Deck 42: Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology

Question 1

To industrial microbiologists,fermentation means the mass culture of microorganisms.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Phenylacetic acid is added to the penicillin fermentation to allow incorporation of which side chain group?

A)Acetyl
B)Benzyl
C)Methyl
D)Propyl

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Although a small fraction of the citric acid used in the food and beverage industry is produced by microbial fermentation,most industrially used citric acid is derived directly from citrus fruit.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Microbially produced glycolipid surfactants are used for

A)emulsification and increasing detergency,which aids in biodegradability.
B)solubilization of hydrophobic compounds,which enhances cleanup and recovery of oil from spills.
C)prevention or reduction of microbial growth on surfaces,decreasing transmission of disease.
D)both emulsification and increasing detergency and solubilization of hydrophobic compounds.
E)both emulsification and increasing detergency and prevention or reduction of microbial growth on surfaces.

Question 5

Corynebacterium glutamicum is used for the large scale industrial production of _________.

A)vitamin B1
B)antibiotics
C)amino acids
D)polysaccharides

Question 6

Which is the key component in the process of successfully going from small-scale fermentation to large-scale industrial fermentation?

A)The scale-up process is paramount.
B)Developing a suitable culture media.
C)Success in producing one liter of product.
D)Finding the right organism to repeatedly produce one liter of product.

Question 7

The major organism used in the microbial production of citric acid is _________.

A)Penicillium notatum
B)Rhizopus nigrificans
C)Aspergillus niger
D)Lactobacillus delbrueckii

Question 8

Production of semisynthetic penicillins involves chemical modification of a penicillin product after it has been released from penicillin-producing cells.

Question 9

Corynebacterium glutamicum is used to produce glutamic acid,and this is most successful when the cell permeability is _______.

A)increased
B)decreased
C)not changed
D)isotonic

Question 10

Use of microbial enzymes for bioconversion reactions is preferred because alternative chemical synthesis requires harsh manufacturing conditions.

Question 11

Which of the following is a reason why bioconversions are replacing chemical synthesis of certain compounds?

A)Bioconversions facilitate the scaling up of reactions.
B)Enzymes catalysts are not destroyed in the bioconversion process.
C)Bioconversions yield specific and biologically active stereoisomers.
D)Enzyme catalyzed reactions in the bioconversion process proceed much more rapidly.

Question 12

The _____________ lactose is often used as a substrate for penicillin production.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)trisaccharide
D)more complex molecule

Question 13

An amino acid that is used as a supplement for breads is _________.

A)leucine
B)aspartate
C)proline
D)lysine

Question 14

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using corn to manufacture ethanol as a fuel additive?

A)Use of corn as a fuel source drives up the cost of grain worldwide.
B)Ethanol absorbs water and would thus corrode fuel pipelines used in transport.
C)Ethanol contains far less energy than other fuels.
D)All of these are disadvantages.

Question 15

In many ways,______________ as a biofuel compares very favorably to ethanol and other fuels.
or

Question 16

Most biopolymers industrially produced by means of microorganisms are _________.

A)cell wall constituents
B)nucleic acids
C)histones
D)polysaccharides

Question 17

Which fuel contains more potential energy per unit weight than gasoline?

A)Ethanol derived from corn
B)Ethanol derived from algae
C)Hydrogen
D)None of these contain more energy per weight unit than gasoline.

Question 18

Most antibiotics are produced by _________.

A)unicellular bacteria
B)streptomyces
C)yeasts
D)protozoa

Question 19

The most commonly used substrate for the production of ethanol for use in fuel comes from which plant source?

A)Algae
B)Crop residue
C)Corn
D)Rice

Question 20

Penicillin is produced by some _________.

A)bacteria
B)fungi
C)actinomycetes
D)protozoan

Question 21

Stirred fermenters can range in size from 3 liters to ____________ liters or larger,depending on production requirements.

Question 22

__________ are formed by certain bacteria that convert iron to magnetite; these structures are of interest to ______________ because they are despite the fact that they are perfectly formed despite the fact they are only tens of nanometers in diameter.
or

Question 23

The approach of using mutagenesis and genetic selection to produce microbes with new degradative capabilities or the ability to produce compounds with new and unique properties is called ______________ evolution.

Question 24

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using Bt to control insects?

A)Bt does not accumulate in the soil or in nontarget animals.
B)Bt is easily degraded in the natural environment.
C)The toxin can only be activated in target insects so it is nontoxic to mammals.
D)Though not well documented it is possible for horizontal gene flow to introduce Bt genes into other plants.

Question 25

In the process of protoplast fusion,cells are grown in a medium that contains

A)DNA ligases.
B)lysozyme for bacteria.
C)chitinase for yeast.
D)RNAses.
E)either lysozyme or chitinase,depending on the type of cells.

Question 26

Primary metabolites

A)include compounds such as antibiotics and mycotoxins.
B)include bacteriocins and other similar cytotoxic compounds.
C)are compounds needed for the synthesis of microbial cells in the primary growth phase.
D)are compounds that accumulate during the period after primary growth phase and have no direct relationship to the synthesis of cell materials.

Question 27

Which directed evolution technology takes advantage of an error-prone DNA polymerase during the process of copying the genome over and over?

A)Error-prone PCR
B)DNA shuffling
C)Whole genome shuffling
D)Metabolic pathway engineering

Question 28

The first penicillin-producing fungus that could be grown in stirred fermenters was _________.

A)Penicillium notatum
B)Aspergillus niger
C)Penicillium chrysogenum
D)Pisolithus tinctorius

Question 29

Frequently a critical component in the medium,often the carbon source,is added _____________ so that the microorganisms will not have excess substrate available at any given time.

A)sporadically
B)continuously
C)gradually
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 30

The medium used in protoplast fusion experiments is _________.

A)isotonic
B)hypotonic
C)hypertonic
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 31

To ensure maximum production of desired metabolites,it is always necessary to maintain organisms in active logarithmic growth.

Question 32

A plasmid from the plant pathogenic bacterium ____________ ____________ is chiefly responsible for the successful genetic engineering of plants.
or

Question 33

A major organism used in the biocontrol of a variety of types of insects is _________.

A)Bacillus subtilis
B)Bacillus thuringiensis
C)Clostridium botulinum
D)Bacillus cereus

Question 34

The Ti plasmid has been genetically engineered to improve its utility as a cloning vector by all of the following EXCEPT B.genes responsible for resisting infection with

A)elements found in other vectors,such as selectable markers and multicloning sites have been added.
B)thuringiensis have been added.
C)nonessential regions,including tumor-inducing genes,have been deleted.
D)genes required for the actual infection of the plant cell by the plasmid are retained.

Question 35

Why is there a new reliance on metagenomics to find new organisms that may produce a medically or industrially important product?

A)So far,only about 10% of useful microbes have been grown in the laboratory.
B)Soils contain so many potential sources of microbes producing antibiotics it would take more than a century to screen them all.
C)We do not have the techniques for growing most microbes found in nature.
D)All of these argue for the need to use metagenomics to identify new useful microbial products.

Question 36

Diatom shells are of use to nanotechnologists because they build precise,intricate three-dimensional structures in large quantity.

Question 37

Molecules produced by a cell that are not directly related to the synthesis of cell materials and that are usually produced after the growth phase has ended are called __________ __________.

Question 38

A major advantage of protoplast fusion is the fact that

A)the microbes are rendered harmless by the process.
B)protoplasts of different microbial species can be fused.
C)the protoplast condition can easily be maintained indefinitely.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 39

Which of the following is an advantage of using Bt to control insects?

A)Bt does not accumulate in the soil or in nontarget animals.
B)Bt is easily degraded in the natural environment.
C)It is a rather new agent,being only a few years old,so insects have not had time to develop resistance.
D)Two of these are useful traits for the safe use of Bt to control insects.

Question 40

What is bioprospecting?

A)A search for unknown organisms that may become serious pathogens to humans.
B)A search for unknown organisms that may become serious pathogens to farm animals.
C)An exploration of nature in the search for potentially useful organisms or their products.
D)Use of microorganisms to locate and extract valuable minerals from deep underground.

Question 41

Biosensors can be used to measure the concentration of substances in many different environments.

Question 42

Biosensors involve linking which of the following with electronic circuitry?

A)Microorganisms
B)Gene chips
C)Microbially derived enzymes
D)Both microorganisms and gene chips are used with electronic circuitry.
E)Both microorganisms and microbially derived enzymes are used with electronic circuitry.