Deck 7: Parenting Children From Birth to Two Years

Question 1

Parents' imaginary play with toddlers is fun and enjoyable for them both,but has little effect on children's later development.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Marc Bornstein describes social caregiving as __________.

Answer 2

interacting/playing/soothing

Question 3

The term __________ refers to guidance in which parents step in to give the child support in order to achieve the desired goal.

Answer 3

scaffolding

Question 4

When mothers are trained to help children elaborate and talk about events,children have richer memories of events.

Question 5

Fathers are most likely to engage in play and caregiving with the baby when the marriage is __________.

Question 6

In most parts of the world,infants sleep with a parent,and most toddlers sleep with or near a parent.

Question 7

Dr.Karp believes that in the womb,babies have a powerful _________ reflex that the Cuddle Cure triggers after birth.

Question 8

James McHale's research,parents' prebirth negative predictions about lack of support and cooperation with the other parent came true only when babies were __________.

Question 9

Dr.Harvey Karp believes newborns would benefit from an additional __________.

Question 10

Children's play is more sophisticated when they play with ____________.

Question 11

Attachment parenting requires that mothers be at home,so it is very difficult to have employment outside the home.

Question 12

__________ was the main factor in decreasing parents' cooperative alliance in the first year of life..

Question 13

Toddlers cannot go beyond their own emotional reactions to help another in distress.

Question 14

T.Berry Brazelton and Stanley Greenspan believe parents require ____________ that supports parents' efforts and children's growth

Question 15

Before the age of two,boys and girls are equally likely to show __________ behaviors but after two,boys showed a significantly higher rate of the behavior.

Question 16

When their infants were three months of age,James McHale found that in his middle-class sample of parents,about __________ of women and ________ percentage of men suffered from clinical levels of depressive symptoms.

Question 17

In the first two years,according to Jean Piaget,the baby's __________ are his or her sources of knowledge.

Question 18

Attachment is defined as _________.

Question 19

To reduce deaths from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome,the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants should be put to sleep __________ with a ____________.

Question 20

A major goal of the child-rearing method known as RIE (Resources for Infant Educarers)is to provide support so infants and toddlers ___________________.

Question 21

Because premature babies are survivors,our culture has a positive view of them.

Question 22

A New Zealand study found that more than fifty percent of children slept at least five hours at night by three months of age.

Question 23

Mothers do well with their premature infants when they adopt a(an)________________ view of their child's future outcome.

A) realistic
B) optimistic
C) wait-and-see
D) all of the above

Question 24

A mother of a newborn worries her baby is not normal because he sleeps only twelve hours a day.What do you tell her?

A) All newborns sleep at least eighteen hours a day.
B) Twelve hours is outside the normal range of infant sleep.
C) Twelve hours of sleep is within the normal range of infant sleep.
D) none of these

Question 25

In helping parents deal with their fussy babies,the Fussy Baby Network focuses on the marital relationship and ways of improving it so parents can work together to deal with the bay's crying.

Question 26

Parents reported in the study of care-giving in the first year that thy were satisfied with the amount of time they had with their family.

Question 27

Ways of soothing crying infants differ from one society to another.

Question 28

The five 'Bs' of Attachment Parenting include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) bonding.
B) bottle-feeding.
C) bed sharing.
D) baby wearing.

Question 29

Dr.Karp's five-step program for helping newborns settle into their new world includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) swaddling.
B) shushing.
C) silencing.
D) sucking.

Question 30

Incorporating both parents' points of view in solutions to infant care-giving leads to practices neither parent carries out well.

Question 31

In the first year of a child's life,parents are in what Ellen Galinsky terms the __________ stage.

A) image making
B) nurturing
C) dependent
D) providing

Question 32

To prevent potential problem behaviors,parents divert children's attention to alternative behaviors that are approved.

Question 33

An Enhanced Visitation Program that reduced the rate of child abuse for mothers at risk for abuse involved:

A) anger management training.
B) training in parenting skills.
C) training to empower mothers.
D) training to support children's health.

Question 34

Fussy Baby Network provides parents with

A)explanations for babies' crying.
B)direct suggestions on how parents can reduce crying.
C)support for parents so they find their own solutions to reduce crying.
D)A and C.

Question 35

Babies pattern their own moods on mothers' emotions.

Question 36

Typical parenting routines provide a rich variety of language and vocabulary for young children.

Question 37

At eighteen months of age,toddlers

A) understand others have different desires from their own.
B) assume others want what they want.
C) are focused on their own needs and have little interest in what others want.
D) are focused on what others want from them.

Question 38

Fearless children who are energetic,curious,and self-directed benefit from firm discipline with negative consequences.

Question 39

In Florence Goodenough's study,parents of children with many temper outbursts were

A) aware of children's needs.
B) inconsistent and unpredictable in discipline.
C) firm when conflicts arose.
D) A and C

Question 40

A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of parenting programs for expectant and new parents found that the programs

A) affected parents' stress levels and marital adjustment but not babies' development.
B) affected parents' care-giving behaviors but not parents' stress levels.
C) improved parents' marital adjustment but not their care-giving behaviors.
D) had positive effects on parents' care-giving behaviors and babies' development.

Question 41

Thirteen- and eighteen-month-old children whose parents directed positive affirming words to them

A) came to expect only positive words.
B) used primarily positively toned words with family members.
C) ignored parents' comments.
D) A and C

Question 42

Toddlers reduce negative feelings in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A) using transitional objects.
B) looking away and soothing themselves.
C) going to bed.
D) asking parents for help.

Question 43

By age _____________,children begin to use pronouns such as "I,me,mine" to reflect an increasing sense of self.

A) twelve months
B) eighteen months
C) twenty-four months
D) thirty months

Question 44

Describe five ways in which the Fussy Baby Network helps parents cope with babies' crying.

Question 45

When parents of three-month-old babies were in the process of forming a coparenting alliance,they

A) were not in conflict but out of synch.
B) argued until they arrived at a compromise.
C) ignored problems as they arose.
D) each took responsibilities for certain areas of care-giving.

Question 46

Empirical study of infants crying and sleeping behaviors

A) gives parents information for making choices in care-giving behaviors.
B) reveals Western forms of parenting have no advantages over attachment parenting.
C) suggests attachment parenting requires more time but reduces infants' crying and promotes their sleeping.
D) suggests attachment parenting has no advantages over Western parenting.

Question 47

Describe four ways in which the parenting of parents of premature babies born at 26 weeks differs from the parenting of children born full-term.

Question 48

In England a longitudinal study of sleeping in the first four years revealed that

A) the large majority of parents never coslept with babies.
B) the majority coslept with babies in the first three months but discontinued by twelve months.
C) one-third of parents coslept with babies in the first year but gave it up by two years of age.
D) about one-third of parents coslept with babies the entire four years.

Question 49

At six months of age babies

A) have rudimentary visual skills and see about the distance of eight to ten inches.
B) can detect differences in quantities of objects observed.
C) focus primarily on their own actions.
D) A and C

Question 50

Give four ways in which parents help children achieve self-regulation in the second year.

Question 51

Negative interactions with parents in infancy

A) are brief and last only a few seconds.
B) increase likelihood of toddler noncompliance.
C) have few effects in the toddler or later years.
D) A and C

Question 52

New Zealand study of sleeping patterns of infants revels that at twelve months of age

A) one-third of babies do not sleep more than five hours at night.
B) only one-third of babies sleep eight or more hours.
C) only 50 percent of babies sleep eight or more hours at night.
D) over 70 percent of babies sleep eight hours at night.

Question 53

Describe four qualities of parents that help to maintain a secure attachment with toddlers.

Question 54

When comparing the crying and sleeping patterns of babies whose parents used attachment parenting with crying and sleeping of babies whose London parents used Western European forms of caregiving and those babies whose parents used a Danish form of European parenting,researchers found all of the following EXCEPT

A) babies of attachment parenting had lower levels of unsoothable crying at ten days and five weeks.
B) babies in all three groups reduced their crying by twelve weeks of age.
C) infants of London parents spent more time crying and fussing at ten days and five weeks than infants in other two groups.
D) infants of London and Danish parents were more likely to sleep five or more hours without waking at twelve weeks than infants of attachment parents.

Question 55

Parents can advance children's language skills in the second year if they

A) wait to see that children are paying attention to what they say.
B) wait until children ask what an object is called.
C) are clear in what they are labeling.
D) A and C

Question 56

Temper outbursts peak in the second year and are most likely to occur when children are

A) distracted from play.
B) busy with play.
C) hungry and tired.
D) interacting with peers.

Question 57

Mothers' sensitive and supportive care-giving in infancy predicts all of the following behaviors EXCEPT

A) reduced resting levels of stress hormones.
B) positive secure attachments.
C) dependence at age two.
D) self regulation at age two.

Question 58

Babies cry less in the first three months when

A)A.they are left alone in an infant seat.
B)B.mothers carry them about three hours a day.
C)C.parents ignore the crying.
D)D.parents talk to them from a distance.

Question 59

In comparison to babies whose mothers received no special guidance,irritable babies whose mothers received suggestions for stimulating and responding to the babies

A) were more likely to have secure attachments at 12 months.
B) showed few effects of guidance when babies were twenty-four months old.
C) were less involved with peers at 24 months.
D) A and C

Question 60

Describe six ways in which parenting programs have been found to help expectant and new parents.