Deck 12: Working and Parenting

Question 1

The child's ________ and the __________ of day care interact to predict effects of day care.

Answer 1

biological temperament; quality

Question 2

In the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD)study on the effects of day care,__________ was the only form of day care related to children's outcomes.

Answer 2

center care

Question 3

In understanding children's development,the NICHD study on the effects of day care found that responsive parenting matters much more than day care.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

When mothers of preschool children have stressful workdays,they are __________ with their children.

Question 5

Studies found that even when available,day care is most often of __________ quality.

Question 6

Process measures of day care quality measure two aspects of day care,sensitive,responsive caregiving and __________.

Question 7

The United States has a diverse work force of parents with some parents needing more work hours and some parents needing fewer work hours.

Question 8

The Workplace Triple P program targets two broad areas: _________ and ________________.

Question 9

Two resources/supports at work that have positive impacts on parents' roles at home are ______________ and __________________.

Question 10

Two stressful demands/strains at work that have negative impacts on parents' family life are __________ and ______________.

Question 11

Some __________ can ease parents' transition from work to home.

Question 12

In Galinsky's study,only a small percentage of children felt mothers were there for them when they were upset.

Question 13

Early adolescents who care for themselves after school are old enough to monitor themselves so they do not get into trouble.

Question 14

When it comes to day care,parents tend to overestimate the ___________ of day care and their level of __________ with caregivers.

Question 15

Francine Deutsch found that after the birth of a child,parents adopted a pattern of sharing work and parenting responsibilities and maintained it even if it did not work.

Question 16

In families using the __________ strategy,one parent has a job that provides income but subordinates work to the needs of the family,and one parent has a career.

Question 17

Two stressful demands/strains parents experience at home are ____________ and ______________.

Question 18

Two structural measures of day care are __________ and _______________.

Question 19

Almost ______ percent of parents feel a moderate or large amount of stress at work.

Question 20

Rising levels of children's stress hormone are more likely in family day care when caregivers are __________.

Question 21

Parents in the sandwich generation generally coped by

A) reducing demands in their lives.
B) relying on spousal support with all the demands.
C) increasing supports.
D) all of these

Question 22

Children believe the most important change parents can make is to spend more time with them.

Question 23

Workplace Triple P program includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) reducing parental stress.
B) managing children's behavior problems.
C) challenging negative thoughts.
D) negotiating workplace conflicts.

Question 24

Observations of dual-earner families at home revealed that parents

A) spent major portion of time with all family members together.
B) spent most of their time alone or with one child.
C) had sufficient time together as a couple in the evening.
D) A and C

Question 25

When parents work nonstandard hours,children are more likely to have behavioral difficulties.

Question 26

In a study of alternating-shift families,mothers' income was

A) minimal and not really needed.
B) important and appreciated.
C) important but resented.
D) seasonal and undependable.

Question 27

Employers' worries that paid maternal leave at the time of the child's birth will create unemployment and decrease American competitiveness are found to be justified by international data.

Question 28

Currently there is great diversity in family work patterns because of all of the following social and economic factors EXCEPT:

A) increase in semi-skilled and skilled jobs that support a family.
B) increase in number of single mothers supporting children.
C) increase in jobs in nonstandard evening and night hours.
D) increase in demanding jobs that require long hours.

Question 29

When mothers and fathers have negative social interactions at work,they seek positive support from each other and feel better.

Question 30

Parents likely to experience work stress are parents who have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) working longer hours per day.
B) those who have to take work home.
C) those who have no time pressures at work.
D) having to travel more.

Question 31

An observational study of dual-earner parents and their children found that the family was together when at home less than fifteen percent of the time.

Question 32

_______ percent of working mothers work full-time,defined as thirty-five or more hours a week.

A) 45
B) 55
C) 66
D) 74

Question 33

Formal after-school programs did not help low-income third graders receive better grades.

Question 34

Research on young children's level of stress at day care suggests parents must

A) be sensitive and responsive to children's fussing and crying when family is together.
B) stand back and let children develop their own coping devices.
C) coordinate their responses so parents' responses match those of caregivers.
D) A and C

Question 35

Children believe one of the worst things about having a working parent is that parents are stressed out from work.

Question 36

The government offers no child care help to parents.

Question 37

Analyses of the results of the California Paid Family Leave Insurance (PFLI)Act found that PFLI

A) reduced the number of jobs available.
B) reduced productivity of workers.
C) had no effect or positive effect on productivity.
D) increased cost of business.

Question 38

The United States is one of only four countries in the world that does not offer paid family leave at the time of the birth of a child.

Question 39

Adolescents reported feelings of self-esteem and mastery when their single mothers

A) got and kept a good-paying job for two years.
B) got a job but lost it and were then at home.
C) did not work during their adolescence.
D) went back to school.

Question 40

Studies of children's stress hormones in day care reveal that children are able to handle the emotional challenges without special support from parents.

Question 41

Parents reported all of the following emotional strategies to cope with the stresses and strains of caring for children and aging parents EXCEPT:

A) believing I can do it all if I work hard enough.
B) focusing on the good things in my life.
C) looking for humor in situations.
D) getting moral support from others.

Question 42

When compared to working parents in other industrialized countries,working parents in the United States

A) have more child care benefits.
B) have more paid family leave time.
C) have less paid family leave time.
D) receive about the same level of benefits as they do.

Question 43

A mother asks about the general quality of care in centers and family day care.You tell her that observations of care in centers and family day care find all of the following EXCEPT

A) a small percentage of centers giving high-quality care.
B) a large percentage of centers giving high-quality care.
C) a large percentage of centers giving mediocre care.
D) a small percentage of centers that cannot meet safety requirements for children.

Question 44

Children's ratings of their parents' understanding and positive interactions with them are higher when

A) children spend more time with parents.
B) children decide how to spend time with parents.
C) time spent with parents is not rushed.
D) A and C

Question 45

For many infants and toddlers levels of the stress sensitive hormone cortisol

A) increase during the day at day care.
B) increases and decreases showed no relationship to being at day care.
C) did not increase when infants and toddlers were observed at home.
D) A and C

Question 46

Children whose families are experiencing economic downturns can function well even though parents are tense and harsh in their parenting if

A) they have warm relationships with siblings.
B) they become involved in school activities.
C) they have warm relationships with an adult in the community.
D) A and C

Question 47

In the NICHHD study on the effects of day care,sensitive and responsive parenting consistently predicted

A) infant outcomes, but not later ones for children.
B) social and emotional competence only in the preschool years.
C) children's intellectual competence only at school entrance.
D) children's competence in all areas and at all ages.

Question 48

Children give parents much lower grades than parents give themselves in managing their __________________________.

A) time
B) work hours
C) anger
D) pleasure

Question 49

Briefly describe the four cognitive behavioral strategies parents use to cope with the stresses of caring for children and their elder parents.

Question 50

Regardless of whether mothers are employed or not,lower levels of ______________ boys predicted their lower school grades and less skill at school-related activities.

A) helping
B) monitoring
C) caring for
D) listening to

Question 51

In the NICHD study of the effects of day care,exclusive maternal care was

A) related to better outcomes for children.
B) not related to better or worse outcomes for children.
C) related to worse outcomes for children.
D) related to better outcomes only in infancy.

Question 52

Describe the three areas that low-income single mothers concentrate their activities and the strategies they use to manage the demands on them.

Question 53

Give five ways that employers can decrease the strains parents feel in combining work and family life.

Question 54

Briefly state three ways in which parents and children do not understand each others' attitudes about parents' work and three ways in which they perceive the situation similarly.

Question 55

Children are more likely to be described as socially and academically competent when

A) fathers are engaged at work and available at home.
B) parents are at home but are involved in work activities.
C) mothers have control of their work and feel confident.
D) A and C

Question 56

In a study that followed middle-class children from age one through adolescence,mothers' work status by itself was found to have

A) little effect on children's development.
B) been related to children's emotional development.
C) determined children's behavior with peers.
D) determined choice of parenting strategies.

Question 57

Describe the Workplace Triple P program,its effects,and how long they last.

Question 58

Young children's rising cortisol levels at family day care are associated with

A) girls' angry, aggressive behaviors.
B) similar behaviors in boys and girls.
C) girls' vigilant, cautious behaviors.
D) A and C

Question 59

Employment provides parents such psychological benefits as

A) feelings of competence and self-esteem.
B) friendships.
C) increased interpersonal skills.
D) all of these

Question 60

Couples in the sandwich generation found that the most central support to them at times of stresses and strain is

A) children's psychological adjustment.
B) understanding of work supervisor.
C) spousal support.
D) community programs offering elder care.