.
B) movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.
E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

Question 10

Air moves into the lungs because

A) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure.
B) the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration.
C) the thorax is muscular.
D) contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 11

Ventilation is also known as

A) breathing.
B) inspiration.
C) expiration.
D) air conduction.
E) blowing.

Question 12

The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the

A) pharynx.
B) bronchiole.
C) trachea.
D) alveolar duct.
E) laryngeal duct.

Question 13

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

A) larynx.
B) glottis.
C) vestibule.
D) pharynx.
E) esophagus.

Question 14

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

A) the volume of the thorax increases.
B) the volume of the thorax decreases.
C) the volume of the lungs decreases.
D) the lungs collapse.
E) expiration occurs.

Question 15

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

A) bronchioles.
B) alveolar ducts.
C) pleural spaces.
D) alveoli.
E) terminal sacs.

Question 16

Pressure and volume of gas in a container are related to temperature and number of gas molecules.This is known as ________ law.

A) the ideal gas
B) Boyle's
C) Dalton's
D) Henry's
E) Ohm's

Question 17

The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) nasal cavity
B) lungs
C) trachea
D) larynx
E) mouth

Question 18

The lungs are enclosed in ________ membranes.

A) pericardial
B) pulmonary
C) pleural
D) thoracic
E) costal

Question 19

Dalton's law states that

A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.
B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
D) in a mixture of gases like air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 20

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.
B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.
D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.
E) utilization of oxygen.

Question 21

Chronic inhalation of fine particles that reach the alveoli leads to ________ lung disease.

A) obstructive
B) restrictive
C) fibrotic
D) compliant
E) congestive

Question 22

When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure,air flows into the lungs.

Question 23

Air entering the body is filtered,warmed,and humidified by the

A) upper respiratory tract.
B) lower respiratory tract.
C) lungs.
D) alveoli.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 24

Histamine's primary role in the respiratory system is as a

A) surfactant.
B) bronchodilator.
C) bronchoconstrictor.
D) vasodilator.
E) vasoconstrictor.

Question 25

Total cross-sectional area ________ with each division of the airways.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) does not change

Question 26

Blood vessels cover approximately ________% of the alveolar surface.

A) 80-90
B) 10-20
C) > 90
D) < 10
E) 50

Question 27

If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more,the amount of air that he expelled is his

A) tidal volume.
B) inspiratory reserve volume.
C) expiratory reserve volume.
D) minimal volume.
E) vital capacity.

Question 28

An increase in P_CO2 would cause

A) the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to dilate.
B) the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to constrict.
C) the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to dilate.
D) the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to constrict.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 29

According to the law of LaPlace,when comparing two alveoli lined with fluid,pressure in the one with the ________ diameter will be greater.

A) larger
B) smaller

Question 30

Flow of air

A) is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases.
B) is directly proportional to the resistance, and flow decreases as the pressure of the system increases.
C) is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow increases as the resistance of the system increases.
D) is directly proportional to the resistance, and flow increases as the resistance of the system increases.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 31

the additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration

Question 32

A typical value for intrapleural pressure is ________ mm Hg.

A) +6
B) +3
C) 0
D) -3
E) -6

Question 33

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

A) directly proportional to pressure.
B) directly proportional to temperature.
C) inversely proportional to pressure.
D) inversely proportional to temperature.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 34

The distance between the alveolar airspace and capillary endothelium is ________,allowing gases to diffuse ________ between them.

A) short, rapidly
B) long, rapidly
C) short, slowly
D) long, slowly
E) None of the answers are correct-distance does not affect diffusion rate.

Question 35

Active expiration is produced by contraction of

A) abdominal muscles only.
B) diaphragm only.
C) internal intercostals only.
D) external intercostals only.
E) abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

Question 36

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

A) expiration occurs.
B) intrapulmonary pressure increases.
C) intrapleural pressure decreases.
D) the volume of the lungs decreases.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 37

In the lungs,the

A) blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.
B) blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is higher, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.
C) blood flow rate is lower and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.
D) blood flow rate is lower and the blood pressure is higher, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.
E) blood flow rate and the blood pressure are the same as in other tissues.

Question 38

Poiseuille's law is summarized this way:

A) PV = nRT
B) R Lη/r⁴
C) P = 2T/r
D) P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

Question 39

In quiet breathing,

A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.
C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
D) inspiration and expiration are both passive processes.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 40

Air moves out of the lungs because

A) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure.
B) the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration.
C) the thorax is muscular.
D) contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the pleural cavity.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 41

the total amount of air that can be exchanged at will

Question 42

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breath

Question 43

The substance produced by the lungs to reduce surface tension is called ________.

Question 44

The volume of air moved in a single respiration is called the ________.

Question 45

the extra amount actively (forcibly)exhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 46

In the disease ________,many symptoms are due to destruction of elastic fibers in the lung.

Question 47

Because of their smooth muscle component,the structures of the lower respiratory system that can most alter airway resistance are the ________.

Question 48

The ability of a lung to recoil,or recover from stretch,is called ________.

Question 49

Some have a congenital alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.If the job of alpha-1 antitrypsin is to inhibit trypsin and elastase,what condition are people with this genetic deficiency likely to develop?

Question 50

the minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system,after blowing out all you can

Question 51

the amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration

Question 52

the amount of air inhaled during an active (forced)inspiration

Question 53

When the inspiratory muscles relax,the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of ________.

Question 54

The ease with which the lungs stretch in response to changes in pressure is termed ________.

Question 55

A powerful bronchoconstrictor released by mast cells is ________.

Question 56

the sum of all the lung volumes

Question 57

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a ________.

Question 58

An increase in the rate and depth of breathing is known as ________.

Question 59

The cells of the lung that produce the substance that lowers surface tension are ________

Question 60

Ongoing diseases in which air flow during expiration is diminished are known as ________.

Question 61

A typical residual volume (in milliliters)for a healthy,70 kg male is ________.

Question 62

Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called

A) eupnea.
B) hyperpnea.
C) diaphragmatic breathing.
D) costal breathing.
E) shallow breathing.

Question 63

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe.The problem is the result of

A) inflammation of the bronchi.
B) constriction of the trachea.
C) thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them.
D) laryngospasms that occur in response to a toxic substance produced by the epithelial cells.
E) collapse of one or both lungs.

Question 64

List the muscles of inspiration and expiration.

Question 65

The larynx contains the ________,connective tissue bands that tighten and vibrate to create sound when air moves past them.

Question 66

The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled on top of a normal inspiration is called the ________.

Question 67

Air flows into lungs because of ________ created by ________.

Question 68

List and describe the lung volumes.

Question 69

The respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the

A) vital capacity.
B) respiratory minute volume.
C) pulmonary ventilation rate.
D) alveolar ventilation rate.
E) external respiration rate.

Question 70

The primary function of the alveoli is ________.

Question 71

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration is called the ________.

Question 72

The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases is known as ________.

Question 73

The volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following a normal exhalation is called the ________.

Question 74

The ________ consist of light,spongy tissue whose volume is occupied mostly by air-filled spaces.

Question 75

The opposing layers of pleural membrane are held together by a thin film of ________.

Question 76

A ________ is an instrument that measures the volume of air moved with each breath.

Question 77

Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to

A) a thickening of the respiratory membrane.
B) an increased rate of gas exchange.
C) alveolar rupture.
D) alveolar collapse.
E) decreased surface tension in the water lining the alveoli.

Question 78

Define lung capacity,and give a specific example.(Note: There is a specific physiological definition; don't just define "capacity" in general terms.)

Question 79

Explain how the upper airways and bronchi condition the air,and why this conditioning is important.

Question 80

During normal expiration,

A) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume.
B) the internal intercostal muscles are required.
C) the abdominal muscles become involved.
D) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume and the internal intercostal muscles are required.
E) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume, the internal intercostal muscles are required, and the abdominal muscles become involved.