Deck 2: Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values

Question 1

Motivation affects a person's ______________ of voluntary behaviour.

A)direction,intensity,and persistence.
B)antecedents,consequences and reinforcers.
C)size,shape and weight.
D)aptitudes,abilities,and competencies.
E)agreeableness,locus of control,and ethical sensitivity.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Competencies include:

A)a person's aptitudes.
B)a person's learned abilities.
C)a person's skills.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers apply.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

All technical employees at a paper mill take a course on how to operate a new paper-rolling machine.This course will improve job performance mainly by altering employee:

A)aptitudes
B)role perceptions
C)motivation
D)organizational citizenship
E)learned capabilities

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following ensures that job incumbents have appropriate aptitudes to perform the job?

A)Hire applicants with appropriate aptitudes to begin with.
B)Train employees so they develop appropriate aptitudes.
C)Motivate employees to have appropriate aptitudes.
D)Provide resources that allow employees to perform their jobs.
E)Educate incumbents so they can learn appropriate attitudes.

Question 5

IdaCorp.gives simple accounts to newly hired employees,then adds more challenging accounts as employees master the simple tasks.This practice mainly:

A)improves role perceptions.
B)increases person-job matching.
C)reduces employee motivation.
D)provides more resources to accomplish the assigned task.
E)improves employee aptitudes.

Question 6

Which of the following refers to the fact that motivation is goal-directed,not random?

A)Persistence
B)Direction
C)Intensity
D)Aptitude
E)Competencies

Question 7

You have just hired several new employees who are motivated,able to perform their jobs,and have adequate resources.However,they aren't sure what tasks are included in their job.According to the MARS model,these new employees will likely:

A)emphasize the utilitarianism principle in their decision making.
B)have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions.
C)have high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work.
D)have above average organizational citizenship.
E)have a high degree of differentiation according to Holland's classification of occupations.

Question 8

Competencies relate most closely to which element in the MARS model of behaviour and performance?

A)Motivation
B)Situational factors
C)Role perceptions
D)Ability
E)Competencies are not related at all to any element of the MARS model

Question 9

____________ is the amount of effort allocated to the goal.

A)Persistence
B)Direction
C)Intensity
D)Aptitude
E)Competencies

Question 10

All of these factors directly influence an employee's voluntary behaviour and performance EXCEPT:

A)motivation.
B)role perceptions.
C)situational factors.
D)moral intensity.
E)ability.

Question 11

Ability includes which of these?

A)Aptitudes and learned skills
B)Natural aptitude and intensity
C)Persistence and direction
D)Intensity and learned capabilities
E)Direction and intensity

Question 12

Which of the following ensures that job incumbents have appropriate aptitudes to perform the job?

A)Hire applicants with appropriate aptitudes.
B)Train employees so they develop appropriate aptitudes.
C)Motivate employees to have appropriate aptitudes.
D)Provide resources that allow employees to perform their jobs.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

To reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste that employees throw out each day,a major telephone company removed containers for non-recyclable rubbish from each office and workstation.This altered employee behaviour mainly by:

A)increasing employee motivation to be less wasteful.
B)helping employees to learn how to be less wasteful.
C)altering situational factors so that employees have more difficulty practising wasteful behaviour.
D)increasing aptitudes that make employees less wasteful.
E)increasing organizational citizenship so that employees will be less wasteful.

Question 14

______________ represents the forces within a person that affect the direction,intensity,and persistence of voluntary behaviour.

A)Motivation
B)Personality
C)Values
D)Ethics
E)Ability

Question 15

Which of these factors directly influences an employee's voluntary behaviour and performance?

A)Motivation
B)Role perceptions
C)Uncertainty avoidance
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)Motivation and role perceptions

Question 16

The MARS model explicitly identifies which of the following factors?

A)Rewards
B)Recreational activities
C)Neuroticism
D)Situational factors
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

Which of the following identifies the four factors that directly influence individual behaviour and performance?

A)Utilitarianism
B)MARS model
C)Schwartz's model
D)Holland's model
E)Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 18

Aptitudes,skills,and competencies all fall under which of the following concepts?

A)Motivation
B)Personality
C)Values
D)Ethics
E)Ability

Question 19

According to the MARS model of individual behaviour,which of the following is NOT a role perception problem?

A)The employee lacks the proper tools to perform the job.
B)The employee knows two different ways to perform a particular task,but unknowingly chooses the method that the organization does not want its employees to use.
C)The employee doesn't realize that a particular task is part of his or her job.
D)The employee places more emphasis on the quantity of work whereas the organization wants more emphasis placed on the quality of work.
E)The employee believes that the company wants him or her to spend more time with clients,whereas the company really wants client requests processed more quickly.

Question 20

Customer orientation,social skills,and need for achievement are examples of:

A)aptitudes
B)competencies
C)role perceptions
D)situational factors
E)None of the answers apply.

Question 21

The main explanation why personality becomes more stable over time is that:

A)as we age we form a clearer and more rigid self-concept.
B)life experiences cause personality to become more hidden from view.
C)people become less open to new experiences.
D)people form clearer and more rigid self-concepts as they get older.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

Employee behaviours that extend beyond normal job duties:

A)should be discouraged by organizational leaders.
B)are usually performed by people with low conscientiousness.
C)are the most important characteristics of people with an external locus of control.
D)are common in small businesses but never occur in large firms.
E)are called organizational citizenship.

Question 23

Which of the following is considered counterproductive work behaviour?

A)Insulting others.
B)Theft
C)Deliberately withholding one's approval to inconvenience another person and cause them stress.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)Theft and deliberating performing work incorrectly so the organization suffers a loss.

Question 24

Which of these refers to a person's beliefs about what behaviours are appropriate or necessary,in a particular situation?

A)Natural aptitudes
B)Role perceptions
C)Competencies
D)Locus of control
E)Situational factors

Question 25

Organizational citizenship refers to:

A)the employee's right to vote for the company president.
B)employee behaviours that extend beyond normal job duties.
C)the organization's obligations to society.
D)the organization's attachment to a particular country rather than being a global entity.
E)the organization's obligations to society and the organization's attachment to a particular country rather than being a global entity

Question 26

Sabotage,threatening harm,and insulting others represent:

A)three forms of counterproductive work behaviours.
B)the most common forms of organizational citizenship.
C)three dimensions of Schwartz's values model.
D)evidence of people with an introverted personality.
E)behaviours that are no longer found in organizations.

Question 27

Which of the following statements about personality is FALSE?

A)One's personality becomes more hidden over time.
B)Personality is heavily influenced by heredity.
C)Personality is influenced by both nature and nurture.
D)On average,when people reach the age of 30 personality stabilizes.
E)Some personality development and change occurs when people are young.

Question 28

Which of the following would be considered a work-related behaviour?

A)Completing required job duties above the minimum performance standard.
B)Showing up for work at scheduled times.
C)Accepting the organization's offer of employment.
D)Helping a co-worker even though it isn't part of your job.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about task performance is FALSE?

A)Employees are evaluated against a performance standard.
B)Task performance refers to goal-directed activities under the individual's control.
C)Employees are almost always evaluated on just one performance dimension.
D)Employees are expected to perform their work above a minimum acceptable level.
E)Each performance dimension requires specific skills and knowledge.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a work-related behaviour?

A)Competencies
B)Absenteeism
C)Joining the organization
D)Showing up for work at scheduled times
E)Performing required tasks

Question 31

Companies can improve employee performance through situational factors by:

A)asking employees about the things that motivate them.
B)testing employee skills and knowledge before they are hired.
C)providing training so employees learn the required competencies.
D)redesigning the job so employees are only given tasks within their capabilities.
E)asking employees to identify problems they experience with time and resources,then removing those obstacles to job performance.

Question 32

Generous sick leave policies are known to:

A)increase employee lateness
B)improve organizational citizenship
C)increase absenteeism
D)increase voluntary turnover
E)increase absenteeism and increase voluntary turnover

Question 33

The 'Big Five' personality dimensions are identified by the acronym:

A)MBTIA
B)CANOE
C)VALUE
D)MARSE
E)HAPPY

Question 34

The 'Big Five' personality dimensions represent:

A)all of the personality traits found in an ideal job applicant.
B)the aggregated clusters representing most known personality traits.
C)the personality traits caused by the environment rather than heredity.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)the aggregated clusters representing most known personality traits and the personality traits caused by the environment rather than heredity.

Question 35

An individual's personality:

A)changes several times throughout the year.
B)is formed only from childhood socialization and the environment.
C)is less evident in situations where social norms,reward systems,and other conditions constrain behaviour.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)is formed only from childhood socialization and the environment and is less evident in situations where social norms,reward systems,and other conditions constrain behaviour.

Question 36

Showing up at work when one's capacity to perform is significantly diminished by sickness,fatigue,personal problems,or other factors is an example of:

A)organizational citizenship behaviour
B)counterproductive work behaviour
C)employee loyalty
D)workaholic behaviour
E)presenteeism

Question 37

Which of the following statements about personality traits is FALSE?

A)An individual's personality is relatively stable from one year to the next.
B)Personality traits cause people to behave in almost exactly the same way in all situations.
C)The most common view is that personality is shaped by both heredity and environment.
D)An individual's personality is identified by his or her behaviours.
E)An individual's personality cannot be observed.

Question 38

One ongoing dispute among psychologists is whether personality:

A)is formed completely from genetic code or is partly influenced by socialization and environmental conditions.
B)is stable over several years or changes a few times each year.
C)is evident in all situations or is less constrained in some situations.
D)is evident through a person's behaviours or is only evident through blood tests.
E)really exists or is just a myth.

Question 39

The relatively stable pattern of behaviours and consistent internal states that explain a person's behavioural tendencies refers to

A)personality.
B)values.
C)motivation.
D)locus of control.
E)job satisfaction.

Question 40

Which of the following refers to goal-directed activities under the individual's control that support organizational objectives?

A)Competencies
B)Task performance
C)Aptitudes
D)Direction
E)Motivation

Question 41

_____________ characterizes people who are quiet,shy,and cautious.

A)Introversion
B)Openness to experience
C)Conscientiousness
D)Neuroticism
E)Intellectualism

Question 42

Most employees in the social services department of a provincial government have frequent interaction with people who are unemployed or face personal problems.Which of the following personality characteristics is best suited to employees working in these jobs?

A)High neuroticism
B)External locus of control.
C)High introversion.
D)High agreeableness.
E)External locus of control and high agreeableness.

Question 43

Which 'Big Five' personality dimension is most valuable for predicting job performance?

A)Extroversion
B)Openness to experience
C)Conscientiousness
D)Neuroticism
E)Agreeableness

Question 44

Which of the following is LEAST connected to the topic of values?

A)organizational culture.
B)moral intensity.
C)collectivism.
D)ethical sensitivity.
E)neuroticism.

Question 45

All of these are "Big Five" personality dimensions EXCEPT:

A)openness to experience.
B)agreeableness.
C)locus of control.
D)emotional stability.
E)extroversion.

Question 46

____________ characterizes people with high levels of anxiety,hostility,depression,and self-consciousness.

A)Extroversion
B)Openness to experience
C)Conscientiousness
D)Neuroticism
E)Agreeableness

Question 47

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)includes all of these dimensions EXCEPT:

A)sensing/intuition.
B)judging/perceiving.
C)thinking/feeling.
D)extroversion/introversion.
E)internal/external locus.

Question 48

Neuroticism is explicitly identified in:

A)the MARS model.
B)Schwartz's values model.
C)'Big Five' personality dimensions.
D)Holland's theory of vocational choice.
E)the MARS model and the 'Big Five' personality dimensions

Question 49

Extroversion is one dimension of:

A)the MARS model.
B)Schwartz's values model.
C)Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
D)'Big Five' personality dimensions.
E)Cross-cultural values.

Question 50

Jung's psychological types are measured in:

A)the 'Big Five' personality types.
B)the locus of control scale.
C)any instrument that also measures neuroticism.
D)the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
E)the self-monitoring personality test.

Question 51

Which of these statements about the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)is FALSE?

A)The MBTI measures the personality traits in Jung's psychological types.
B)The MBTI is one of the most widely used personality tests in organizations.
C)Research has concluded that the MBTI does a poor job of measuring Jung's psychological types.
D)Research suggests that the MBTI is more useful for career development and self-awareness than for selecting job applicants.
E)The MBTI combines four pairs of traits into 16 distinct types.

Question 52

Which of the following is a "Big Five" personality dimensions?

A)Openness to new experiences.
B)Self-transcendence.
C)Locus of control.
D)Self-enhancement.
E)Narcissism

Question 53

Which of these statements about the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)is TRUE?

A)The MBTI measures a person's self-esteem,and self-efficacy.
B)The MBTI is no longer used in organizations.
C)Research has concluded that the MBTI does a poor job of measuring Jung's psychological types.
D)Research suggests that the MBTI is more useful for career development and self-awareness than for selecting job applicants.
E)The MBTI combines 16 pairs of traits into four distinct types.

Question 54

Conscientiousness is one dimension of:

A)the MARS model.
B)Schwartz's values model.
C)Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers apply.

Question 55

Being good-natured,empathetic,caring,and courteous are characteristic of people with which personality trait?

A)Openness to experience
B)Agreeableness
C)Locus of control
D)Emotional stability
E)Extroversion

Question 56

Which of the following is a 'Big Five' personality dimension?

A)Extroversion
B)Openness to experience
C)Locus of control
D)Grumpiness.
E)"A" and "B"

Question 57

Values are defined in your text as:

A)stable evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcome in a variety of situations.
B)beliefs about what is moral.
C)a person's beliefs about the amount of control they have over their actions.
D)an accounting concept imported into the field of organizational behaviour.
E)personality dimensions that stabilize up to at least the age of 30 and possibly to age 50.

Question 58

Sensing,thinking,and judging represent three dimensions of:

A)Schwartz's values model.
B)the MARS model.
C)Holland's model of occupational choice.
D)the 'Big Five' personality dimensions
E)the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 59

Which of the following statements about values is FALSE?

A)Values help define what is right or wrong and good or bad in the world.
B)Values are arranged into a hierarchy of preferences.
C)The values that dominate a person's preferences differ across cultures.
D)Values guide our decisions and actions.
E)A person's hierarchy of values typically changes a few times each year.

Question 60

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)measures psychological types first proposed by ____________

A)Victor Vroom.
B)Carl Jung.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)The "Big Five" personality trait model.
E)Milton Rokeach.

Question 61

Which of the following represents values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad?

A)Conscientiousness
B)Sensing
C)Moral intensity
D)Self-monitoring
E)Ethics

Question 62

People who have high ethical sensitivity:

A)are always more ethical than people with a moderate or low level of ethical sensitivity.
B)tend to have higher empathy.
C)tend to have more information about the specific situation.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)tend to have higher empathy and tend to have more information about the specific situation.

Question 63

The main reason why a person's values do not always influence his or her behaviour is that:

A)the values are too specific.
B)values never affect behaviour under any circumstances.
C)values affect a person's ability but not his or her motivation to act.
D)values usually conflict with each other,making it difficult to determine which value to apply.
E)values tend to be too abstract to see the connection to specific situations.

Question 64

All of the following are domains in Schwartz's values model EXCEPT:

A)Tradition.
B)Power.
C)Conscientiousness.
D)Conformity.
E)Stimulation.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT identified in the textbook as an ethical principle?

A)Utilitarianism.
B)Distributive justice.
C)Moralism.
D)Individual rights.
E)Egalitarianism.

Question 66

Ethical conduct should consider whether:

A)the outcomes will provide the greatest good for the greatest number.
B)the behaviour violates any government laws.
C)people affected by the behaviour believe that it is fair.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)the outcomes will provide the greatest good for the greatest number and the behaviour violates any government laws.

Question 67

Incongruence between a company's dominant values and an employee's values is known to:

A)increase employee stress.
B)increase the employee's probability of quitting.
C)increase the chance that the employee's decisions will differ from the organization's preferences.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)have no effect on employee behaviour or decision making.

Question 68

Ethics is most closely related to:

A)values.
B)locus of control.
C)the Myers-Briggs type Indicator.
D)personality.
E)ability.

Question 69

Espoused-enacted values congruence occurs when:

A)an employee and his or her spouse have similar values.
B)an organization's values are consistent with the dominant values of the culture in which it operates.
C)an employee's personal values are similar to the values of other employees on the same team.
D)an employee's personal values are consistent with the organization's values.
E)None of the answers apply.

Question 70

The chief executive of a start-up high-technology company recently made several public announcements about the company's values.She emphasized that,although the company is less than one year old,its employees already have adopted a strong set of values around sharing,freedom and achievement.However,you personally know two employees at the company who say that employees don't really have a common set of values,and they are certainly not unanimous about the three values stated by the CEO.The CEO is likely describing the company's:

A)espoused values.
B)ethical values.
C)professional values.
D)organizational values.
E)enacted values.

Question 71

One problem with the utilitarian principle of ethics is that:

A)not all utilitarian rights are protected by law.
B)it is impossible to determine what factors should be relevant when distributing rewards.
C)it is difficult to predict the 'trickle down' benefits to the least well off in society.
D)it judges morality by the results but not by the means to attaining those results.
E)the utilitarian principle has never been accepted by ethics experts as an ethical principle.

Question 72

Senior executives at CyberForm must make a decision that will affect many people,and where the decision may produce good or bad consequences for those affected.This decision:

A)has a high degree of ethical sensitivity.
B)is one in which decision makers should rely only on the utilitarianism rule of ethics.
C)has a low degree of ethical sensitivity.
D)has a high degree of moral intensity.
E)requires a low duty to care.

Question 73

The main limitation of the individual rights principle is that:

A)it really isn't an ethical principle at all.
B)some individual rights conflict with other individual rights.
C)it pays attention to whether consequences are ethical,but not to whether the means to those consequences are ethical.
D)it is almost impossible to evaluate the benefits or costs of decisions when many stakeholders are affected.
E)it can degenerate into unjust favouritism.

Question 74

When assessing the ethics of a decision,you should:

A)rely mainly on the utilitarianism principle.
B)consider its implications against all three principles described in the textbook.
C)rely mainly on your level of collectivism.
D)avoid considering the decision's moral intensity until after the decision has been made.
E)apply any one-but NEVER more than one-of the four ethics principles to evaluate the decision.

Question 75

Moral intensity is higher when:

A)the issue produces good decisions but not bad decisions.
B)the decision has little or no effect on other people.
C)the decision maker is neutral and far removed from the issue or its consequences.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers apply.

Question 76

Schwartz's model organizes _____________ into ____________.

A)personality traits; six dimensions.
B)values; a hierarchy.
C)needs; three statistical formulas
D)values; ten dimensions.
E)emotions; a time line.

Question 77

Employees are more likely to apply their personal values to their behaviour when:

A)someone keeps them mindful of those values.
B)those values conflict with the organization's values.
C)the values are abstract.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers apply.

Question 78

According to your text,which of the following is considered a moral intensity factor?

A)Social consensus.
B)Environmental impact.
C)Economic impact.
D)Social impact.
E)None of the above.

Question 79

Which of the following is an ethical principle stating that people have entitlements allowing them to act in a certain way?

A)Utilitarianism.
B)Individual rights.
C)Moral intensity.
D)Distributive justice.
E)Ethical sensitivity.

Question 80

Schwartz's values model includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Universalism.
B)Hedonism.
C)Security.
D)Utilitarianism.
E)Self-direction.