Deck 15: Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life

Question 1

The endoplasmic reticulum,Golgi body,and other membranous organelles of cells might have formed by numerous infoldings of the cell's outer membrane.

Answer 1

True
Explanation: Organelles which have membranes as part of their structures but which are not mitochindria or plastidsprobably originated as infoldings of the plasma membrane.Please see section 15.3 for more information.

Question 2

What did Stanley Miller's simulation of Earth's early conditions produce?

A)living cells
B)amino acids
C)plants
D)DNA molecules
E)RNA molecules

Answer 2

B
Explanation: Miller's work showed that at least some of the molecules of life could be produced inorganically by simple,natural processes.Please see section 15.1 for more information.

Question 3

Chloroplasts arose by endosymbiosis of a(an)

A)aerobic bacterium.
B)photosynthetic bacterium.
C)anaerobic bacterium.
D)aerobic archaeon.
E)photosynthetic archaeon.

Answer 3

B
Explanation: Photosynthetic bacteria,particularly the kind doing oxygen-producing photosynthesis,would be the obvious ancestors of chloroplasts.Please see section 15.3 for more information.

Question 4

Why do scientists hypothesize that RNA was the first form of genetic material?

A)All answers are correct.
B)RNA can catalyze reactions.
C)RNA can store genetic information.
D)RNA can self-replicate.
E)RNA can use genetic information to make proteins.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a similarity supporting the endosymbiont theory?

A)similarity in the DNA of mitochondria and prokaryotes
B)similarity in the nucleus of prokaryotes and mitochondria
C)similarity in the RNA of mitochondria and prokaryotes
D)similarity in the ribosomes of mitochondria and prokaryotes
E)All answers support the endosymbiont theory.

Question 6

The early report that Stanley Miller had created "Life in a Test Tube" in his experiment to re-create chemical conditions on Earth before life arose was correct.

Question 7

How is the ability of phospholipids to spontaneously form membranes when placed in water important in the origin of life on Earth?

A)Membranes are used by cells to catalyze reactions.
B)Membranes are used by cells to store genetic information.
C)Membranes protect a cell from high temperatures and pressures in the environment.
D)Membranes are used by cells to isolate their contents from the environment.
E)Membranes protect a cell from gases in the atmosphere

Question 8

How did multicellular organisms evolve from unicellular organisms?

A)Single-celled organisms joined together,or failed to separate after cell division.
B)Single-celled organisms joined together only.
C)Single-celled organisms failed to separate after cell division only.
D)Single-celled organisms joined together,or absorbed other species by endosymbiosis.
E)One species absorbed another species by endosymbiosis only.

Question 9

Clues from geology and paleontology suggest that simple cells or their precursors arose about

A)six billion years ago.
B)six million years ago.
C)four billion years ago.
D)four million years ago.
E)one million years ago.

Question 10

The Russian chemist Oparin suggested that for organic molecules to form on Earth,the atmosphere was probably rich in all of these except

A)oxygen.
B)water.
C)ammonia.
D)methane.
E)hydrogen.

Question 11

Mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?

A)Mitochondria produced the oxygen found in the atmosphere.
B)Almost all organisms have mitochondria.
C)All eukaryotes have mitochondria,but not chloroplasts.
D)All prokaryotes have mitochondria,but not chloroplasts.
E)Mitochondria are larger than chloroplasts.

Question 12

Photosynthesis probably originated during the __________ eon and most likely used _____________ as an electron donor.

A)Proterozoic,water
B)Archean,water
C)Archean,hydrogen sulfide
D)Proterozoic,hydrogen sulfide
E)Paleozoic,water

Question 13

Mitochondria arose by endosymbiosis of a(an)

A)anaerobic bacterium.
B)photosynthetic bacterium.
C)aerobic bacterium.
D)aerobic archaeon.
E)photosynthetic archaeon.

Question 14

The first multicellular organisms probably arose about

A)1.2 billion years ago.
B)500 million years ago.
C)two billion years ago.
D)3.5 billion years ago.
E)six billion years ago.

Question 15

Evidence supporting the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts in present-day cells originated as independent organisms includes

A)similarities in DNA sequences between mitochondrial and bacterial genomes.
B)similarities in size and shape between mitochondria and some prokaryotes.
C)similarity between photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.
D)similarity in the way mitochondria,chloroplasts,and prokaryotes reproduce.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 16

In setting up a lab for a General Biology course,you are asked to match labels with a timeline on the wall.For "First Cells," you need to find a point on the timeline

A)500 million years ago.
B)1.2 billion years ago.
C)two billion years ago.
D)six billion years ago.
E)four billion years ago.

Question 17

Which theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A)the theory of evolution
B)the theory of natural selection
C)the geologic time theory
D)the cell theory
E)the endosymbiont theory

Question 18

The "endosymbiont theory" states that eukaryotic cells work together to form a multicellular organism.

Question 19

Streptomyces are aerobic soil bacteria that produce over two-thirds of our antibiotics of natural origin.These antibiotics should also be effective in killing Streptomyces.

Question 20

Clays often have positively charged surfaces.How may this have been important in the formation of organic macromolecules?

A)They are a source of ATP to run chemical reactions.
B)They form covalent bonds with organic building blocks.
C)They can form templates by binding organic building blocks.
D)They are a source of oxygen to break down organic building blocks.
E)They are formed from meteorites that carried organic molecules to Earth.

Question 21

DNA that is separate and apart from the chromosome in a prokaryote is a(n)

A)ribosome.
B)endospore.
C)nucleus.
D)nucleoiD.
E)plasmid.

Question 22

Antibiotics usually are not dangerous to use in treating bacterial infections because most antibiotics exploit structures and functions in bacteria that are not present in host cells.

Question 23

Escherichia coli and Salmonella can live in our intestines in the presence or absence of oxygen.They are considered

A)obligate anaerobes.
B)phototrophs.
C)facultative anaerobes.
D)autotrophs.
E)aerobic.

Question 24

The structures of prokaryotes that are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another are

A)sex pili.
B)flagella.
C)endospores.
D)calcium carbonate threads.
E)cilia.

Question 25

Autotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms.

Question 26

Because archaea were first found in environments that lacked oxygen or were very hot,acidic,or salty,they were nicknamed "extremophiles."

Question 27

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is characterized by extreme heat (above 50 ^$\circ$ C)is a(n)

A)thermophile.
B)acidophile.
C)halophile.
D)basophile.
E)hydrophilE.

Question 28

The rigid barrier that surrounds most prokaryotes is the

A)cell membrane.
B)flagellum.
C)ribosome.
D)cell wall.
E)cytoplasm.

Question 29

You are examining samples from a site in a dry pond that alternates between freezing cold winters and hot dry summers.When you find dormant thick-walled structures,you suspect that these are from bacteria and are

A)plasmids.
B)pili.
C)ribosomes.
D)flagella.
E)endospores.

Question 30

The three most common shapes of bacteria are

A)spirillum,endospore,and peptidoglycan.
B)bacillus,spirillum,and coccus.
C)cubical,spiral,and thread-like.
D)spirillum,nucleiod,and peptidoglycan.
E)cubical,spherical,and rod-shaped.

Question 31

The domain (domains)that contain prokaryotes is (are)

A)ArchaeA.
B)Bacteria.
C)both Archaea and Bacteria.
D)Eukarya.
E)both Bacteria and Eukarya.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of prokaryotes?

A)Prokaryotes have a nucleus.
B)Prokaryotes are single-celled.
C)Prokaryotes do not have a chromosome.
D)Prokaryotes have membrane-bounded organelles.
E)Prokaryotes do not have ribosomes.

Question 33

Prokaryotes lack which feature?

A)a nucleus
B)RNA
C)DNA
D)a cell membrane
E)a cell wall

Question 34

The primary component making up the cell walls of bacteria is

A)peptidoglycan.
B)glucose.
C)All answers are correct.
D)cellulose.
E)chitin.

Question 35

Clostridium tetani,the bacterium that causes tetanus,can survive in soil for up to 40 years.It is most likely in which of the following structures?

A)a cell membrane
B)a nucleus
C)a cell wall
D)a pilus
E)an endospore

Question 36

The region of a prokaryotic cell where the bacterial chromosome (DNA)is located in the

A)cell membrane.
B)nucleus.
C)cell wall.
D)nucleoiD.
E)ribosomE.

Question 37

The structure that assembles proteins in the prokaryote is the

A)plasmid.
B)ribosome.
C)cell membrane.
D)endospore.
E)nucleoid.

Question 38

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat consisting of a low pH is a(n)

A)thermophile.
B)halophile.
C)basophile.
D)acidophile.
E)hydrophilE.

Question 39

Many drugs are produced by placing human genes into bacteria.The bacteria then transcribe and translate these genes into functional human proteins that can then be purified and given as drugs.The fact that this process works is consistent with which hypothesis?

A)Bacteria have evolved to mimic human cells.
B)Bacteria cannot divide unless they are inside a host cell.
C)Humans and bacteria share a common ancestor.
D)Bacteria need to make human proteins to live inside the human body.
E)Humans and bacteria use different genetic material.

Question 40

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is extremely salty is a(n)

A)thermophile.
B)acidophile.
C)halophile.
D)basophile.
E)hydrophilE.

Question 41

All protists

A)are prokaryotes.
B)lack a nucleus.
C)lack membrane-bounded organelles.
D)are eukaryotes.
E)are multicellular.

Question 42

A dinoflagellate has two flagella.

Question 43

Diatoms and brown algae contain yellowish photosynthetic pigments.

Question 44

Many prokaryotes play vital roles in global nutrient cycles.

Question 45

The Irish potato famine in the mid-1840s was caused by which heterotrophic protist decomposer that secreted digestive enzymes onto potatoes?

A)a water mold
B)a red alga
C)a dinoflagellate
D)a protozoan
E)a fungus

Question 46

Protists can be autotrophs.

Question 47

Euglena and dinoflagellates have chloroplasts and flagella.This means they are which feature?

A)photosynthetic only
B)mobile only
C)multicellular only
D)both photosynthetic and mobile
E)both multicellular and mobile

Question 48

All protists are single-celled.

Question 49

DNA sequence evidence suggests that plants,fungi,and animals arose from different lineages of unicellular protists.This suggests which of the following?

A)Protists evolved before the other three kingdoms.
B)Early ancestors to plants,fungi,and animals could interbreed.
C)Multicellular organisms arose only once in evolutionary history.
D)All unicellular organisms are now extinct.
E)The animal,plant,and fungal kingdoms contain some single-celled organisms.

Question 50

If you were taken to the beach and asked to stand near a sample of the largest kind of algae,you would search for a piece of

A)kelp.
B)diatoms.
C)red algae.
D)golden algae.
E)green algaE.

Question 51

A substance produced by brown algae that is used as an emulsifying and thickening agent in many foods and other products is

A)agar.
B)red ooze.
C)gelatin.
D)carageenan.
E)algin.

Question 52

Protists can be heterotrophs.

Question 53

A jellylike substance produced by red algae and used as a culture medium for microorganisms is

A)red ooze.
B)All answers are correct.
C)gelatin.
D)agar.
E)algin.

Question 54

Which protists produce much of the Earth's oxygen?

A)amoeba
B)slime molds
C)algae
D)protozoa
E)radiolarians

Question 55

Most bacteria inside and on the human body cause disease.

Question 56

Chlamydomonas is unicellular and photosynthetic.Chlamydomonas is which of the following?

A)a slime mold
B)an apicomplexan
C)an amoeba
D)a protozoan
E)a green alga

Question 57

Where in a diatom would you find its yellowish photosynthetic pigment?

A)in the plasma membrane
B)in the cytoplasm
C)in the cell wall
D)in the nucleus
E)in chloroplasts

Question 58

Silica walls are characteristic of

A)diatoms.
B)euglenoids.
C)red algae.
D)brown algae.
E)slime molds.

Question 59

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum,a non-motile protist that contains a cluster of microtubules at one end of the cell.Once injected into the bloodstream,these microtubules are used to attach to red blood cells.In areas of the world where malaria is endemic,people have a relatively high incidence of the allele for

A)sickle cell.
B)blue eyes.
C)cystic fibrosis.
D)mental retardation.
E)hemophilia.

Question 60

Dictyostelium discoideum initially consists of individual amoeba-like cells that move independently,feeding on bacteria.When the food runs out,cells begin to aggregate to produce spores.Dictyostelium discoideum is which kind of organism?

A)an autotroph
B)a heterotroph and autotroph
C)a heterotroph
D)a detritovore
E)a heterotroph and detritovore

Question 61

Fungi and animals are similar because they both

A)are phototrophs.
B)have cell walls made of chitin.
C)are heterotrophs.
D)use starch as their main storage carbohydrate.
E)are decomposers.

Question 62

Yeasts are

A)multicelled autotrophs.
B)single-celled heterotrophs.
C)single-celled autotrophs.
D)multicelled heterotrophs.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 63

Fungi and plants are similar because they both

A)carry out photosynthesis.
B)have cellulose as the main component of their cell walls.
C)have glycogen as the main storage carbohydrate.
D)All answers are correct.
E)have cell walls.

Question 64

Which is a difference between how a frog and a fungus obtain energy?

A)Frogs ingest their food;chytridiomycetes secrete digestive enzymes.
B)Chytridiomycetes ingest their food;frogs secrete digestive enzymes.
C)Frogs are heterotrophs;chytridiomycetes are phototrophs.
D)Chytridiomycetes are heterotrophs;frogs are phototrophs.
E)Frogs are autotrophs;chytridiomycetes are phototrophs.

Question 65

Mycorhizal fungi that do not reproduce sexually and have large asexual spores are

A)glomeromycotA.
B)basidiomycota.
C)ascomycota.
D)zygomycota.
E)chytridiomycota.

Question 66

Chytridiomycetes produce enzymes that digest cellulose,chitin,and similar molecules.These fungi are contributing to the decline of amphibians worldwide through what mechanism?

A)by infecting their lungs
B)by digesting keratin in the frog's skin
C)by killing their eggs in the water
D)by digesting chitin in the cell wall of the frog's cells
E)by digesting cellulose in the cell wall of the frog's cells

Question 67

In fungi,a mass of aggregated hyphae is called a(n)

A)mycelium.
B)pilus.
C)gill.
D)spore.
E)ascus.

Question 68

Fungi are classified into phyla based on which characteristic?

A)organelles
B)composition of cell wall
C)photosynthesis
D)reproductive structures
E)multicellular vs.unicellular

Question 69

In the ecosystems of the world,fungi act primarily as

A)decomposers.
B)autotrophs.
C)primary consumers.
D)secondary consumers.
E)photosynthesizers.

Question 70

Associations of fungi and plant roots are called

A)pili.
B)mycorrhizae.
C)lichens.
D)root forks.
E)endophytes.

Question 71

The main storage carbohydrate in fungi is

A)glycogen.
B)glucose.
C)starch.
D)cellulose.
E)chitin.

Question 72

If a friend at the next lab bench was working on an unknown fungus and shouted "I've found zygospores," you would tell your friend that the fungus was probably a member of the

A)chytridiomycotA.
B)ascomycota.
C)zygomycota.
D)basidiomycota.
E)glomeromycota.

Question 73

Saccharomyces is commonly known as

A)an antibiotic.
B)the "death angel."
C)mildew.
D)yeast for making bread,wine,and beer.
E)the common bread mold.

Question 74

You are analyzing samples under a microscope,and one sample coming from what you suspect is a fungus.You find tiny filaments,which,in your report,you call

A)hyphae.
B)spores.
C)fruiting bodies.
D)gills.
E)chitin.

Question 75

Microscopic reproductive cells produced by most fungi are

A)hyphae.
B)fruiting bodies.
C)mycelia.
D)gills.
E)spores.

Question 76

Cytoplasmic extensions by which some protozoa move are

A)ciliA.
B)flagella.
C)pseudopodia.
D)All answers are correct.
E)pili.

Question 77

The fusion of two haploid hyphae whereby the nuclei remain separate in the cell creates a ______ cell.

A)dikaryotic
B)haploid
C)tetraploid
D)diploid
E)uniploid

Question 78

Slime molds may exist as either single amoeboid cells or large masses of cells that behave as one multicellular organism.

Question 79

Sexual spores are formed by the fusion of two haploid nuclei.They then go through meiosis to form spores.Spores are which of the following?

A)haploid
B)diploid
C)dikaryotic
D)tetraploid
E)uniploid

Question 80

A lichen is made up of which two types of organisms?

A)a fungus and a plant
B)a plant and a cyanobacterium
C)a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium
D)an alga and a bacterium
E)an alga and a plant