Deck 19: Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

Question 1

In an approach called __________ taxonomy,relatedness is determined by a wide range of phenotypic and genotypic information.

Answer 1

polyphasic

Question 2

Chromosomal gene exchange is not useful in classification studies because prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The scientific study of organisms with the ultimate goal of characterizing and arranging them in an orderly manner is ______.

A)taxonomy
B)classification
C)systematics
D)identification

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The second edition of Bergey's manual groups pathogenic species together rather than in phylogenetic groups.

Question 5

Although there are other classification schemes for prokaryotes,the one used in Bergey's Manual is currently considered by most microbiologists to be the most accurate.

Question 6

Extensive horizontal gene transfer between domains greatly simplifies the construction of phylogenetic trees.

Question 7

Serovars are strains of a species that have distinctive antigenic properties.

Question 8

Conjugation is useful for determining relatedness between bacteria at the species level because it never occurs between organisms of different genera.

Question 9

The pace of evolution does not always occur at a constant rate but is periodically interrupted by rapid bursts of speciation; this is known as _________ ________.

Question 10

The G + C content of a DNA sample can be estimated from its T_M of a DNA.

Question 11

Microorganisms do not generally reproduce sexually; therefore,species are usually defined by phenotypic and genotypic similarities.

Question 12

The type strain is the most representative strain of a particular species.

Question 13

The ______ hypothesis proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts developed from free-living prokaryotes that invaded a precursor to the eukaryotes and established a stable relationship.
or

Question 14

Bacterial strains that are characterized by biochemical differences are called __________.

Question 15

Transformation is not useful in determining relatedness between two organisms because it frequently crosses genera.

Question 16

Bacterial strains that have distinct antigenic properties are called __________.

Question 17

rRNA signature sequences can be used to place microorganisms in the correct domain.

Question 18

The type strain is a well-characterized strain to which other strains are compared for inclusion in or exclusion from a particular species.

Question 19

Microbial species are collections of strains that share many stable properties in common but differ significantly from other strains.

Question 20

Phylogenetic trees show inferred evolutionary relationships in the form of multiple branching lineages connected by nodes.

Question 21

The assignment of names to taxonomic groups is referred to as ______.

A)taxonomy
B)nomenclature
C)systematics
D)identification

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of the use of the binomial system devised by Linnaeus?

A)Escherichia coli
B)Enterobacteriaceae
C)Enterobacteriales
D)O157:H7

Question 23

Which of the following is not true about the G + C content percentages in DNA of organisms?

A)Organisms with similar G + C percentages have similar base sequences.
B)Organisms with different G + C percentages have dissimilar base sequences.
C)Similar G + C percentages only suggests relatedness if the two organisms are also alike phenotypically.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 24

The determination of the taxon to which an organism belongs is called ______.

A)taxonomy
B)classification
C)systematics
D)identification

Question 25

The general order of classification below the domain or kingdom level is

A)phyla,order,class,family,genus,species.
B)phyla,order,family,class,genus,species.
C)phyla,class,family,order,genus,species.
D)phyla,class,order,family,genus,species.

Question 26

A classification system based on evolutionary relationships is called a __________ system.

A)phylogenetic
B)phenetic
C)systematic
D)determinative

Question 27

The science dealing with classification is called ______.

A)taxonomy
B)nomenclature
C)systematics
D)identification

Question 28

Which of the following is useful in biological systematics?

A)Physiology
B)Epidemiology
C)Ecology
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

A population descending from a single organism or pure culture isolate is called a ______.

A)genus
B)species
C)subspecies
D)strain

Question 30

Stable annealing due to hydrogen bonding between DNAs of similar nucleotide sequence from different organisms is referred to as _______.

A)hydrolysis
B)restriction
C)hybridization
D)ligation

Question 31

The arrangement of organisms into groups is best described as ______.

A)taxonomy
B)classification
C)systematics
D)identification

Question 32

The analysis of genetic relatedness by observing the DNA fragmentation patterns resulting from restriction endonuclease cleavage is referred to as ______.

A)genetic fingerprinting
B)genetic patterning
C)genetic restriction
D)genetic chunking

Question 33

A classification system based on mutual similarity that involves comparing as many characteristics as possible is called a __________ system.

A)phylogenetic
B)phyletic
C)phenetic
D)determinative systematic

Question 34

Mole percent (G+C)of DNA is useful for determining relatedness at the __________ level.

A)kingdom
B)class
C)genus
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 35

A general term used to describe groups based on mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness is ______.

A)class
B)taxa
C)system
D)group

Question 36

The temperature at which half of the strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule have separated from each other is called the __________ temperature.

A)separation
B)melting
C)destabilizing
D)mobilization

Question 37

The binomial system of nomenclature assigns each organism a scientific name consisting of

A)species and strain.
B)kingdom and species.
C)genus and species.
D)kingdom and genus.

Question 38

An unrooted tree containing four unrelated species can become rooted by adding

A)a descendant group related to two of the species.
B)an unrelated outgroup.
C)a distantly related outgroup.
D)a descendant related to only one of the species.

Question 39

The organisms in which of the following are more closely related?

A)Order
B)Family
C)Class
D)Phylum

Question 40

Conserved indels are

A)a type of transposable sequence characteristic of particular genus and useful for taxonomic analysis.
B)sequences in eukaryotic mRNAs that are removed by RNA splicing.
C)a type of signature sequence particularly useful for phylogenetic analysis.
D)sequences of protein coding genes that are found altered in related species due to their tendency to accumulate small deletions.

Question 41

A theory of eukaryotic cells and nuclear origin is based on endosymbioses,where an archaeal cell is thought to have engulfed a bacterium,which then donated genes that would eventually become the nuclear genome of an ancestral eukaryote.

Question 42

According to genome analysis,a member of the genus _________ is most closely related to the mitochondrion.

A)Escherichia
B)Agrobacterium
C)Prochloron
D)Rickettsia

Question 43

The ancestors of modern _______________ performed the oxygenic photosynthesis responsible for converting our anoxic planet to an oxygenated one.

A)Crenarchaeota
B)Proteobacteria
C)Firmicutes
D)Cyanobacteria

Question 44

On a phylogenetic tree,each node (branchpoint)represents a divergence event,and the length of the branches represents the number of molecular changes that have taken place between the nodes.

Question 45

Which of the following is true about Bergey's Manual?

A)The first edition is mostly phenetic while the second edition is more phylogenetic.
B)The first edition is largely phylogenetic while the second edition is more phenetic.
C)The first and second editions are both largely phenetic.
D)The first and second editions are both largely phylogenetic.

Question 46

Phylogenetic trees are usually constructed using either a distance-based ( )approach.

Question 47

Which of the following has not been considered as a "gold standard" taxonomic method applied to species designation.

A)Melting temperature of the DNA (a reflection of the G+C content)
B)Microscopic cell phenotype
C)DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH)
D)Average nucleotide identity

Question 48

The two major approaches used in taxonomic classification of microorganisms that have been isolated and grown in pure culture are termed .

Question 49

Genomic DNA sequences seem to support the idea that the first eukaryotic cell arose from within the _____ lineage.

A)archaeal
B)bacterial
C)viral
D)last universal common ancestor (LUCA)

Question 50

The second edition of Bergey's Manual classifies bacteria ______.

A)phylogenetically
B)phonetically
C)numerically
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 51

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)analysis is particularly important in public health because in this application,microbiologists seek to identify specific microbial pathogens in ______.

A)food and water
B)patient samples
C)genomic analysis
D)genetic diseases

Question 52

One hypothesis explaining the first nucleated eukaryotic cell is based upon the fusion of an archaeon and a bacterium that,over time,saw archaeal genes involved in metabolism being lost while bacterial genes involved in information processing were also degraded.

Question 53

A theoretical concept that is used to understand how and why certain organisms can be sorted into discrete taxonomic groups is known as the _______.

A)endosymbiotic theory
B)species concept
C)phylogenetic concept
D)genotypic concept

Question 54

Place the five steps in building a phylogenetic tree in the proper order,from first construction step to last.
The nucleotide or amino acid sequence must be aligned.
Application of a selected method,using computer analysis.
The alignment must be examined for a phylogenetic signal.
Manual examination of the tree.
Choose which tree-building method to use (common ones are phenetic or cladistic).

Question 55

Small,random genetic changes that occur over generations is known as ______.

A)microgenesis
B)progenesis
C)degenesis
D)anagenesis

Question 56

A(n)tree gives a node that serves as the common ancestor and shows the development of the species from this origin.

Question 57

According to the endosymbiosis hypothesis

A)the first endosymbiotic event involved an anaerobic bacterium.
B)the first endosymbiont was a fermentative organism.
C)the mitochondrion evolved from the same endosymbiont as the hydrogenosome.
D)All of the choices are correct.