Deck 3: Learning to Parent

Question 1

__________ neurons in several areas of the brain serve many functions including helping us to understand other people.

Answer 1

Mirror

Question 2

Authoritative parents employ firm control in an arbitrary way that does not take account of the child's individuality.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

At birth the hormone _________ encourages mother-infant bonding.

Answer 3

oxytocin

Question 4

A main aim of the Video Feedback Intervention Positive Parenting Program is to increase parents' __________.

Question 5

The term "attachment" refers to all aspects of the parent-child relationship.

Question 6

According to Piaget,infants in the first two years of life are in the __________ of development.

Question 7

Diana Baumrind termed parents who __________ as authoritative parents.

Question 8

When using media,upper-income parents tend to use ________,and lower-income parents _________________.

Question 9

The Egyptians,Greeks and Romans recognized stages of children's development..

Question 10

Infants and children differ not in whether __________ takes place with parents but in the nature and quality that depends on parents' behavior.

Question 11

When parents were asked about the major influences on their parenting,they reported they were: the way they were raised,extended family members,pediatricians,and ___________________________.

Question 12

In the prenatal period,almost all the neurons we have are formed,but many of the __________ are formed after birth.

Question 13

Parents find it difficult to relate to their children in a consistent,supportive way when their own parents related to them in unpredictable,and frustrating ways because of ____________.

Question 14

The mapping of the genome revealed __________ genes than anticipated.

Question 15

In Diana Baumrind's study,the children of permissive parents were the least independent and self-controlled.

Question 16

Three strengths Erikson believed are developed when the balance of experiences in childhood is on the positive side are _____________________.

Question 17

The neuroendocrine hormone __________ regulates our daily pattern of arousal,alertness,and attention.

Question 18

Vygotsky emphasizes ___________________________________.

Question 19

Children will imitate a hostile,rejecting figure if no warm model is available for imitation.

Question 20

The overabundance of synapses in the brain leads to __________ of the least used connections.

Question 21

To understand a child's frightened cries at the sight of a barking dog,a learning theorist

A) would want to know what frightening stimulus had been paired with a barking dog in the child's past experience.
B) would examine the present situation to see what symbolic object was frightening the child.
C) would assume the dog represented a person the child feared.
D) would explain to the child all the reasons the child had not to fear the barking dog.

Question 22

With the exception of physical punishment,the effects of parenting strategies depend on the child's temperamental qualities.

Question 23

There has been little continuity in parenting practices across centuries because living conditions have changed so much.

Question 24

Sleep patterns play a role in the development of children's Executive Function skills.

Question 25

The role of language in intellectual growth is ignored in theories of development.

Question 26

Adults with the NR361 gene

A) who have not experienced abuse or neglect manage emotional stress competently.
B) who have experienced abuse or neglect appear especially able to cope with it.
C) who have experienced abuse or neglect appear unable to manage emotional stress and become self-destructive.
D) A and C

Question 27

Parenting groups that help married and unmarried parents talk about their feelings for each other have long-lasting benefits on the couple relationship but do not impact their child's development.

Question 28

Continuing high levels of cortisol are related children's flexible problem-solving.

Question 29

A mother of a six-year-old complains her son is not doing well in first grade because he is not getting enough recess and play time.Based on your knowledge,you tell her

A) developmentally he is old enough to sit in the classroom and does not need recess.
B) she just has to accept that boys are more active and have more trouble in school.
C) that her son would probably concentrate better and work more effectively if he had scheduled recesses throughout the day.
D) that her son is immature for his age and needs to return to kindergarten.

Question 30

Freud viewed children as pleasure-seeking creatures who had to tame their impulses to meet parents' and society's demands.

Question 31

Peter Huttenlocher believes optimal cortical development in children requires early stimulation and an enriched environment because early learning is hard-wired.

Question 32

The mapping of the genome revealed that though there are fewer genes than thought,each gene is more versatile,responding to messages from other cells and the environment.

Question 33

Neuroscientist Peter Huttenlocher advises parents that

A) early childhood training has great value even if it is not continued.
B) there are critical periods of development and stimulation must occur before the window closes.
C) stimulation has value at all ages.
D) all of these

Question 34

Stephen Porges believes that human beings have a neural circuit under the control of the vagal nerve that promotes adaptation through

A) fight or flight of the person.
B) immobilization.
C) social bonding and engagement.
D) endurance.

Question 35

Interventions with children who have the DRD4 7 repeat allele and their parents

A) resulted in significant decreases in children's externalizing and aggressive behaviors.
B) have not proved successful.
C) change children's behavior but not that of parents.
D) change parents' behavior but not that of children.

Question 36

Children's Executive Function skills begin to develop in the toddler years so parents can begin to interact with children to develop them.

Question 37

Adele Diamond and Kathleen Lee believe that successful programs increasing EF skills have two common features: (1)increasing levels of difficulty that challenge children and (2)

A) giving rewards for accomplishing each level of difficulty.
B) emphasizing persistence and effort in carrying out the activities.
C) creating feelings of joy, competence, and social bonds with others.
D) giving child time alone to explore.

Question 38

Erik Erikson differs from other theorists in specifying

A) conflicts that occur as children develop.
B) stages of adult development.
C) the critical role of the father.
D) the importance of peers in children's lives.

Question 39

Urie Bronfenbrenner's analysis of the environment includes the important concept of the exosystem,by which he means

A) the environment that is external to the individual.
B) those institutions and agencies that influence the child's daily life but do not include the child.
C) the broad cultural context of the child's life.
D) A and C

Question 40

A social learning theorist would explain why a minister's child lies after hearing the minister tell a white lie as

A) doing what the parent secretly wants to do.
B) the child expressing anger at the parent by violating the parent's rule.
C) the child ignoring the parent.
D) doing what the parent does, not what the parent says.

Question 41

Parenting experts Stanley Greenspan and T.Berry Brazelton have lobbied society to

A) control the mass media influence on teens' sexual behaviors.
B) give parents more resources to help parents to rear children.
C) give parents freedom to rear children as they wish.
D) A and C

Question 42

A parent following Vygotsky's theory would

A) only observe in order to minimize the parent's role in the child's learning.
B) guide the child to a more mature level of functioning through questions, hints, and prompts.
C) let the child learn by constructing his own answers to problems.
D) A and C

Question 43

Gerald Patterson and his coworkers believe that,to help children develop self-control and compliance,parents first must establish

A) a positive, warm relationship with the child.
B) a definite hierarchy of authority with parents in charge.
C) a regular set of family routines and rules.
D) a definite set of consequences for negative behaviors.

Question 44

Briefly describe Diana Baumrind's parenting styles and give two characteristics of each style.

Question 45

A parent who follows Piaget's theory of knowing about the world would,in dealing with her five-year-old,

A) tailor explanations to the child's level of understanding about the world.
B) respect the child and treat him or her like a reasoning adult.
C) teach the child about the world as children learn best, by instruction.
D) direct the child's exploration of the world so the child does not focus on things he or she has already learned.

Question 46

Of all the experts,the nannies spend the most time helping parents

A) arrive at the nature of the problem.
B) plan for possible changes.
C) carry out the nannies' recommendations.
D) get recreational time away from the family.

Question 47

Briefly describe three insights from studies using cortisol that help parents understand and carry out their role more effectively.

Question 48

Briefly describe the research of Gerald Patterson and the implications for parenting that can be drawn from it.

Question 49

When young children are active,fearless,and show very little reaction to their wrong doing,they benefit from parents'

A) gentle persuasion.
B) forming a cooperative partnership with them.
C) firm punishment.
D) repeated explanations.

Question 50

Dr.Phil's advice to families about how to have a "phenomenal family" life includes all the following EXCEPT

A) nurturing and accepting family system.
B) unique family identity with definite values and standards.
C) waiting till a crisis arises before planning how to deal with crises.
D) establish rituals and traditions.

Question 51

Highly reactive children identified by Jerome Kagan as infants

A) are very responsive to parents' rules and regulations.
B) require only requests and explanations to learn rules.
C) are fearful of violating rules.
D) all of these

Question 52

Changes over time in the nature of the parent-child attachment depend on

A) the amount of time parent and child spend together.
B) changes in the emotional quality of the parent-child relationship.
C) the child's personality.
D) a and c

Question 53

A nursery school program that increased children's Executive Functioning included all of the following EXCEPT

A) encouraged self talk.
B) discouraged imaginative play.
C) taught strategies to facilitate memory.
D) practiced skills at least 80 percent of the time.

Question 54

Briefly describe one theory you find useful in understanding parent-child relationships and describe three insights you have gained from it.

Question 55

Briefly describe,giving at least three characteristics,the Video Feedback Intervention Positive Parenting program and three kinds of parenting groups that have benefitted from it.

Question 56

Bronfenbrenner,among all theorists,gives special consideration to the factor of

A) historical time and the timing of events in children's lives.
B) geographical place.
C) systems of positive and negative consequences.
D) innate patterns of growth.

Question 57

An infant who approaches the parent happily at times,at other times avoids the parent,or freezes when near the parent would be said to have _____________ attachment.

A) a secure
B) a vacillating
C) a semi-secure
D) a disorganized/disoriented

Question 58

Children who were described as poorly controlled at age 3 were described in young adulthood as

A)spontaneous and well-liked.
B)creative and independent.
C)impulsive and risk-taking.
D)A and C.

Question 59

All of the following statements about temperament are true EXCEPT

A) it is constitutionally based.
B) it can not be changed.
C) it refers to the child's reactivity and regulations of reactions.
D) it refers to behavior in the domains of affect, activity, and attention.

Question 60

Diana Baumrind believes that when parents are permissive,set few limits,and accept all the child's impulses even when they are irritating to others,children are likely to be

A) independent and self-directed.
B) poorly controlled and immature.
C) conscientious and kind.
D) A and C