Deck 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

Question 1

According to legend,Rome was founded by

A) Paul of Tarsus.
B) Tarquin the Proud.
C) Romulus.
D) Cincinnatus.
E) None of these answers is correct.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Gaius Marius

A) created an army of common men who were loyal only to him and marched on Rome.
B) had the support of the patrician class.
C) posted a list of enemies who were to be killed on sight.
D) was the chief Roman proponent of Stoicism.
E) was the greatest writer in Rome before the time of Virgil.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In regard to political philosophy,Julius Caesar

A) was a staunch supporter of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
B) followed the example of his uncle Augustus.
C) favored liberal policies and social reform.
D) had stridently demanded the abolition of the republic.
E) proposed the establishment of a theocracy.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

During times of crisis the Romans would appoint an official with absolute power known as a(n)

A) consul.
B) tribune.
C) archon.
D) emperor.
E) dictator.

Question 5

The last of the Ptolemaic rulers was

A) Cleopatra.
B) Julius Caesar.
C) Mark Antony.
D) Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
E) Darius III.

Question 6

The Roman conquest of Gaul,Germany,Britain,and Spain

A) led to unprecedented economic devastation.
B) led to profound social problems caused by massive Roman slavery.
C) reduced these states to nothing more than agrarian villages.
D) sparked the immediate destruction of major anti-Roman kingdoms.
E) stimulated the development of the local economies and states.

Question 7

The turning point in Roman history was their struggle,in the Punic Wars,with the

A) Phoenicians.
B) Carthaginians.
C) Persians.
D) Greeks.
E) Sasanids.

Question 8

In the early period of Roman expansion,the principle power in the western Mediterranean was the

A) Greeks.
B) Etruscans.
C) Persians.
D) Gauls.
E) Carthaginians.

Question 9

The Roman policy toward conquered peoples was

A) centered around the policy of forced conversion to the Roman religion.
B) generous,with the potential for citizenship.
C) cruel and despotic.
D) successful because citizenship was granted to all from the very beginning of expansion.
E) based on immediately turning conquered peoples into slaves.

Question 10

During Roman expansion throughout the Mediterranean region,the Romans engaged in conflict with all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) the Carthaginians
B) the Antigonids
C) the Seleucids
D) the Harappans
E) pirates and ambitious local lords

Question 11

Rome's monumental struggle with the Carthaginians was known as the

A) Phoenician Wars.
B) Gracchi Wars.
C) Persian Wars.
D) Punic Wars.
E) Sicilian Wars.

Question 12

In the early stages of the Roman republic the patricians elected two

A) kings.
B) consuls.
C) tribunes.
D) archons.
E) senators.

Question 13

Paul's case was transferred to Rome because

A) the empire was in such a deplorable state that Rome was the only court.
B) all cases were heard in Rome.
C) all cases dealing with Christianity were heard in Rome.
D) as a Roman citizen Paul had the right to appeal his case to Rome,which he did.
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 14

The period known as the pax romana was started by

A) the Gracchi brothers.
B) Julius Caesar.
C) Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
D) Augustus Caesar.
E) Mark Antony.

Question 15

During the Punic Wars,the Romans first fought the Carthaginians over the most important source of grain in the western Mediterranean.Where was it?

A) Britain
B) Greece
C) Egypt
D) Sicily
E) Carthage

Question 16

Latifundia were

A) enormous plantations worked by slaves.
B) the emperor's elite guard.
C) the priestly class devoted to the worship of Mithras.
D) the wealthy classes of ancient Rome.
E) short lyric poems focused on erotic love.

Question 17

Which group,in an effort to alleviate social tensions,was allowed to elect two and then later ten tribunes?

A) plebeians
B) slaves
C) patricians
D) consuls
E) dictators

Question 18

The leader who,supported by the Roman aristocrats,led a slaughter of more than ten thousand of his political enemies was

A) Gaius Marius.
B) Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
C) Julius Caesar.
D) Gaius Gracchus.
E) Augustus Caesar.

Question 19

The government established by Augustus Caesar

A) was a monarchy disguised as a republic.
B) was a dictatorship similar to the one imposed by Julius Caesar.
C) carried on the classical republic structure that the Romans had followed for centuries.
D) quickly dissolved into anarchy.
E) was copied from the successful Persian model.

Question 20

Augustus was able to reunify the empire after defeating his main rivals,who were

A) Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus.
B) Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
C) Marius and Sulla.
D) Pompey and Crassus.
E) the Seleucids and Sasanids.

Question 21

Julius Caesar was the leader who reunified the Roman world and began the pax romana.

Question 22

The most prominent school of moral philosophy in Rome was

A) Stoicism.
B) Epicureanism.
C) Legalism.
D) Mithraism.
E) neo-Platonism.

Question 23

Epictetus was a slave who became a leading Roman Stoic philosopher.

Question 24

The common people in early Rome were called patricians.

Question 25

Vesta was the Roman goddess of

A) the moon.
B) fertility.
C) the hearth.
D) erotic love.
E) the night.

Question 26

The Etruscans were a northern Italian tribe that heavily influenced Rome in its early history.

Question 27

The term paterfamilias refers to the

A) eldest male of the Roman family,who had the ultimate authority over the family.
B) prolonged period of peace and stability beginning with the reign of Augustus.
C) concept of Jesus of Nazareth's relationship to his god.
D) position of Jupiter as the king of the Roman gods.
E) central role of the Roman emperor in running the state.

Question 28

The tribunes were the wealthy classes in early Rome.

Question 29

The Roman thinker Marcus Tullius Cicero is most associated with what Hellenistic school of thought?

A) Epicureanism
B) Skepticism
C) Stoicism
D) Legalism
E) Platonism

Question 30

The Essenes were

A) the aristocratic class of Rome.
B) the political officials chosen by the plebeians.
C) a Jewish sect that looked for the appearance of a savior.
D) Rome's main rival in the Punic Wars.
E) the followers of the cult of Isis.

Question 31

The most important early Roman historian for the empire was

A) Tacitus.
B) Herodotus.
C) Arrian.
D) Suetonius.
E) Gaius Gracchus.

Question 32

The leading figure in the expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism was

A) Jesus of Nazareth.
B) Mithras.
C) Marcus Tullius Cicero.
D) Paul of Tarsus.
E) St. Augustine.

Question 33

Jesus of Nazareth's followers called him "Christ," which meant

A) "the son of god."
B) "the anointed one."
C) "the redeemer."
D) "the son of man."
E) "the king."

Question 34

All of the following were foundations of Roman law EXCEPT

A) the principle that defendants were innocent until proven guilty.
B) the notion that defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court of law.
C) the idea that patricians were exempt from accusation under the law.
D) the ability of judges to set aside laws that were inequitable.
E) a tradition of written law.

Question 35

Tribune Tiberius Gracchus called for land reform.This led to his assassination.

Question 36

The Essenes were a Jewish sect that looked for the appearance of a savior.

Question 37

Which of the following religions was NOT popular during the Roman empire?

A) Christianity
B) Mithraism
C) Islam
D) Judaism
E) the cult of Isis

Question 38

The phrase "the kingdom of God is at hand" is associated with

A) Jesus of Nazareth.
B) Paul of Tarsus.
C) Cicero.
D) St. Augustine.
E) St. Anthony.

Question 39

The reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as the

A) Punic Wars.
B) pax romana.
C) mare nostrum.
D) carpe diem.
E) Augustan reform.

Question 40

Periplus maris erythraei is

A) the Roman cavalry.
B) the fundamental principle of Roman law.
C) the prolonged period of peace and stability beginning with the reign of Augustus.
D) a description of Red Sea,African,and Indian ports.
E) the Roman senate.

Question 41

Gaius Marius was a Roman general who created a common army loyal only to him.

Question 42

Jesus said,"Ye have heard that it hath been said,'An eye for an eye,and a tooth for a tooth.' But I say unto you that ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek,turn to him the other also." To what legal tradition was Jesus referring? Why would this simple philosophy make so many people angry? What were the foundations of his thought?

Question 43

Examine the social history of ancient Rome.What do the experiences of the Gracchi brothers,as well as that of Marius and Sulla,say about the social tensions in Rome? What caused these problems?

Question 44

Why did the Romans create such a huge and long lasting empire,when the Greeks were never able to unify? Did character play a role?

Question 45

Examine the reign of Augustus Caesar.What steps did he take to restore order and implement the pax romana? What were the long-term effects of his influence?

Question 46

Discuss the reign of Julius Caesar.How did he transform the Roman state? How great was his influence on the later Roman empire?

Question 47

The reign of Augustus Caesar is usually seen as the beginning of a glorious age.The historian Tacitus,however,noticed many problems,including the fact that the "legal system ...was wholly incapacitated by violence,favoritism,and-most of all-bribery." Which of these views is correct? What were the achievements and shortcomings of Augustus's reign?

Question 48

Examine the intellectual world of the Romans.How did the Greeks influence the Romans? In what ways were they different?

Question 49

Paul of Tarsus was the leading figure in the expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism.

Question 50

How did trade shape the Roman world? How did trade work to bring the Roman world together?

Question 51

Examine the role that family played in ancient Rome.What role did women play inside and outside the home? Did women have more or less freedom in Rome than in other societies?

Question 52

Compare the Punic Wars to the Persian War.In what ways were both events pivotal? What might have happened if the wars had turned out differently?

Question 53

What were the main achievements and limitations of the Roman republic and Roman empire? What were the key turning points in Roman history?

Question 54

Discuss the Roman concept of citizenship.Relate it to the success of Roman expansion.How does citizenship relate to the ideals of Roman character?

Question 55

Examine the constantly changing religious world of the Romans.Explain the Roman role in the rise of Christianity.

Question 56

Rome's rival in the Punic Wars was Carthage.

Question 57

Examine Map 11.1,Expansion of the Roman republic to 146C.E. What role did the Punic Wars play in that expansion? What strains could such a rapid expansion have placed on the republic?

Question 58

Compare and contrast the Roman and Chinese empires.What made these states so powerful and influential for such a long period of time?

Question 59

Discuss the concept of pax romana.What were the outstanding characteristics of this period? How were the Romans able to unify this region and hold it together for such a long period of time?

Question 60

Compare the status of women in Rome to their status in the rest of the ancient world.How was the role of women different in Rome than in the Greek city-states?

Question 61

How did Jesus' message threaten the Roman administration? What was the response?

Question 62

What inherent weaknesses in the political and economic institutions of Rome did the Gracchi brothers' conflicts highlight?

Question 63

Examine the picture of Augustus Caesar on page 223.What image was the sculptor trying to convey of the emperor? Did that image coincide with Augustus's accomplishments?

Question 64

Examine the moral and ethical teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Jesus' Moral and Ethical Teachings).Compare his religious thought to other thinkers we have studied in the class.

Question 65

Examine Map 11.2,The Roman empire,ca.117C.E. Compare the size and diversity of this empire to other empires covered earlier in the class. Why did roads and trade play such a key role in Roman success?

Question 66

How did the Romans promote trade throughout the empire?

Question 67

Examine the illustration of the paved road on page 227.What can this picture tell us about Roman building skills? What can the picture tell us about the tremendous needs of the growing Roman cities?

Question 68

What contributions did the Etruscans and the early Roman monarchy make to the Roman republic?

Question 69

What was the significance of the Punic Wars to the later development of Rome?

Question 70

Look at the selection drawn from Tacitus (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Tacitus on Corruption in the Early Roman Empire).According to Tacitus,what were the problems facing Rome during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius?

Question 71

Examine the picture of the mithraeum on page 232.What can its location,under the church of San Clemente,tell you about the changing religious world of the Romans? Does this picture have any symbolic meaning?

Question 72

In general,how did the Romans deal with the people and lands that they conquered?

Question 73

How did the republican constitution affect conflict between the patricians and the plebeians?

Question 74

What was the status of women during the empire?

Question 75

Describe the transition from republic to empire in the 1^st centuryB.C.E.

Question 76

Look at the picture of the Roman forum on page 220.What do the ruins tell us about public life in Roman times?