Deck 17: Culture and Personality

Question 1

Evoked cooperation is usually the result of _____ conditions in the environment.

A)no variance
B)low variance
C)medium variance
D)high variance

Answer 1

high variance

Question 2

Children raised in unpredictable environments are more likely to

A)pursue a short-term mating strategy.
B)pursue a long-term mating strategy.
C)expect to be married throughout adulthood.
D)develop narcissistic personalities.

Answer 2

pursue a short-term mating strategy.

Question 3

The question of whether personality characteristics are universal addresses the _____ level of analysis.

A)human nature
B)group differences
C)individual differences
D)individual uniqueness

Answer 3

human nature

Question 4

Jay Belsky and his colleagues believe that an early environment with harsh, rejecting, and inconsistent child rearing practices, and erratic parental investment will foster

A)in children the desire to constantly evoke cooperation across all environmental conditions.
B)in children an impulsive personality and a mating strategy marked by earlier reproduction.
C)unconscientious children that have lower levels of formal education.
D)highly cooperative children with mating strategies marked by delayed reproduction.

Question 5

The X people live in a desert where the temperature often exceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit.They wear lightweight, loose robes and large-brimmed hats.The X people's mode of dress is an example of

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture

Question 6

High-variance conditions are most associated with

A)independence.
B)aggression.
C)sharing.
D)social inequality.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic for cultures that emphasize chastity to their children? They are more likely to

A)invest in their children.
B)have many stable marriages.
C)have many divorces.
D)become extinct.

Question 8

Research suggests that cooperative cultures develop

A)in cooler climates.
B)in warmer climates.
C)where resources are more variable.
D)where resources are less variable.

Question 9

Almost all members of the Bleeminese tribe go bowling.However, it is rare for a member of the Bloopine tribe to bowl at all.This difference in behavior between the two tribes represents a cultural

A)variation.
B)stratification.
C)deviation.
D)norm.

Question 10

Among lowland Yanomamö men, one of the LEAST desirable personality characteristics is

A)cowardice.
B)neuroticism.
C)low self-esteem.
D)aggressiveness.

Question 11

Tooby and Cosmides define cultural variations as within-group

A)similarities and between-group similarities.
B)similarities and between-group differences.
C)differences and between-group similarities.
D)differences and between-group differences.

Question 12

Egalitarianism is associated with

A)high-variance conditions.
B)low-variance conditions.
C)agricultural cultures.
D)cultures of honor.

Question 13

Nisbett and his colleagues have proposed the notion that a _____ is a variable based upon defending oneself against aggression evoked by other individuals in the environment.

A)provoked environment
B)culture of honor
C)den of inequity
D)elicited culture

Question 14

The proclivity of evoked mating strategies to vary cross-culturally may be based upon differences in the

A)relative value of women across different cultures.
B)value placed on chastity and parental investment across cultures.
C)in the geographical factors that vary across cultures.
D)the level of the equality between men and women across cultures.

Question 15

If every day all the hunters in a tribe successfully return from the daily hunting expedition with plenty of slain animals, there will be _____ due to the _____.

A)little evoked cooperation; low-variance conditions
B)much evoked cooperation; low-variance conditions
C)little evoked cooperation; high-variance conditions
D)much evoked cooperation; high-variance conditions

Question 16

The bulky clothes that people in far northern cultures often wear is an example of

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)a culture of honor.

Question 17

Characteristics that are universally common to all people, but only evident in some cultures are examples of

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of cultural personality psychology? To discover

A)the principles underlying cultural diversity.
B)how individual humans differ.
C)how human psychology shapes culture.
D)how cultural shapes personality.

Question 19

Cultural characteristics that start out as ideas are most likely examples of

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture.

Question 20

Environmental conditions are most responsible for

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture.

Question 21

A study of Asian Americans living in New York who did not identify themselves as Asian found that they used more

A)self-descriptive adjectives than Euro-Americans.
B)social role adjectives than Euro-Americans.
C)self-descriptive adjectives than Euro-Americans if they identified themselves as Asian.
D)abstract and autonomous self-statements.

Question 22

The Bleeminese, a little known culture located northeast of Pixley, have a set of coming-of-age rituals that include watching 50 hours of Green Acres reruns, dressing like Arnold the Pig, reciting the secret Bleem chants, and other strenuous tasks.The Bleeminese have passed down their coming-of-age ceremony to each 12-year-old Bleem who, in turn, will make sure to pass on the tradition to their children.This Bleeminese ritual is an example of

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture.

Question 23

_____ is the process of adapting to the ways of life and beliefs that are common in one's new culture.

A)Acclamation
B)Emancipation
C)Acculturation
D)Emaciation

Question 24

Culturally transmitted ideas about morality are first evident in

A)infancy.
B)childhood.
C)adolescence.
D)adulthood.

Question 25

In a study by Nisbett, _____ were more likely to respond to insults with aggression.

A)Southerners
B)Northerners
C)people from independent cultures
D)people from interdependent cultures

Question 26

American children's judgments of right and wrong

A)have been diluted significantly by the media.
B)do not reflect adult judgments until adolescence.
C)are extremely similar to adult judgments by age five.
D)are more similar to their grandparents then parents.

Question 27

The cultural task of _____ involves how you are affiliated with, attached to, or engaged in the larger group of which you are a member.

A)independence
B)interdependence
C)individualism
D)collectivism

Question 28

Nisbett's "cultures of honor" is an example of

A)interdependence.
B)independence.
C)evoked culture.
D)transmitted culture.

Question 29

According to Markus and Kitayama, people in _____ are more likely to think of themselves in reference to their larger cultural group.

A)England
B)Zaire
C)America
D)Japan

Question 30

Cultural differences are most apparent in

A)expression of emotions.
B)recognizing emotion expressions.
C)the dimensional structure of personality traits.
D)self-concepts.

Question 31

The idea that it is wrong to eat beef is an example of

A)evoked culture.
B)transmitted culture.
C)Balkanization.
D)reactive culture.

Question 32

Western cultures tend to emphasize the cultural task of _____ more than non-Western cultures.

A)cultural transmission
B)evoking culture
C)independence
D)interdependence

Question 33

People in Eastern cultures tend to use more _____ to describe themselves.

A)relational statements
B)personal adjectives
C)global adjectives
D)attitudinal statements

Question 34

Which of the following descriptions is more typical of a person from a non-Western culture?

A)I am Mary's brother.
B)I am submissive.
C)I am agreeable.
D)I am self-reliant.

Question 35

Nisbett has attributed greater aggression among Southerners to

A)transmitted culture.
B)false politeness.
C)the greater need to protect resources that could easily be stolen.
D)the warmer southern climate.

Question 36

According to Nisbett, honor is most important in

A)cultures with low variance in resources.
B)cultures with high variance in resources.
C)agricultural cultures.
D)herding cultures.

Question 37

"Balkanization" is a term that refers to

A)greater permeability between cultures.
B)cross-cultural marriages.
C)social resegregation following a peaceful time of diversity.
D)cultural differences.

Question 38

Collectivist cultures are similar to _____ cultures.

A)individualist
B)interdependent
C)independent
D)introverted

Question 39

Which of the following moral ideas is most widely accepted across cultures?

A)Incest is wrong.
B)Eating pork is wrong.
C)Combing one's hair during a thunderstorm is wrong.
D)Beating one's wife is wrong.

Question 40

Which of the following is a positive aspect of cross-cultural marriages?

A)Limited options in child rearing practices.
B)Ease of communication.
C)More options in gender roles.
D)Restricted cultural bonds.

Question 41

Compared to Americans, Japanese individuals tend to explain events _____ with attention to relationships, contacts, and links to the object as a whole.

A)holistically
B)analytically
C)statistically
D)mechanically

Question 42

Recent research suggests that

A)some of the cultural differences observed by Mead were inaccurate.
B)the idea of cultural universals is untenable.
C)cultural universals are more important than cultural differences.
D)within-culture variation is much smaller than between culture variation.

Question 43

Differences in historical eras are most likely to affect

A)cultural variation.
B)within-culture variation.
C)cultural universals.
D)acculturation.

Question 44

Kohn found that men from lower social classes _____ than men from higher social classes.

A)were more self-directed
B)emphasized greater obedience to authority
C)showed lower levels of conformity
D)had greater intellectual flexibility

Question 45

Differences in the ways Western and non-Western people describe themselves are most likely due to

A)hormones.
B)genes.
C)cultural transmission.
D)evolution.

Question 46

People from _____ social classes tend to emphasize the importance of obedience to authority.

A)lower
B)middle
C)higher
D)elite

Question 47

Which of the following is probably NOT a cultural universal?

A)Prohibitions against incest.
B)Facial expressions of basic emotions.
C)Division of labor by sex.
D)Prohibition against spousal abuse.

Question 48

The tendency to present oneself using positive attributes is know as

A)acculturation.
B)an independent strategy.
C)an interdependent strategy.
D)self-enhancement.

Question 49

Men from higher social classes in _____ cultures tended to have low levels of conformity, more self-direction, and have greater intellectual flexibility than did men from lower social classes.

A)collectivist
B)individualist
C)interdependent
D)all of the above

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of the interdependence-independence and collectivist-individualistic concepts?

A)cross-cultural theories are almost always conducted between North America and East Asia and, thus, may not be generalized about other cultures.
B)cross-cultural research is almost always conducted on college students.
C)there is a considerable overlap in the self concepts of people from different cultures.
D)characterizing cultures in broad cultural dichotomies may be overly simplistic

Question 51

Americans tend to explain events _____ with the object detached from its context, attributes of objects, or people assigned to categories, and with a reliance on rules about the categories to describe behavior.

A)holistically
B)analytically
C)statistically
D)mechanically

Question 52

Kohn found that differences in conformity and self-direction

A)were best predicted by independence-interdependence.
B)varied more between cultures.
C)varied more within cultures.
D)were the result of self-enhancement.

Question 53

Oyserman and her colleagues speculate that humans have evolved mechanisms so that

A)individuals are born with mechanisms to fit into the culture they are born into.
B)when resources are abundant and mobility is high individuals will be interdependent.
C)when resources are scarce and mobility is low individuals will strive for independence.
D)individuals will choose either individualistic or interdependent self-concepts depending on the fitness advantage of that strategy.

Question 54

Research suggests that, as compared to people from non-Western cultures, Americans tend to

A)express themselves more positively.
B)experience themselves more negatively.
C)use less self-enhancement.
D)use context-dependent descriptions.

Question 55

Margaret Mead argued

A)for cultural universals.
B)against cultural universals.
C)for within-culture variation.
D)that historical eras were important to culture.

Question 56

Research suggests that American students are more likely to describe themselves as _____ when compared to Japanese students.

A)ordinary
B)related to someone
C)special
D)eccentric

Question 57

A study of Chinese students' self descriptions found that they

A)described themselves independent of the situation.
B)described themselves within the context of the situation.
C)typically described themselves by referring specifically to other people.
D)described themselves as being pretty ordinary.

Question 58

Research has found that Japanese college students give _____ when compared to American college students.

A)more context-dependent self-descriptions
B)fewer context-dependent self-descriptions
C)longer self-descriptions
D)shorter self-descriptions

Question 59

People in _____ cultures are more likely to give priority to personal goals.

A)variable resource
B)herding
C)individualist
D)collectivist

Question 60

Research has found that, compared to American participants, Asian participants are more likely to

A)use positive self-descriptive adjectives.
B)score lower on measures of self-esteem.
C)describe themselves individualistically.
D)be more spontaneous positive statements about themselves.

Question 61

Most cultures agree that the trait of _____ is more associated with men.

A)affection
B)arrogance
C)fearfulness
D)appreciativeness

Question 62

Studies that begin with indigenous trait terms in many cultures

A)provide a more stringent test of cultural universality than translation studies.
B)provide a less stringent test of cultural universality than translation studies.
C)find the five-factor model of personality in all cultures.
D)replicate Cattell's 16 factor personality model.

Question 63

Research has found the LEAST degree of cross-cultural universality on the factor of

A)emotional stability.
B)openness.
C)extraversion.
D)agreeableness.

Question 64

Pinker argues that people in different cultures

A)experience different emotions.
B)express emotions similarly.
C)use different words to talk about their emotions.
D)cannot recognize emotions cross-culturally.

Question 65

The German word "schadenfreude" describes

A)pleasure in another's misfortune.
B)grief.
C)the fifth factor of personality in Germany.
D)sadness.

Question 66

Most cultures agree that the trait of _____ is more associated with women.

A)emotionality
B)independence
C)activeness
D)conceitedness

Question 67

Expressions of basic emotions are an example of

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture

Question 68

Studies that have translated English questionnaires into different languages

A)have been successful in replicating the five-factor model of personality.
B)have only replicated four factors in the five-factor model of personality.
C)have not been conducted yet.
D)indicate that personality structure is not universal.

Question 69

Cross-cultural research on personality structure indicates that

A)the idea of stable personality is a purely Western idea.
B)many cultures lack words to describe personality traits.
C)the five-factor model is always found.
D)there are great similarities in personality structure across cultures.

Question 70

People _____ are able to identify facial expressions of basic emotions made by Americans.

A)in New Guinea
B)in Germany
C)in Japan
D)universally

Question 71

The Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity states that language

A)creates thoughts and experiences.
B)is not necessary to experience emotions.
C)provides an unlimited capacity to express thoughts and emotions.
D)clouds the true experience of thoughts and emotions.

Question 72

Williams and Best found that most trait adjectives were rated as

A)positive.
B)negative.
C)neutral.
D)masculine or feminine.

Question 73

Trait-descriptive terms are found

A)mostly in Western cultures.
B)mostly in Asian cultures.
C)only in non-Western cultures.
D)in most cultures.

Question 74

_____ was one of the first to suggest that emotions are universal.

A)Mead
B)Markus
C)Darwin
D)Larsen