Deck 13: Evidence of Evolution

Question 1

The half life of ¹⁴C is 5,730 years.11,460 years after an organism dies what percent of the initial ¹⁴C will still be present in the organism bones?

A)50%
B)25%
C)75%
D)100%
E)0%

Answer 1

B
Explanation: After two half lives,a half of a half of the original amount,25%,will remain.Please see section 13.2 for more information.

Question 2

The sequence of eras beginning with the earliest era and proceeding forward to the most recent era in the geologic time scale is

A)Archean - Mesozoic - Cenozoic.
B)Cenozoic - Archean - Mesozoic.
C)Archean - Paleozoic - ProterozoiC.
D)Mesozoic - Cenozoic - Paleozoic.
E)Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic.

Answer 2

E
Explanation: There are three eras in the history of life on Earth.Please see section 13.1 for more information.

Question 3

Which of the following is least likely to be preserved as a fossil?

A)a bone or shell
B)a leaf or stem
C)an organ like an eye or lung
D)a complete large organism
E)an organism that died on land

Answer 3

C
Explanation: The softest and most delicate specimens are most likely to decay and to fail to be preserved as fossils,leading to a bias in the fossil record.Please see section 13.2 for more information.

Question 4

The abundant remains of ammonites in Oklahoma indicate that Oklahoma was

A)once a vast desert with almost no rainfall.
B)once part of a mountain range that has now eroded.
C)once covered by a shallow ocean.
D)once part of a vast tropical forest.
E)always a grassland.

Question 5

Potassium-40 is useful in determining the age of a fossil in samples

A)less than 25,000 years of age.
B)of 40,000 to 50,000 years of age.
C)300,000 years of age and older.
D)aged between 50,000 and 100,000 years of age.
E)aged between 100,000 years and 250,000 years.

Question 6

Carbon-14 is useful in determining the age of a fossil up to about

A)40,000 years ago.
B)10,000 years ago.
C)20,000 years ago.
D)50,000 years ago.
E)100,000 years ago.

Question 7

Relative dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.

A)radioactive isotopes
B)a molecular clock
C)structural features
D)depth within rock layers
E)embryonic structures

Question 8

Fossils may be

A)from impressions left after an organism decays.
B)formed as organic matter is replaced by minerals,turning to stone.
C)formed when plant resin or tar preserves the specimen.
D)casts from footprints that have filled with mud and then turned to stone.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 9

The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the

A)Mesozoic erA.
B)Archean era.
C)Proterozoic era.
D)Cenozoic era.
E)Paleozoic era.

Question 10

A gene that when mutated leads to organisms with structures in abnormal places is termed

A)parsimonious.
B)homeotic.
C)homologous.
D)vestigial.
E)dominant.

Question 11

The half life of ¹⁴C is 5,730 years.If you test a fossilized bone and find that it has 1/8th the ¹⁴C as a modern bone,you could conclude that it is approximately __ years old.

A)5,730 x 2 = 11,460
B)5,730 x 1 = 5,730
C)5,730 x 8 = 42,960
D)5,730 / 8 = 716
E)5,730 x 3 = 17,190

Question 12

Marsupials are mammals that

A)lay eggs.
B)do not give live birth.
C)have evolved recently.
D)carry their young in a pouch.
E)breathe through gills.

Question 13

If an isotope's half-life is 100 years,then

A)that isotope will no longer exist in 50 years.
B)that isotope will no longer exist in 200 years.
C)in 50 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.
D)in 100 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.
E)in 200 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain

Question 14

If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect common ancestry,these structures are

A)vestigial.
B)analogous.
C)homologous.
D)homeotic.
E)heterologous.

Question 15

If a structure has no apparent function in one species,yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species,this structure is termed

A)analogous.
B)homologous.
C)homeotiC.
D)vestigial.
E)heterologous.

Question 16

A fossil is defined as any evidence of an organism from at least

A)500 years ago.
B)1000 years ago.
C)25,000 years ago.
D)10,000 years ago.
E)100,000 years ago.

Question 17

Absolute dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.

A)depth within rock layers
B)radioactive isotopes
C)a molecular clock
D)structural features
E)embryonic structures

Question 18

If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect independent evolution,these structures are

A)analogous.
B)vestigial.
C)homologous.
D)homeotic.
E)heterologous.

Question 19

Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a fossil?

A)a leaf or stem
B)a bone or shell
C)an organ like an eye or lung
D)a complete large organism
E)an organism that died on land

Question 20

Earth once consisted of a single large landmass and one ocean.The landmass is named

A)PanthalassA.
B)Pangaea.
C)Laurasia.
D)Gondwana.
E)Ultima Continenta.

Question 21

The femur in a snake and pelvis in a whale are examples of

A)homologous structures.
B)analogous structures.
C)homeotic structures.
D)vestigial structures.
E)heterologous structures.

Question 22

If many genes from two species differ in about 5% of their bases and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 5% per one million years,approximately how many years have passed since the two species diverged?

A)1 million.
B)5 million.
C)10 million.
D)20 million.
E)50 million.

Question 23

The abundant presence of ammonite fossils in a large area indicates that the area was once part of an ocean.

Question 24

Within the country of Indonesia,the island of Sumatra has tigers and rhinos,while to the East,the island of Sulawesi has cockatoos and tree kangaroos.What is the best explanation for this observation?

A)The climates on the two islands are very different,allowing some species to survive,and others not.
B)Some species can migrate between islands and others cannot.
C)Animals in Sumatra evolved independently,while those in Sulawesi came from Australia.
D)Animals in Sumatra came from Asia,while those in Sulawesi came from Australia.
E)Animals in Sumatra and Sulawesi both came from Asia,but those in Sulawesi migrated farther.

Question 25

The wings of a bat and a bird are examples of

A)analogous structures.
B)homologous structures.
C)vestigial structures.
D)homeotic structures.
E)heterologous structures.

Question 26

In a fruit fly embryo,the end that becomes the head contains high amounts of the protein bicoid.What may happen if you injected high levels of bicoid in the other end of the embryo?

A)It would fail to develop a head.
B)It would develop two heads.
C)Legs would grow out of its head.
D)It would not grow legs.
E)It would not have segments.

Question 27

The wings of a bat and an insect are examples of

A)analogous structures.
B)homologous structures.
C)vestigial structures.
D)homeotic structures.
E)heterologous structures.

Question 28

Placental mammals give birth to more fully developed offspring than marsupial mammals and therefore have a greater chance of survival.This helps to explain why placental mammals from North America displaced many native South American marsupial mammals when a land bridge formed between the two continents.

Question 29

The observation that most aquatic animals,like fish,penguins,and whales,all have streamlined bodies and fins or flippers for steering are a result of

A)sexual selection.
B)artificial selection.
C)analogous selection.
D)vestigial selection.
E)convergent evolution.

Question 30

Dinosaurs lived essentially during the Paleozoic era.

Question 31

If you were looking for a time line of Earth's history,you would need one spanning about 4.6 billion years.

Question 32

In a fruit fly embryo,the homeotic gene Antp determines where legs grow.When the promoter of Antp is mutated,flies grow legs from their head instead of antennae.In this mutation

A)Antp must be turned off in the body.
B)the Antp protein is no longer functional.
C)antennae grow where the legs would normally be found.
D)Antp must be turned on in the heaD.
E)Antp is turned off in the head.

Question 33

Evolution occurs in

A)individuals.
B)communities.
C)species.
D)genotypes.
E)alleles.

Question 34

Why do different mutations accumulate in two species once they diverge?

A)They can no longer mate and exchange mutated genes.
B)The molecular clock runs at different speeds in different species.
C)Convergent evolution causes the difference in mutations.
D)All answers are correct.
E)Natural selection favors mutations in one species over another.

Question 35

Amphibians,birds,and mammals look the most similar as

A)newborns.
B)embryos.
C)adults.
D)fossils.
E)juveniles.

Question 36

The fossil record is often incomplete,in part because scientists will never be able to discover some of the fossils that are buried deep in the earth and in part because some living things fossilize more readily than others.

Question 37

The number of differences between cytochrome c of humans and cytochrome c of other organisms is as follows: Rhesus monkey - 1 difference;pigeon - 12 differences;fruit fly - 24 differences.The order in which these species are most similar to humans is

A)Rhesus monkey,pigeon,fruit fly.
B)pigeon,Rhesus monkey,fruit fly.
C)pigeon,fruit fly,Rhesus monkey.
D)Rhesus monkey,fruit fly,pigeon.
E)fruit fly,pigeon,Rhesus monkey.

Question 38

When ocean levels dropped about 70 million years ago,marsupial mammals moved into North America and displaced many of the placental mammal species.

Question 39

If many human genes differ in about 10% of their bases from another species' same genes and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 2% per one million years,approximately how many years have passed since the two species diverged?

A)5 million.
B)3 million.
C)10 million.
D)20 million.
E)200,000.

Question 40

The fossil record indicates that at one time marsupials were common to both Australia and South America,but today most South American marsupials have become extinct.The most probable explanation for marsupials being common to Australia yet not very common to South America today is that

A)South American marsupials were displaced by placental mammals when a land bridge formed between North America and South America about seven million years ago.
B)marsupials were able to flourish in South America because of its isolation from other land masses.
C)placental mammals are less fully developed than marsupials when born and therefore have a better chance of survival after birth.
D)South American and Australian marsupials interbreD.
E)marsupials can survive only in warm climates like Australia.

Question 41

Data from embyros can be used to help establish evolutionary relationships.

Question 42

The techniques used to study molecular evolution are based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among species.

Question 43

What was hypothesized about the loss of legs in modern-day snakes?

A)Snakes descended from land-dwelling ancestors.
B)Snakes descended only from burrowing lizards on land.
C)Snakes descended only from marine lizards.
D)Snakes do not have forelimbs or hindlimbs.
E)Some extant snakes have forelimbs or hindlimbs.

Question 44

In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards," how did the scientists test the hypothesis?

A)Examined decrease in length of hindlimbs in land-dwelling snakes.
B)Compared anatomy of fossil ancestors and extant snakes.
C)Examined decrease in length of hindlimbs in marine snakes.
D)Compared terrestrial,freshwater,and marine snakes.
E)Compared anatomy of snakes,other reptiles,mammals,and birds.

Question 45

What is needed to estimate species relatedness with a molecular clock?

A)DNA accumulates mutations at a regular rate
B)known mutation rate for a gene
C)the number of differences in DNA sequences for a gene in two species
D)the same gene identified in two species
E)All answers are correct.

Question 46

In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards," what is the significance of the marine fossil snakes (highlighted in the figure)?

A)Is an ancestor to modern-day snakes and has same anatomical organization as modern-day snakes
B)Is an outgroup unrelated to modern-day snakes
C)Has the same anatomical organization as modern-day snakes
D)Has a common ancestor to modern-day snakes,but placed in a derived group
E)Is the ancestor to modern-day snakes,but has different anatomical organization than modern-day snakes

Question 47

In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards," what is the significance of Najash rionegrina,an extinct,land-dwelling species of snake with functional legs,pelvis,and sacrum?

A)Has a common ancestor to modern-day snakes,but placed in a derived group
B)Has the same anatomical organization as modern-day snakes
C)Is an ancestor to modern-day snakes,but has different anatomical organization than modern-day snakes
D)Is an ancestor to modern-day snakes and has same anatomical organization as modern-day snakes
E)Is an outgroup unrelated to modern-day snakes

Question 48

What can be used as a molecular clock to estimate the time since organisms diverged from a common ancestor?

A)DNA
B)all types of RNA
C)only ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
D)ATP
E)All answers are correct.

Question 49

What structures were examined between species of snakes?

A)analogous
B)convergent
C)homologous
D)vestigial
E)homeotic