Deck 51: Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

Question 1

All of the following are mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance except

A)coupling of water/salt removal with metabolic waste removal.
B)contractile vacuoles.
C)passage of water and waste of the body across a membrane into a vessel.
D)kidneys used as filtering organs.
E)secretion of hormones into the surrounding water.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The homeostatic functions of the kidneys are regulated by two hormones.One of these is antidiuretic hormone,and the other is

A)glucagon.
B)aldosterone.
C)ADH.
D)FSH.
E)LH.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Nearly two-thirds of every vertebrate's body is composed of ___________.

A)water
B)carbon
C)bones
D)muscle

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The individual functioning unit of a kidney that consists of a system of tubules and associated small blood vessels is called

A)the renal cortex.
B)a nephron.
C)a glomerulus.
D)a collecting duct.
E)a flame cell.

Question 5

Blood volume and osmolarity are kept within normal limits by

A)effectors.
B)positive feedback loops.
C)negative feedback loops.
D)countercurrent multipliers.
E)secreting extra amounts.

Question 6

The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is referred to as

A)osmosis.
B)active transport.
C)facilitated diffusion.
D)countercurrent flow.
E)bulk flow.

Question 7

In the __________,a tuft of capillaries in the renal cortex,blood is filtered through the porous capillary walls.

A)renal cortex
B)nephron
C)glomerulus
D)collecting duct
E)flame cell

Question 8

The regulatory systems of the animal body maintain a relatively stable internal condition through a process called _____________________.

A)homeostasis
B)equilibrium
C)thermogenesis
D)feedback inhibition

Question 9

The tendency of a solution to take up water by osmosis is called

A)osmotic pressure.
B)osmolarity pressure.
C)isotonic pressure.
D)hypertonic pressure.
E)hypotonic pressurE.

Question 10

ADH makes the collecting ducts _____________.

A)impermeable to water
B)more permeable to water
C)less permeable to water
D)semipermeable to water

Question 11

The reabsorption of glucose,amino acids,and many other molecules needed by the body is driven by _______________.

A)active transport carriers
B)diffusion
C)facilitated diffusion
D)homeostasis

Question 12

The excretory organs in the insects create an excretory fluid by secreting K⁺ ions,which draw water osmotically.These organs branch off anterior to the hindgut and are called

A)flame cells.
B)kidneys.
C)Malpighian tubules.
D)glomeruli.
E)loops of HenlE.

Question 13

Marine reptiles eliminate excess salt by means of _____________ located near the nose or the eye.

A)pores
B)tubules
C)salt glands
D)scales

Question 14

In mammals,the degradation product of purine nucleotides is ____________.

A)urine
B)ammonia
C)nitric acid
D)uric acid

Question 15

Kidneys are thought to have evolved first among the ______________.

A)amphibians
B)freshwater bony fishes
C)saltwater bony fishes
D)reptiles

Question 16

The vertebrate kidney produces a fluid called _____________ that enters tubules and is modified to become urine.

A)uric acid
B)filtrene
C)lymph
D)filtrate

Question 17

Modifications,particularly the presence of the loop of Henle,allow mammals and birds to reabsorb water efficiently and produce a ____________ urine.

A)hyperosmotic
B)hypoosmotic
C)osmotic
D)isotonic

Question 18

The ___________ fluid concentration is constant in most vertebrates.

A)spinal
B)circulatory
C)extracellular
D)lymph

Question 19

The organ that performs filtration and reabsorption in the vertebrates is the ______.

A)kidney
B)liver
C)pancreas
D)small intestine

Question 20

In kidneys,fluid flow in opposite directions occurs to create a ____________ multiplier system.

A)homeostatic
B)reversible
C)countercurrent
D)stepped

Question 21

The two hormones that influence kidney function are produced in the

A)adrenal cortex.
B)adrenal medulla.
C)posterior pituitary.
D)adrenal cortex and posterior pituitary.
E)adrenal medulla and posterior pituitary.

Question 22

An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by

A)inhibiting reabsorption of sodium ion in the collecting duct.
B)decreasing the permeability of the glomerulus to water.
C)causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water.
D)inhibiting the reabsorption of water in the glomerulus.
E)all of thesE.

Question 23

Osmoreceptors in which one of the following organs respond to elevated blood osmolality?

A)the adrenal cortex
B)the adrenal medulla
C)the hypothalamus
D)the kidneys
E)the heart

Question 24

In comparing the kidneys of marine and freshwater fish which of the following is not true?

A)Marine fish drink greater quantities of water.
B)The flow of the filtrate is faster in marine fish.
C)Freshwater fish fluids have a greater osmotic concentration.
D)Marine fish excrete many of the divalent cations through the anus.
E)The urine is less concentrated in freshwater fish.

Question 25

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

A)the osmolality of their body fluids is not the same as their seawater environment.
B)the osmolality of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment.
C)the osmolality of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment and that their bodies contain the same solutes as their surroundings.
D)the osmolality of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments.
E)the osmolality of their body fluids fluctuates between being hypertonic to hyportonic depending on the season and the tides.

Question 26

Modification of the basic design and function of the kidney of the freshwater fish leading to the development of which of the following allows mammals and birds to produce a hyperosmotic urine?

A)loop of Henle
B)Bowman's capsule
C)collecting ducts
D)glomerulus
E)renal medulla and cortex

Question 27

Which of the following molecules must be administered in high amounts because of the very efficient secretion and removal by the kidney tubules?

A)penicillin
B)sodium ions
C)amino acids (proteins)
D)glucose
E)vitamin K

Question 28

Each of the following is a part of the kidney except

A)the nephrons.
B)the renal cortex.
C)the renal medulla.
D)the urinary bladder.
E)Bowman's capsulE.

Question 29

The kidneys of which one of the following are so highly efficient that it never has to drink water and can obtain all of its water from its food?

A)camel
B)gerbil
C)kangaroo rat
D)pocket mouse Perognathus
E)desert lizard

Question 30

One of the key factors in vertebrate colonization of many diverse environments is

A)the flexibility provided by selective reabsorption of different solutes.
B)not requiring a lot of water due to their closed systems.
C)the ability to eat foods with lots of water.
D)the ability to control water loss by controlling perspiration.
E)the ability to decrease metabolic needs.

Question 31

The adrenal hormone that regulates kidney function does so by

A)reducing the blood flow to the kidney.
B)stimulating active reabsorption of sodium,decreasing its excretion.
C)increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to urea.
D)increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to salt.
E)triggering a sensation of thirst.

Question 32

The presence of the loop of Henle allows which of the following animals to reabsorb water and produce a hypertonic urine?

A)birds
B)freshwater fish
C)mammals
D)birds and mammals
E)freshwater fish and mammals

Question 33

Vertebrate urine production involves
I-using the higher blood pressure to push water through a filter,along with water,small molecules pass into the filtrate.
II-cells and proteins are retained in the blood,water is reabsorbed as the filtrate is passing through a long tube.
III-ammonia produced as the metabolic breakdown is excreted.

A)just I
B)just II
C)II and III
D)I,II,and III
E)I and II

Question 34

People unable to produce which of the following hormones will die if untreated,because of the excessive loss of salt and water in the urine and the buildup of K⁺ in the blood?

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)glucagon
D)insulin
E)rennin

Question 35

How does the loop of Henle enable the mammalian kidney to produce hyperosmotic urine?
I-The ascending limb of the loop actively extrudes Na+.
II-The descending limb interacts with the ascending limb to raise the concentration of the extracellular fluid in the renal medulla.
III-The concentration is further enhanced by the presence of urea,which draws water out of the collecting ducts by osmosis.

A)just I
B)II and III
C)just III
D)I and II
E)I,II,and III

Question 36

In normal healthy human urine,the substance not usually found is

A)urea and uric acid.
B)glucose.
C)water.
D)K⁺,H⁺,and other ions.
E)urea,uric acid,and water.

Question 37

Most vertebrates maintain homeostasis in regard to the total solute concentrations of their extracellular fluids and in regard to concentrations of specific inorganic ions.Which of the following ions should be excluded from consideration in the extracellular regulation of their concentration?

A)Fe ions
B)Ca ions
C)Mg ions
D)Na ions
E)Cl ions

Question 38

A function not associated with vertebrate kidneys is

A)filtration.
B)hydrolysis.
C)reabsorption.
D)secretion.
E)excretion.

Question 39

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs,contributing to the stability of all of the following except

A)blood volume.
B)immunity.
C)pressure.
D)electrolytic concentration.
E)pH.

Question 40

All of the following are reabsorbed in the nephron except

A)glucose.
B)amino acids.
C)urea.
D)vitamins.
E)certain ions.

Question 41

Select the incorrectly matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood.

A)amphibians-isotonic
B)marine reptiles-isotonic
C)desert mammals-strongly hypertonic
D)marine mammals-strongly hypertonic
E)terrestrial birds-weakly hypertonic

Question 42

The mammalian kidney contains structures that can perform various functions.These functions include
I-excretion.
II-reabsorption.
III-secretion.
IV-filtration.

A)I and II
B)I,II,and III
C)I,II,III,and IV
D)II and III
E)II,III,and IV

Question 43

Which of the following best describes freshwater fish?

A)hyposmotic regulators
B)hyposmotic conformers
C)hyperosmotic regulators
D)hyperosmotic conformers
E)isosmotic conformers

Question 44

Select the incorrectly matched osmoregulatory organ and the organism that uses it.

A)metanephridia-annelids
B)protonephridia-flatworms
C)Malpighians tubules-insects
D)kidney-fish
E)antennal glands-mollusks

Question 45

If uric acid accumulates in joints of humans the condition is referred to as

A)glomerular filtrate backup.
B)gout.
C)Addison disease.
D)proximal tubule dysfunction.
E)distal convoluted tubule degeneration.

Question 46

According to the figure,which letter corresponds to the area where H⁺ is most likely to be secreted?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 47

No matter how much water a human drinks,the kidneys are always regulating various aspects of the plasma.Which of the following are being regulated?
I-the pH of the blood
II-the plasma concentration of iron ions
III-the plasma concentration of sodium ions
IV-the plasma concentration of potassium ions
V-the plasma temperature

A)I,II,and III
B)I,II,III,and IV
C)I,III,and IV
D)I,III,IV,and V
E)I,II,III,IV,and V

Question 48

Select the incorrectly matched organism and its nitrogenous waste product.

A)most fish-ammonia
B)mammals-urea
C)reptiles-uric acid
D)birds-uric acid
E)insects-ammonia

Question 49

According to the figure,which letter corresponds to the lowest tubular fluid osmolarity?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 50

Which of the following animals cannot make hyperosmotic urine?

A)blue jay
B)dog
C)human
D)grasshopper
E)American toad

Question 51

Which of the following animals could drink seawater and not get dehydrated?

A)herring gull
B)human
C)garter snake
D)bullfrog
E)smallmouth bass

Question 52

According to the figure,which letter corresponds to the area where water is absolutely not reabsorbed?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 53

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.Which of the following choices is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

A)Bowman's capsule $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ oop of Henle $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ collecting duct
B)Bowman's capsule $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ loop of Henle $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ collecting duct
C)Bowman's capsule $\rarr$ loop of Henle $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ collecting duct
D)Bowman's capsule $\rarr$ collecting duct $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ loop of Henle $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule
E)collecting duct $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ loop of Henle $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ Bowman's capsule

Question 54

According to the figure,what is the most likely osmotic pressure for fluid at E during moderate diuresis?

A)300 mOsm
B)600 mOsm
C)75 mOsm
D)5 mOsm
E)0 mOsm