Deck 26: Tradition and Change in East Asia

Question 1

The Ming dynasty was founded by

A) Qianlong.
B) Shihuangdi.
C) Yongle.
D) Hongwu.
E) Kangxi.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following was NOT one of the responsibilities assumed by the Chinese clans?

A) providing educational opportunities for poor relatives
B) bringing the different social classes in the clan up to equality with the gentry
C) maintaining local order
D) organizing local economies
E) making provision for welfare

Answer 2

B

Question 3

By 1750,the population of China had grown to

A) 415 million.
B) 225 million.
C) 100 million.
D) 75 million.
E) 50 million.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Matteo Ricci was

A) the Italian merchant who spent twenty years with Khubilai Khan and wrote of his adventures.
B) a Roman Catholic missionary in China.
C) the chief Italian who negotiated trade issues with the Qing emperor Qianlong.
D) the Italian explorer who sailed to Japan in the late fifteenth century.
E) mainly responsible for the introduction of American crops such as manioc to China.

Question 5

Matteo Ricci and other Europeans discovered they were more successful in their negotiations with the Chinese if they presented them with

A) African slaves.
B) mechanical clocks.
C) cannons and other advanced artillery.
D) signed Bibles.
E) silver bars.

Question 6

Foreign trade during the Qing dynasty was

A) carried out exclusively with the Europeans.
B) actively supported by the government and grew much larger than ever before.
C) based on free-market principles.
D) limited and under tight governmental control.
E) fueled by the payment of valuable Chinese silver in return for imports.

Question 7

In 1421,Yongle moved the capital of China to

A) Beijing.
B) Edo.
C) Nanjing.
D) Guangzhou.
E) Kyoto.

Question 8

During the Ming and Qing dynasties,

A) women achieved a level of equality and freedom never seen before in Chinese history.
B) women had many more literary and cultural opportunities than ever before.
C) the role of women was fashioned after the prevailing pattern in Japan.
D) the greater freedom for women was a reflection of European influence.
E) patriarchal authority over females became tighter than ever before.

Question 9

After the arrival of the Europeans,

A) east Asian societies quickly fell under indirect European economic control.
B) the rapid spread of Christianity threatened the very survival of Buddhism.
C) east Asian societies immediately fell under direct European control.
D) east Asian societies quickly copied the ways of the more advanced Europeans.
E) east Asian societies largely controlled their own affairs until the nineteenth century.

Question 10

The leader who first organized the Manchu tribes into a centralized state was

A) Qianlong.
B) Nurhaci.
C) Kangxi.
D) Tokugawa Ieyasu.
E) Yongle.

Question 11

The practice of foot binding

A) was a Yuan form of torture that was copied during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
B) represented the increasing subjugation of women during the Qing dynasty.
C) was imported from India.
D) expressed the growing freedom of women in Qing China to follow urban fashion trends.
E) prevented Chinese prisoners from escaping during huge government-sponsored work projects.

Question 12

The phrase "Son of Heaven" refers to the

A) near godlike status that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci reached in China.
B) explanation for the incredible appeal of Christianity in Japan.
C) Chinese emperor's role in maintaining order on the earth.
D) belief that the Japanese emperors were direct descendents of the sun goddess Amaterasu.
E) syncretic Christian-Buddhist religion.

Question 13

The Manchus called their dynasty Qing,which meant

A) "northern conqueror."
B) "brilliant."
C) "floating world."
D) "pure."
E) "the chosen."

Question 14

In regard to ruling philosophy and techniques,the Qing

A) followed the same pattern that the Ming had established.
B) borrowed Persian techniques.
C) relied on the Yuan approach but left out the reliance on terror.
D) ignored the Ming approach and instead relied on more familiar Manchurian techniques.
E) copied the remarkably successful centralizing techniques of Tokugawa Japan.

Question 15

Taiwan was conquered by

A) Hongwu.
B) Wanli.
C) Qianlong.
D) Kangxi.
E) Nurhaci.

Question 16

Hongwu's new dynasty was called "Ming," which meant

A) "all-powerful."
B) "mandate of heaven."
C) "center of the universe."
D) "son of heaven."
E) "brilliant."

Question 17

In an effort to stabilize China internally,the Ming emperors

A) accepted the Yuan traditions that had been in place for a century.
B) stressed Chinese traditions from the era before the Mongol Yuan dynasty.
C) followed the more successful Indian centralization model.
D) adopted the methods used by the powerful early modern European states.
E) copied the centralizing techniques that had proved so successful in Japan.

Question 18

Which ruler made Vietnam,Burma,and Nepal vassal states of China?

A) Yongle
B) Qianlong
C) Nurhaci
D) Hongwu
E) Kangxi

Question 19

In 1368 the Ming dynasty replaced the ________ dynasty.

A) Song
B) Qing
C) Yuan
D) Tang
E) Qin

Question 20

Which of the following was NOT an action of the Manchus after conquering China?

A) They encouraged intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus.
B) They forbade Chinese from learning the Manchurian language.
C) They forced Chinese men to grow a queue as a sign of submission.
D) They did not allow the Chinese to travel to Manchuria.
E) They carefully guarded their own cultural identity.

Question 21

The Ming dynasty restored native rule to China as Hongwu,founder of the dynasty,drove the Mongols out of China and built a tightly centralized state.

Question 22

In 1600,Tokugawa Ieyasu

A) started a centuries-long civil war that tore Japan apart.
B) established a military government and ruled as shogun.
C) fought off an attempted Chinese invasion.
D) founded the Qing dynasty.
E) implemented "Dutch learning" in an attempt to modernize Japan.

Question 23

China fell behind technologically during the Ming and Qing dynasties in large part because

A) of the collapse of the civil service examination system.
B) the Europeans refused to share their advanced technology with the Chinese.
C) of a massive Qing-forced exile of intellectuals as part of a governmental crackdown.
D) of the efforts of an ingenious Japanese spy network.
E) the governments favored political and social stability over technological innovation.

Question 24

According to Confucian tradition,the most honorable class among the soldiers,peasants,artisans,and merchants was the

A) peasants.
B) artisans.
C) soldiers.
D) merchants.
E) They were all considered to be equal because of their essential roles in supporting China.

Question 25

The Great Wall of China was a project of the Yuan dynasty during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Question 26

One of the results of the peace brought by the Tokugawa period was

A) a tremendous growth in European trade.
B) an even greater political role for the samurai.
C) the tripling of the Japanese population between 1600 and 1850.
D) a reduction in status for the samurai and daimyo.
E) a resurgence in daimyo authority.

Question 27

With the exception of the emperor and his family,the most exalted members of Chinese society were the gentry and the

A) scholar-bureaucrats.
B) peasants.
C) merchants.
D) army.
E) navy.

Question 28

Which of the following popular novels dealt with the intrigue following the collapse of the Han dynasty?

A) Journey to the West
B) The Romance of the Three Kingdoms
C) The Dream of the Red Chamber
D) The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love
E) The Sea of Fertility

Question 29

The term "floating worlds" originally related to

A) the entertainment and pleasure districts of cities such as Osaka.
B) a Japanese attempt to understand the advanced technology as part of the "Dutch learning."
C) the Tokugawa emphasis on "alternate residences."
D) a Japanese attempt during the "native learning" period to re-instill enthusiasm in Buddhism.
E) the Chinese view of heaven.

Question 30

Within the Chinese family,Confucian principles subjected women to the authority of men.

Question 31

Who sought to convert China to Christianity?

A) Zhu Xi
B) Qianlong
C) Ihara Saikaku
D) Basho Matsuo
E) Matteo Ricci

Question 32

Beginning in the 1630s and enduring for the next two centuries,Japanese foreign policy included all of the following EXCEPT

A) forbidding Japanese travel overseas.
B) a prohibition on the construction of large ships.
C) a ban on the importation of foreign books.
D) careful control of trade with Asian lands.
E) open,vibrant trade with Europeans.

Question 33

The term "native learning" relates to

A) the opinion held by Chinese scholars that Japanese culture was crude and uncivilized.
B) a growing Japanese emphasis on indigenous traditions.
C) a Japanese desire to discover the original,or "native," ideals of Confucianism.
D) the European view that Japanese concepts such as Shintoism were actually holding the Japanese back.
E) the opinion held by Japanese scholars that European culture was crude and uncivilized.

Question 34

The Dream of the Red Chamber shed light on the lives and dynamics of which of the following?

A) scholar-gentry
B) peasants
C) artisans
D) scholar-bureaucrats
E) soldiers

Question 35

The process known as "thinning out the rice shoots" refers to

A) an agricultural innovation introduced by the Chinese.
B) the Chinese decision to reduce the number of visiting Korean students.
C) the Japanese decision to follow the Chinese tradition of limiting governmental positions.
D) a Japanese attempt to limit population growth.
E) a Japanese attempt to reduce the number of foreigners living in Japan.

Question 36

The term bakufu means

A) "tent government."
B) "mandate of heaven."
C) "the country at war."
D) "warrior state."
E) "land of the one."

Question 37

The author of The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love was

A) Tokugawa Ieyasu.
B) Bunraku Ukiyo.
C) Ihara Saikaku.
D) Matteo Ricci.
E) Zheng He.

Question 38

The Chinese were hesitant to convert to Christianity partly because

A) of Matteo Ricci's refusal to respect Chinese traditions.
B) by that time Islam had already made important inroads into China.
C) of what had happened to Korea when they converted to Christianity.
D) of Christianity's exclusivity concerning other beliefs such as Daoism and Buddhism.
E) of the monotheistic traditions of Confucianism.

Question 39

Zhu Xi was the

A) author of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
B) foremost architect of neo-Confucianism.
C) Ming emperor who refused to see his advisers for years on end.
D) most powerful Qing emperor.
E) leading Chinese Christian missionary.

Question 40

Daimyo were

A) Buddhist monks.
B) women writers.
C) warriors.
D) Japanese Christian missionaries.
E) powerful Japanese territorial lords.

Question 41

During the Ming and Qing dynasties the Chinese government encouraged technological innovation as a foundation of economic strength.

Question 42

In a letter to King George III,the Chinese emperor Qianlong gave specific trade instructions to the English ruler and reminded him to "Tremblingly obey and show no negligence!" What does this exchange tell you about China's position in the world in the late eighteenth century? Why were they so powerful? Could there be a danger in the Chinese attitude?

Question 43

During the 1630s the shoguns of Japan forbade Japanese from going abroad,expelled Europeans,and prohibited foreign merchants trading in Japan and the import of foreign books for fear that Europeans might jeopardize the security of Japan.

Question 44

Compare and contrast the cultural,intellectual,and literary accomplishments of China and Japan during these years.In what ways was Japan influenced by China?

Question 45

Merchants were at the bottom of society in China because they were viewed as being unscrupulous social parasites.

Question 46

Examine the unification of Japan.What role did Tokugawa Ieyasu play in this movement? How did he influence Japanese history?

Question 47

Examine the rise of the "floating world" in Japan.What factors led to this phenomenon? What can it say about the changing intellectual and social landscape of Japan? Were any other societies in the world going through a similar transformation?

Question 48

Examine the foundations of the Ming dynasty.What were the greatest accomplishments of the Ming? What led to their decline?

Question 49

Chinese tradition held that the emperor was the "Son of Heaven," the human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on the earth.

Question 50

Examine the rise of the Qing dynasty.How did the Manchus view Chinese society and culture? In what ways were the Manchus influenced by Chinese traditions?

Question 51

The Manchus were careful to preserve their own ethnic and cultural identity by outlawing intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese,and by forbidding the Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and learning the Manchurian language.

Question 52

Examine the role of women during the Ming and Qing dynasties.How was foot binding representative of the changing social and gender worlds of China? Compare and contrast the situation in China to the role of women in other societies studied so far.

Question 53

The Jesuits sought to capture Chinese interests with European science and technology and win converts by portraying Christianity as a faith similar to Chinese traditions.

Question 54

Think about the picture of Kangxi on page 590.What did Kangxi and Qianlong contribute to Chinese history? How influential was the Qing dynasty?

Question 55

Examine the changing social world of the Ming and Qing period.What were the most important changes taking place? In what ways did the older traditions survive?

Question 56

Look at the Map 26.2,The Qing empire,1644-1911.Discuss Qing expansion.How much control did the Qing have over east Asia?

Question 57

Examine the concept of the "Son of Heaven." What were the foundations of this belief? Compare this idea to other political systems seen so far in the class.

Question 58

Examine the decision to close Japan to foreign trade.What events inspired this decision? How successful was this attempt? What were its results?

Question 59

Confucian tradition ranked three broad classes of commoners below the gentry: peasants,artisans,and merchants.

Question 60

In what ways might the Great Wall of China be symbolic of both the strengths and weaknesses of China? Was it successful in its purpose?

Question 61

What factors led to the economic and population growth of Japan under the Tokugawa shoguns?

Question 62

Read the letter from Qianlong to the English king (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Qianlong on Chinese Trade with England).Why might the Chinese be concerned about restricting English trade? Why were the English interested in expanding their trading rights in China?

Question 63

What factors led to rapid population growth in China?

Question 64

Why did the shoguns decide to cut off relations with the outside world? How was this isolation accomplished? What did this decision mean for the future of Japan?

Question 65

Why did the Qing dynasty discourage Chinese travel abroad and try to control contacts with foreigners? What was the impact of this policy?

Question 66

What factors led to the collapse of the Ming dynasty? How did Manchurian invaders gain control of China?

Question 67

What are some of the principles of Confucianism that influenced Chinese notions of government and society at this time?

Question 68

To what extent was the culture of Japan influenced by China?

Question 69

How was Chinese society structured? Which classes enjoyed the greatest status? Which had the least?

Question 70

How did the Tokugawa shogunate come to power in the sixteenth century in Japan? What steps did the shoguns take to control the daimyo?

Question 71

What steps did the Ming dynasty take to restore traditional Chinese culture and remove all foreign influences associated with Mongol rule?