Deck 29: Animal Hormones

Question 1

Which of the following choices best explains how one hormone can regulate several different developmental events?

A) One hormone can affect different target tissues differently.
B) A hormone can migrate to a gland,where the endocrine system reshapes it for a different use.
C) Once a steroid hormone attaches to a receptor on the surface of a cell,it starts several different signal cascades that activate many genes at once.
D) Hormones are made up of molecules that separate once inside the cell to signal the development of different aspects of sexual maturity.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Once a hormone enters the bloodstream,it

A) is usually broken down within minutes.
B) remains active for months.
C) is broken down after it has performed its function on target cells.
D) produces enzymes that affect target cells.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the figure below,

A) hormone 1 is hydrophilic and is being used to turn on a gene.
B) hormone 1 is hydrophobic and is being used to turn off a gene.
C) hormone 2 is hydrophilic and is being used to turn on a gene.
D) hormone 2 is hydrophobic and is being used to turn off a gene.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Steroid hormones bind to receptors located in the cytoplasm of the cell because

A) their hydrophilic properties prevent them from interacting with proteins within the plasma membrane.
B) steroid hormones never leave the cell that produces them because they act only on the gene expression in the cell that makes them.
C) they are hydrophobic and can easily diffuse through a target cell's plasma membrane.
D) they do not fit through nuclear pores and,therefore,cannot cross the nuclear membrane.

Question 5

Which hormone below is the antagonist of insulin?

A) the parathyroid hormone
B) calcitonin
C) glucagon
D) gonadotropin

Question 6

Four stages in the process of balancing glucose levels in the blood are highlighted by letters in the figure below.

Which of the following statements is the most appropriate description for item C in the diagram above?

A) Glucose levels below the set point cause the pancreas to release glucagon.
B) Glucose levels below the set point cause the pancreas to release insulin.
C) Glucose levels below the set point cause the pancreas to release glucose.
D) Insulin levels above the set point cause the pancreas to release glucose.

Question 7

After studying the image below,which of the following conclusions can be drawn?

A) There are only five organs that are affected by hormones.
B) Hormones are secreted by glands and can only affect organs near the sight of secretion.
C) Hormones are released through ducts.
D) Endocrine glands can ultimately interact with the brain and other parts of the nervous system.

Question 8

Serotonin,one of the hormones thought to be involved in depression,is a water-soluble molecule.Where would you expect to find receptors for this hormone?

A) in the cytoplasm
B) inside the nucleus
C) on the outside of the plasma membrane
D) in the interstitial fluid around the cell

Question 9

A diabetic would most likely inject insulin

A) after waking up in the morning.
B) preceding mealtime.
C) after a long walk.
D) when blood glucose levels are low.

Question 10

Two causes of diabetes are defective insulin or too little insulin.Which of the following would also produce diabetes?

A) the production of too much insulin
B) a defective receptor on the insulin's target cells
C) signal amplification within the target cells after the insulin arrives
D) undirected movement of insulin through the bloodstream,rather than from cell to cell

Question 11

In response to a dangerous situation,your body has produced epinephrine and norepinephrine.As the danger dissipates,how might the pancreas respond?

A) The pancreas releases glucagon to stimulate the synthesis of glycogen.
B) The pancreas releases hormones that signal the adrenal gland to stop producing epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) The pancreas releases insulin to stimulate the liver to take up leftover glucose from the fight-or-flight response.
D) Adrenaline signals the pancreas to start releasing calcium.

Question 12

By what mechanism do most hormones travel through the organism that produces them?

A) the circulatory system
B) diffusion
C) convection
D) the nervous system

Question 13

The conversion of glucose to glycogen is mediated by

A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) adrenalin.
D) estrogen.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT caused by insulin?

A) formation of glycogen
B) formation of glucagon
C) storage of fatty acids
D) storage of amino acids

Question 15

A single hormone molecule can have dramatic effects on a target cell because it

A) causes the cell to produce thousands of copies of the hormone.
B) initiates a chain of events that amplifies its effect.
C) causes the nuclear membrane to break down and exposes DNA directly to the hormone.
D) becomes surrounded by enzymes that transport it to the nucleus.

Question 16

When blood glucose levels drop to a set point,the production of insulin drops off.This is an example of

A) positive feedback.
B) negative feedback.
C) neutralization.
D) hypoglycemia.

Question 17

Islet cells are found in the

A) pancreas and produce calcitonin.
B) thyroid gland and produce glucagon.
C) thyroid gland and produce parathyroid hormone.
D) pancreas and produce insulin.

Question 18

Which of the following acts to lower blood glucose levels?

A) glucagon
B) norepinephrine
C) insulin
D) the parathyroid hormone

Question 19

You are walking in the woods and suddenly find yourself between a mother bear and her two cubs.The nervous system of each individual involved would send an emergency message to the

A) thyroid glands.
B) adrenal glands.
C) islet cells.
D) pituitary glands.

Question 20

Epinephrine is produced in the

A) pancreas.
B) kidneys.
C) adrenal glands.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the functions of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone (LH)is FALSE?

A) FSH and LH control the development of sperm.
B) A sudden and rapid increase in LH triggers ovulation.
C) FSH stimulates the maturation of follicles.
D) A decrease in LH stimulates menstruation.

Question 22

The parathyroid gland of a person with hyperparathyroidism produces very high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH).You would expect a person with this condition to have

A) high levels of calcium in the blood.
B) low levels of glucose in the blood.
C) strong bones that resist fractures.
D) low levels of calcitonin in the blood.

Question 23

The release of calcitonin is initiated due to

A) a malfunction in the adrenal glands.
B) low levels of calcium in the blood.
C) normal levels of calcium in the blood.
D) high levels of calcium in the blood.

Question 24

Calcitonin is secreted by the

A) adrenal glands.
B) kidneys.
C) pancreas.
D) thyroid gland.

Question 25

Which of the following would be LEAST affected by gonadotropins?

A) development of facial hair in human males
B) development of pubic hair
C) development of the thyroid gland
D) development of breasts in human females

Question 26

The lining of the uterus is thickened and prepared to receive a fertilized egg by

A) follicle-stimulating hormone.
B) progesterone and estrogen.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) androgens.

Question 27

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by gonads?

A) gonadotropins
B) androgens
C) estrogens
D) progesterone

Question 28

In response to low levels of calcium in the blood,

A) calcitonin would be released by the thyroid gland.
B) parathyroid hormone would be released by the parathyroid gland.
C) epinephrine would be released by the adrenal glands.
D) glucagon would be released by the pancreas.

Question 29

The target cells of growth hormone are located in

A) bones.
B) the pituitary gland.
C) the gonads.
D) the hypothalamus.

Question 30

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is produced by the pituitary gland when the brain detects lower than optimum levels of water in the body.In the kidneys,ADH promotes the uptake of water,creating more concentrated urine.ADH travels from the pituitary gland to the kidney through the ________ system.

A) circulatory
B) nervous
C) endocrine
D) digestive

Question 31

Acromegaly results from

A) too little gonadotropin.
B) a lack of progesterone.
C) insufficient amounts of growth hormone during puberty.
D) exposure to growth hormone after maturity.

Question 32

An adult male who feels that he is too short should

A) take growth hormone to stimulate bone growth.
B) accept his height because after puberty the growth centers of the bones are closed and hormone treatment will not affect his height.
C) take the growth hormone antagonist to stop growth hormone from prohibiting further bone growth.
D) take testosterone to restart puberty and growth hormone to stimulate bone growth.

Question 33

Adrenalin and norepinephrine

A) have an effect similar to glucagon.
B) are antagonists to glucagon.
C) have the same effect as calcitonin.
D) are antagonists to calcitonin.

Question 34

The graph below shows the levels of estrogen and progesterone over the course of the menstrual cycle.

What event is caused by the rapid decrease in hormones in the region indicated by the arrow in the upper right portion of the graph?

A) ovulation
B) menstruation
C) formation of the corpus luteum
D) follicle maturation

Question 35

In human females,eggs begin to develop at puberty due to the release of

A) gonadotropins.
B) calcitonin.
C) glucagon.
D) insulin.

Question 36

The adrenal gland in humans is closest to the

A) liver.
B) kidneys.
C) stomach.
D) intestine.

Question 37

Which of the following statements correctly describes the activity of adrenaline?

A) It strings glucose molecules together to form glycogen.
B) In times of stress or danger,it causes glucose to be released for use as fuel.
C) It stimulates the movement of glucose out of the blood into storage tissues.
D) It promotes the storage of fatty acids.

Question 38

Supplementing the body with hormones

A) can be dangerous because most hormones are needed in large amounts.
B) can be dangerous because most hormones are needed in small amounts.
C) holds no risk because hormones are organic molecules.
D) is safer in children as compared to adults.

Question 39

The target cells of epinephrine and norepinephrine are in the

A) pancreas.
B) thyroid.
C) hypothalamus.
D) liver.

Question 40

During menopause,lower levels of estrogen cause a woman's bones to break down,releasing calcium to the body.How might this affect the levels of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)in an otherwise healthy woman going through menopause?

A) Her levels of calcitonin should be high and her levels of PTH should be low.
B) Her levels of calcitonin should be low and her levels of PTH should be high.
C) Her levels of both calcitonin and PTH should be high.
D) Her levels of both calcitonin and PTH should be low.

Question 41

The pancreas regulates ________ levels in the blood by producing a pair of antagonistic hormones.

Question 42

During the first two weeks of the menstrual cycle,

A) estrogen levels fall.
B) estrogen levels rise steadily.
C) the egg develops inside the corpus luteum.
D) the corpus luteum develops into a follicle.

Question 43

When liver cells are unable to respond to insulin,the level of glucose in the blood remains ________ than normal.

Question 44

The 28-day menstrual cycle is regulated by ________ and ________,both of which are produced in the female gonad.

Question 45

In a human male,the ________ secrete hormones that coordinate the development of male reproductive structures.

Question 46

Because steroid hormones are ________,they are able to pass through a cell's plasma membrane without the assistance of membrane transport proteins.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the human reproductive system is true?

A) The level of hormones in mature females remains constant.
B) Females do not produce mature eggs continuously.
C) In females,progesterone stimulates the cyclical maturation and release of eggs from the ovaries.
D) Estrogen levels fall during the first two weeks of a woman's menstrual cycle.

Question 48

In a human female,the hormone ________ controls the development of female reproductive structures.

Question 49

Parathyroid hormone is released into the blood when the amount of calcium in the blood is too ________.

Question 50

Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by maintaining high levels of the hormones ________ and ________,tricking the body into thinking it is pregnant.

Question 51

After ovulation,

A) gonadotropin levels rise quickly.
B) estrogen levels rise quickly.
C) progesterone becomes the dominant hormone.
D) LH levels decrease slowly.

Question 52

The beginning of ________ is marked by a sudden rise in sex hormone production by the gonads of adolescent humans.

Question 53

Which of the following is a potential side effect of using anabolic steroids?

A) hair loss in females
B) decrease of heart disease
C) prolonged healing times
D) mood disorders and aggression

Question 54

A(n)________ is a specialized organ in which hormones are produced.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about gonadotropins is FALSE?

A) They maintain the function of reproductive organs and glands.
B) Their activity becomes important during puberty.
C) They are found only in females.
D) They are produced by the pituitary gland.

Question 56

Hormones often alter ________ by turning a certain gene or group of genes on or off.

Question 57

Four to six weeks after conception,sex hormones trigger the production of the appropriate male or female ________,or sex organs,in an embryo.

Question 58

Which of the following is true of birth control pills?

A) They prevent ovulation by maintaining consistently high levels of progesterone.
B) They prevent fertilization by changing the chemical makeup of the protective "shell" of the egg so that it cannot be penetrated by sperm.
C) They prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
D) They break down the synchronicity of ovulation and preparation of the uterus so that when the egg is released,the uterus is not at the right stage to receive it.

Question 59

In human females,the release of an egg from its follicle is called ________.

Question 60

The hormone-producing tissues of animals make up the ________ system.

Question 61

Progesterone and luteinizing hormone have the same effects.

Question 62

Endocrine glands have ducts that open directly into blood vessels.

Question 63

Gonadotropins continue playing a role in human development even after puberty is complete.

Question 64

Bodybuilders and athletes have been using anabolic ________ since the 1950s to enhance physical ability and recovery time.

Question 65

The development of all female reproductive structures is under the control of a single hormone.

Question 66

Human growth hormone can decrease body fat and increase muscle mass.

Question 67

In humans,sex hormones only begin to work after birth.

Question 68

Some hormones do NOT need receptors and can directly interact with genes in a target cell's nucleus.

Question 69

Excessive amounts of growth hormone (GH)after puberty can cause acromegaly.

Question 70

A single hormone can have different effects on different tissues.

Question 71

Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone both come from the pituitary gland.

Question 72

The female hormone estrogen prepares the uterine lining to receive a fertilized egg.

Question 73

The high levels of progesterone seen after ovulation in the human female are produced by a specific region of the ovary known as the ________,which disappears if pregnancy does NOT occur.

Question 74

When blood glucose levels are low,insulin is released to promote homeostasis.

Question 75

Some hormone responses can take months to occur in reference to growth and development.

Question 76

Hormones are released into ducts and only act upon nearby cells.

Question 77

Cancer of the pituitary gland can cause gigantism.

Question 78

The graph below shows the levels of gonadotropins throughout the menstrual cycle.

The darker gray region of the graph corresponds to the period when ________ occurs in the ovaries.

Question 79

Inadequate amounts of one hormone does NOT affect production of another hormone.