Deck 28: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Question 1

Which of the following was NOT one of John Locke's main ideas?

A) that sovereignty was held by the people in a society
B) that subjects had the right to remove their ruler
C) that rulers derived their authority from the consent of those they governed
D) that individuals retained personal rights to life,liberty,and property
E) that although kings did have divine sanction,their subjects maintained personal rights

Answer 1

E

Question 2

After the end of the Seven Years' War,

A) the British lost complete control of their North American colonies.
B) the French proved to be much better for the colonies after the British left.
C) the British were forced to hand all of North America over to the French.
D) the colonists grew much closer to the British,in appreciation for British sacrifices in the war.
E) the colonists grew increasingly frustrated with British control and taxes.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

On June 17^th,1789,members of the third estate seceded from the Estates General and declared themselves to be the

A) House of Commons.
B) Convention.
C) National Assembly.
D) Directory.
E) House of Representatives.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen was

A) Marie Antoinette.
B) Olympe de Gouges.
C) Maximilien Robespierre.
D) Simone de Beauvoir.
E) Mary Wollstonecraft.

Question 5

The leaders of the French revolution

A) were much more conservative than the leaders of the American revolution.
B) accepted the fact that France would always have to have a king.
C) called for a complete reorganizing of French political,social,and cultural structures.
D) created concepts and documents that would later influence the American revolution.
E) placed unlimited faith in the potential of the peasants.

Question 6

Maximilien Robespierre was known as

A) the "Son of Heaven."
B) the "French Jefferson."
C) the "Lion of Paris."
D) First "Among Equals."
E) "the Incorruptible."

Question 7

After the publication of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen,

A) the French revolutionary leaders called for complete equality for women.
B) its author,Olympe de Gouges,became a leading force in the French revolution.
C) it was,in fact,the English who offered complete equality for women.
D) French women achieved political but not economic equality.
E) the French revolutionary leaders refused to put women's rights on their political agenda.

Question 8

The most radical period of the French revolution was reached during the leadership of

A) Louis XVI.
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
C) Maximilien Robespierre.
D) Napoleon Bonaparte.
E) Simón Bolívar.

Question 9

The author of the Second Treatise of Civil Government was

A) Voltaire.
B) Rousseau.
C) Locke.
D) Hobbes.
E) Robespierre.

Question 10

Jean-Jacques Rousseau,in his book The Social Contract,argued that in an ideal society,the sovereign voice of government

A) would be the members of society acting collectively.
B) would be the king because,despite his faults,he was still of divine appointment.
C) should be the nobles instead of the king because of their control of the land.
D) should be the bishops and archbishops because of their special relationship to God.
E) resided in the army.

Question 11

The Declaration of Independence's contractual view of political structure,in which the government drew its authority from "the consent of the governed," was influenced most heavily by

A) Edmund Burke.
B) John Locke.
C) John Stuart Mill.
D) William Wilberforce.
E) Voltaire.

Question 12

The revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century helped to spread Enlightenment ideals and

A) encouraged the consolidation of national states.
B) strengthened European control over South America.
C) repudiated socialist and communist philosophies.
D) resulted in the weakening of national states because of the growing emphasis on the individual.
E) gave complete freedom and equality to women.

Question 13

Which of the following was NOT one of the basic ideals of the Enlightenment thinkers?

A) popular sovereignty
B) legal equality
C) political equality
D) equality between women and men
E) individual freedom

Question 14

The ancien régime was the

A) estate that comprised the clergy in pre-revolutionary France.
B) term for the first democracies in Greece and Rome.
C) traditional,European-born ruling class in South America.
D) term Metternich used to describe the dangerous and growing class of urban revolutionaries.
E) old order in France that revolutionary leaders wanted to replace.

Question 15

Revolutionaries of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century

A) were able to destroy all vestiges of the ancien régime.
B) were mainly influenced by Marxist ideology.
C) argued for the necessity of popular sovereignty.
D) accepted the legitimacy of the divine right of kings.
E) always stressed the inherent equality between men and women.

Question 16

In the years leading up to the American revolution,the colonies responded to increasing British levies with the slogan

A) "liberty,equality,fraternity."
B) "equal rights for women."
C) "self-government now."
D) "free and independent states."
E) "no taxation without representation."

Question 17

In August 1789,the National Assembly expressed the guiding principles of the French revolution by issuing

A) the Declaration of Independence.
B) the French Constitution of 1789.
C) the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
D) the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen.
E) The Social Contract.

Question 18

The guiding principles of the French revolution are summed up in the phrase

A) "no taxation without representation."
B) "peace,bread,land."
C) "let them eat cake."
D) "all men are created equal."
E) "liberty,equality,fraternity."

Question 19

Which of the following was NOT one of the principles built into the government of the newly formed American state?

A) the equality of all inhabitants
B) emphasis on the rights of individuals
C) a written constitution that guaranteed personal freedoms
D) a responsible government based on popular sovereignty
E) the creation of a federal republic

Question 20

The leaders of the Convention hoped to hold off invading counterrevolutionary forces by

A) calling for the levée en masse.
B) forming a military alliance with the new American republic.
C) restoring the power and position of the French monarchy and thus placating the other nations.
D) handing over their most radical leaders for public trial.
E) using new military technology purchased from the Ottomans.

Question 21

The German leader Otto von Bismarck believed that the great issues of his day would be determined by

A) "class struggle."
B) "liberty,equality,fraternity."
C) "the resurgence of the ancien régime."
D) "blood and iron."
E) "the realization of freedom."

Question 22

The creoles of Latin America were influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment

A) and hoped for the establishment of an egalitarian society like that of Haiti.
B) but only wanted to displace the peninsulares and still retain their privileged positions.
C) but wanted to turn the tables and deny all rights to the peninsulares.
D) and hoped for tremendous social reform like that promoted by the French revolutionary Robespierre.
E) but wanted to carry these notions to their logical conclusion and grant equality to women.

Question 23

Among the leading proponents of conservatism in the eighteenth century was

A) Giuseppe Mazzini.
B) John Stuart Mill.
C) Edmund Burke.
D) Simón Bolívar.
E) Maximilien Robespierre.

Question 24

The leader who was responsible for the success of the Saint-Domingue uprising was

A) Simón Bolívar.
B) Boukman.
C) Miguel de Hidalgo.
D) Louverture.
E) José de San Martín.

Question 25

The Congress of Vienna created a diplomatic order based on balance of power under the guidance of

A) Napoleon.
B) Otto von Bismarck.
C) Edmund Burke.
D) Klemens von Metternich.
E) Theodore Herzl.

Question 26

The organizer of the Seneca Falls conference was

A) Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
B) Thomas Jefferson.
C) William Wilberforce.
D) John Stuart Mill.
E) Olympe de Gouges.

Question 27

Napoleon's Civil Code

A) gave absolute free speech to French newspapers.
B) was a modern restatement of Justinian's Corpus iuris civilis.
C) affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men.
D) had at its core the radical measures of the Convention.
E) reduced patriarchal authority and gave more equality to women.

Question 28

Theodore Herzl was the founder of

A) German nationalism.
B) modern conservatism.
C) the Seneca Falls conference.
D) modern anti-Semitism.
E) the first Zionist Congress.

Question 29

Colonial rule in Mexico ended in 1821 when the capital was seized by

A) Augustín de Iturbide.
B) Miguel de Hidalgo.
C) Simón Bolívar.
D) Bernardo O'Higgins.
E) José de San Martín.

Question 30

The only successful slave revolt in history took place in

A) Brazil.
B) Saint-Domingue.
C) Cuba.
D) Virginia.
E) Mexico.

Question 31

Which of the following revolutionary leaders is NOT correctly linked with his country?

A) Bernardo O'Higgins and Chile
B) Toussaint Louverture and Haiti
C) José de San Martín and Argentina
D) Augustín de Iturbide and Mexico
E) Miguel de Hidalgo and Peru

Question 32

William Wilberforce

A) wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
B) pushed a bill through Parliament that ended the slave trade.
C) was the chief proponent of conservatism in the eighteenth century.
D) focused his efforts on gaining complete equality for women.
E) was the leader of the British forces that surrendered at Yorktown.

Question 33

During the rule of the Directory,

A) the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was written.
B) the French revolution reached its most radical stage.
C) the French monarchy was abolished and Louis XVI was executed.
D) France was finally defeated by a combined British,Prussian,Austrian,and Russian army.
E) the French revolution came under more pragmatic control.

Question 34

The turning point in Napoleon's empire was his disastrous 1812 invasion of

A) England.
B) Austria.
C) Russia.
D) Spain.
E) Italy.

Question 35

What nineteenth-century English thinker promoted individual freedom,universal suffrage,taxation of high personal income,and an extension of the rights of freedom and equality to women?

A) Edmund Burke
B) John Locke
C) Jean Jacques Rousseau
D) Cecil Rhodes
E) John Stuart Mill

Question 36

The English philosopher John Locke formulated one of the most influential theories of contractual government by introducing the idea of popular sovereignty.

Question 37

The leader who helped lead Brazil to independence was

A) Simón Bolívar.
B) Bernardo O'Higgins.
C) José de San Martín.
D) Miguel de Hidalgo.
E) Emperor Pedro I.

Question 38

The goal of Simón Bolívar was to

A) form stable,smaller South American states centered around distinct tribal or linguistic groups.
B) have the colonies of South America remain linked to Spain but attain a measure of self-government.
C) bring the former Spanish colonies of South America into union with the United States.
D) weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States.
E) bring about unification through a strict authoritarian form of government.

Question 39

The author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was

A) Mary Astell.
B) John Stuart Mill.
C) Mary Wollstonecraft.
D) Olympe de Gouges.
E) Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Question 40

Napoleon's final defeat occurred at

A) Waterloo.
B) Leipzig.
C) Elba.
D) Moscow.
E) St. Helena.

Question 41

In the Constitution of the United States,American leaders based the federal government on popular sovereignty,and they agreed to follow this written constitution that guaranteed individual liberties.

Question 42

Compare and contrast the philosophies of Metternich and Bismarck.What ideals drove them? Why would Metternich view nationalism as such a threat?

Question 43

Examine Locke's notion of the social contract.How does it relate to the "divine right" theory of kingship? How does it relate to these revolutions? What important Enlightenment ideas played a key role in these revolutions?

Question 44

The Declaration of Independence drew deep inspiration from Enlightenment political thought in justifying the colonies' quest for independence.

Question 45

Discuss the Haitian uprising.In what ways is this event an expression of the ideals of the Enlightenment? In what ways did Haiti go further than the American or French revolutions? Look at the picture of the slave rebellion in Saint-Dominique on page 650.Why would the artist portray this image? Compare the Haitian revolution to the other revolutionary movements in Latin America.Who were the leading figures? What were their main goals?

Question 46

Discuss the origins of the American revolution.How did the American colonies go from happy British citizens to conscious revolutionaries? How did the American colonies win their freedom? How did the American revolution inspire other revolutionary movements?

Question 47

Discuss the significance of the Declaration of Independence.What were Jefferson's main influences? What were his main arguments? How influential was the Declaration of Independence? Compare it to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

Question 48

Was Napoleon a child of the French revolution or the absolute antithesis of it? What were Napoleon's goals? Why was he successful,and why did he eventually fail? Was he a reformer or just a dictator? Was he a child of the Enlightenment?

Question 49

Napoleon Bonaparte was a brilliant military leader who became a general at age twenty-four.

Question 50

In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen,Olympe de Gouges wrote,"Woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights." Why did she choose this exact wording? What was the foundation for her argument? What were her main points? Compare her document to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.Did her document prove that the French revolution had failed? How was her life representative of the role of women in the French revolution? What role did women play in those events? (Both documents are presented as Sources from the Past features in the text.)

Question 51

ensured that Britain world dominate global trade and that British colonies would prosper.

Question 52

Otto von Bismarck proposed that "the great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority votes ...but by blood and iron." What did Bismarck mean by this statement? Were his words proven true by the actions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Discuss the philosophy and actions of Otto von Bismarck.

Question 53

Read the excerpts from The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen).What ideals of the Enlightenment are expressed? How revolutionary was this document? How can the influence of Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence be seen?

Question 54

Many thinkers of the Enlightenment affirmed the legal and social privileges enjoyed by the aristocrats of the seventeenth and eighteenth century.

Question 55

Why did the French revolution turn against itself when the American revolution didn't? In what ways was the French revolution more radical than its American predecessor? How radical did the French revolution become? Could it be argued that the American revolution did turn against its roots? Were there limits to the social and political change in the American revolution?

Question 56

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen says that "the principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation." What point is being made here? What were the main inspirations of the writers of this document? How did this document-and its philosophy-influence other movements?

Question 57

The French revolution and the wars that followed it heightened feelings of national identity throughout Europe.

Question 58

One of the most influential concepts of modern political thought is the idea of the nation.

Question 59

French revolutionaries also drew inspiration from the Enlightenment; however,it was a less radical affair than the American revolution.

Question 60

Simón Bolívar was inspired by Napoleon Bonaparte and took up arms against Spanish rule with the goal of creating a great confederation from former Spanish colonies.

Question 61

Why did Simón Bolívar lament that "those who have served the revolution have plowed the sea"? What was his dream for Latin America? Why was he so disappointed? Could similar arguments be made about the other revolutions discussed in the chapter? Did these revolutions turn out to be something very different from what their founders envisioned? Look at Map 28.3,Latin America in 1830.How was Latin America transformed by revolution?

Question 62

What factors led the western powers to abolish the slave trade and then slavery in the nineteenth century?

Question 63

What kind of states emerged in Mexico,Gran Colombia,and Brazil after the revolutions?

Question 64

Examine the movements for the abolition of slavery and for the advancement of women's rights.Who were the leading figures? How were these thinkers influenced by the Enlightenment as well as by the French and American revolutions?

Question 65

Describe the ways in which the Congress of Vienna remade the political order of Europe.In what ways did it support or detract from conservative or nationalist ideas?

Question 66

What events led to the slave rebellion of Saint-Domingue (Haiti)? Why was this rebellion successful when so many other slave revolts failed?

Question 67

What were the principal causes of the French revolution of 1789? Were these concerns addressed by the revolution?

Question 68

Describe the basic social structure of Latin American society in 1800.What factors led to the revolutions that followed?

Question 69

How was French society restructured during the most radical phase of the revolution (1793-1794)? Were these permanent changes,or short-lived ones?

Question 70

Compare the unification of Italy with the unification of Germany.

Question 71

Examine the rise of theories of conservatism and liberalism.Who were the leading thinkers? How could they both have taken the French revolution as a starting point for the expression of their ideals? Did these groups have different political goals in mind?

Question 72

In what specific ways did the ideals of the Enlightenment challenge long-held assumptions about government and social order?

Question 73

Examine the American revolutionary slogan "no taxation without representation." What does this phrase really mean? How does it relate to the ideas of Locke,Rousseau,and Jefferson? Relate these ideas to the French slogan "liberty,equality,fraternity."

Question 74

Examine the rise of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe.Was there a transformation of nationalist thought? How would Europe be changed by the evolution of a more xenophobic nationalism?

Question 75

Conventional wisdom holds that Napoleon ended the revolution when he proclaimed himself emperor in 1804.In what ways did he continue the ideals of the revolution? In what ways did he reverse the revolution?