Deck 21: The Digestive System

Question 1

Features of the submucosa include

A) blood and lymph vessels.
B) a major nerve network.
C) Peyer's patches.
D) blood, lymph vessels, and a major nerve network.
E) blood, lymph vessels, a major nerve network, and Peyer's patches.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Rugae,plicae,and villi are all features that accomplish

A) secretion of enzymes.
B) secretion of hormones.
C) an increase in surface area.
D) immune function.
E) mechanical digestion.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which function(s)is/are NOT continuously regulated by the GI tract?

A) absorption only
B) motility only
C) secretion only
D) All 3 functions are regulated.
E) None of the 3 functions are regulated.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The myenteric plexus is

A) a layer of circular smooth muscle.
B) a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle.
C) a network of neurons.
D) the mucus secreting layer of the digestive tract.
E) primarily composed of connective tissue.

Question 5

The layer of loose connective tissue beneath the digestive epithelium is the

A) lamina propria.
B) muscularis mucosae.
C) submucosa.
D) submucosal plexus.
E) myenteric plexus.

Question 6

Peyer's patches are characteristic of the

A) stomach.
B) esophagus.
C) pancreas.
D) small intestine.
E) colon.

Question 7

In the intestine,the epithelial cells have

A) leaky junctions.
B) tight junctions.
C) electrical gap junctions.

Question 8

Intestinal crypts

A) only increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.
B) only carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries.
C) only produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.
D) only function in the absorption of nutrients.
E) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine and produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.

Question 9

Mechanical digestion refers to

A) the progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.
B) the input of food into the digestive tract.
C) the enzymatic breakdown of food.
D) the absorption of nutrients in the gut.
E) the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation.

Question 10

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the

A) mucosa.
B) submucosa.
C) muscularis mucosa.
D) myenteric plexus.
E) submucosal plexus.

Question 11

Which of the following is the sequence of layers from the lumen to the outer wall of the digestive tract?

A) serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa
B) submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
C) mucosa, submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
D) submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa
E) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Question 12

Chemical digestion refers to

A) the progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.
B) the input of food into the digestive tract.
C) the enzymatic breakdown of food.
D) the absorption of nutrients in the gut.
E) the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation.

Question 13

G cells of the stomach secrete

A) cholecystokinin.
B) secretin.
C) gastrin.
D) enterokinase.
E) pepsin.

Question 14

Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.

A) mucosa
B) submucosa
C) submucosal plexus
D) muscularis mucosa
E) adventitia

Question 15

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

A) stomach
B) pancreas
C) spleen
D) colon
E) esophagus

Question 16

The ________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes,but NOT of nutrients.

A) mouth
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 17

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

A) serosa.
B) adventitia.
C) muscularis mucosa.
D) mucosa.
E) submucosa.

Question 18

The motor activity of the muscularis externa is controlled by the

A) submucosal plexus.
B) myenteric plexus.
C) migrating motor complex.
D) extrinsic neurons.
E) motilin.

Question 19

The subepithelial connective tissue of the GI tract,immediately beneath the epithelium,is the

A) muscularis mucosae.
B) lamina propria.
C) submucosa.
D) serosa.
E) submucosal plexus.

Question 20

Chief cells secrete

A) pepsinogen.
B) gastrin.
C) mucus.
D) hydrochloric acid.
E) intrinsic factor.

Question 21

Functions of the large intestine include

A) chemical digestion of chyme.
B) temporary food storage.
C) resorption of water and compaction of feces.
D) absorption of the products of digestion.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na⁺-glucose SGLT symporter.
B) Fructose moves across the apical membrane by active transport.
C) Glucose and galactose use different transporters in absorption.
D) A basolateral GLUT5 transporter moves glucose out of the intestinal epithelial cell.
E) None of the statements are true.

Question 23

Powerful contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

A) segmentation.
B) tonic contractions.
C) phasic contractions.
D) peristalsis.
E) mass movements.

Question 24

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,

A) the stomach responds to distention.
B) secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells.
C) there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach.
D) the intestine reflexively inhibits gastric emptying.
E) production of gastric juice slows down.

Question 25

Mucus functions in

A) protection only.
B) lubrication only.
C) enzyme activation only.
D) protection and lubrication.
E) protection, lubrication, and enzyme activation.

Question 26

Bile is

A) secreted by hepatocytes only.
B) manufactured by the gallbladder only.
C) released into the stomach only.
D) secreted by hepatocytes and manufactured by the gallbladder.
E) secreted by hepatocytes, manufactured by the gallbladder, and released into the stomach.

Question 27

The release of many GI tract hormones is stimulated by a particular food or substance.Which hormone is INCORRECTLY paired with its stimulus?

A) CCK - fatty foods
B) secretin - acid in the small intestine
C) GIP - glucose in the small intestine
D) motilin - acid in the stomach
E) gastrin - peptides, increased sympathetic activity

Question 28

Which of the following events does NOT occur when you swallow?

A) Respiration is inhibited.
B) The upper esophageal sphincter closes.
C) The glottis and epiglottis close.
D) The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes.

Question 29

An enzyme that will digest proteins into peptides is

A) lipase.
B) amylase.
C) nuclease.
D) maltase.
E) trypsin.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true about GI muscle contractions?

A) Phasic contractions last only seconds and occur in the stomach and small intestine.
B) Tonic contractions are sustained for minutes and occur in the small intestine.
C) Cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are associated with fast wave potentials.
D) Contractions of the smooth muscle do not depend on calcium.
E) None of these statements are true.

Question 31

Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the

A) stomach.
B) liver.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.
E) stomach and small intestine.

Question 32

Slow waves are

A) cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation.
B) spontaneous cycles of depolarization and repolarization.
C) reflexes that originate and are integrated in the enteric nervous system.
D) peristaltic contractions.
E) segmental contractions.

Question 33

When eaten,nearly 90% of our dietary calories from fat are in the form of

A) steroids.
B) phospholipids.
C) triglycerides.
D) cholesterol.
E) fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 34

The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold some of the visceral organs in their proper position.

A) serosa
B) adventitia
C) mesenteries
D) fibrosa
E) lamina propria

Question 35

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by

A) the sight, thought, or smell of food.
B) the entry of food into the stomach.
C) the entry of chyme into the small intestine.
D) the entry of chyme into the large intestine.
E) the release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine.

Question 36

Amylases,the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates,are secreted by

A) salivary glands into the mouth only.
B) gastric glands into the stomach only.
C) the pancreas into the intestine only.
D) salivary glands into the mouth and gastric glands into the stomach.
E) salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine.

Question 37

________ are pacemakers for slow wave activity.

A) Interstitial cells of Cajal
B) Intrinsic neuron cells
C) Extrinsic neuron cells
D) G cells
E) Chief cells

Question 38

Most products of fat digestion are absorbed by

A) capillaries.
B) veins.
C) lymphatic vessels.
D) arterioles.

Question 39

In the digestive system,HCl is released by ________,whereas HCO₃^- is secreted primarily from the ________.

A) parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas
B) the pancreas, parietal cells of the stomach
C) parietal cells of the stomach, liver
D) the liver, parietal cells of the stomach

Question 40

The swallowing center in the brain,which coordinates the muscular reflexes,is located in the

A) cerebrum.
B) medulla oblongata.
C) pons.
D) cerebellum.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 41

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it.
A.enzymes
B.HCl
C.HCO₃^-
D.mucus
E.more than one of these
goblet cells

Question 42

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Protein digestion is completed here.

Question 43

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it.
A.enzymes
B.HCl
C.HCO₃^-
D.mucus
E.more than one of these
parietal cells

Question 44

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it.
A.enzymes
B.HCl
C.HCO₃^-
D.mucus
E.more than one of these
pancreatic cells

Question 45

Match the following structures with the appropriate description.
A.appendix
B.colon
C.duodenum
D.ileum
E.jejunum
distal-most section of small intestine

Question 46

Saliva is

A) slightly acidic, with a pH of 6-7.
B) controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
C) stimulated by sympathetic innervation.
D) secreted from endocrine glands.
E) slightly acidic, with a pH of 6-7 and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 47

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Protein digestion begins here.

Question 48

Match the following structures with the appropriate description.
A.appendix
B.colon
C.duodenum
D.ileum
E.jejunum
location of most peptic ulcers

Question 49

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it.
A.enzymes
B.HCl
C.HCO₃^-
D.mucus
E.more than one of these
brush border

Question 50

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Fat digestion begins here.

Question 51

Match the following structures with the appropriate description.
A.appendix
B.colon
C.duodenum
D.ileum
E.jejunum
located at the ventral end of the cecum

Question 52

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Carbohydrate digestion begins here.

Question 53

Match the following structures with their functions.
A.pancreas
B.pylorus
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.stomach
organ where most digestion occurs

Question 54

Match the following structures with the appropriate description.
A.appendix
B.colon
C.duodenum
D.ileum
E.jejunum
section where chyme is processed to remove water and electrolytes,leaving waste products of digestion

Question 55

Match the following structures with their functions.
A.pancreas
B.pylorus
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.stomach
organ that adds exocrine secretions to the duodenum via a duct

Question 56

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Fat digestion is completed here.

Question 57

Match the following structures with their functions.
A.pancreas
B.pylorus
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.stomach
location of the sphincter that prevents premature emptying of the stomach

Question 58

Match the following structures with their functions.
A.pancreas
B.pylorus
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.stomach
chyme is released from here

Question 59

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Carbohydrate digestion is completed here.

Question 60

Bicarbonate secretion

A) neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum.
B) is secreted by apical Cl^--HCO₃^- antiport.
C) is not dependent on high levels of carbonic anhydrase to maintain bicarbonate production.
D) is secreted by the acinar cells.
E) neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum and is secreted by apical Cl^--HCO₃^- antiport.

Question 61

The ________ is a "housekeeping function" that sweeps food remnants and bacteria out of the upper GI tract and into the large intestine.

Question 62

The enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides is ________.

Question 63

________ is intestinal gas produced by bacteria in the colon during the metabolism of undigestible carbohydrates.

Question 64

The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of lobules called ________,which secrete ________.

Question 65

Digestion is essentially completed in the ________.

Question 66

Slow waves originate in modified smooth muscle cells called ________.

Question 67

________ are tiny droplets of fatty acids,monoglycerides,and bile salts.

Question 68

The primary complex carbohydrate ingested and digested by people is ________.

Question 69

Digestive reflexes originating in the CNS are called ________.

Question 70

________ are short segments of intestine that alternately contract and relax.They are responsible for ________.

Question 71

Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.

Question 72

Most absorbed nutrients first enter the blood of the ________ system.

Question 73

Bile is produced in the ________ and stored in the ________.

Question 74

The three sections of the small intestine,in order according to movement of its contents,are ________,________,and ________.

Question 75

Long reflexes that originate completely outside the digestive system include ________ and ________,which are called ________ reflexes.

Question 76

Maltose is broken down by maltase into two molecules of ________.

Question 77

After processing in the stomach,the gastric contents are referred to as ________.

Question 78

________ digests terminal peptide bonds to release amino acids.

Question 79

The largest collection of ________ tissue in the body is the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).

Question 80

Short reflexes of the digestive system are integrated in the ________.