Deck 49: The Respiratory System

Question 1

Which of the following is not a solute found in the plasma?

A)metabolites,wastes,and hormones
B)ions
C)albumins
D)collagen
E)globulins

Answer 1

D

Question 2

All other terrestrial vertebrates except amphibians breathe by expanding their lungs and thereby creating a

A)negative pressure within the lungs.
B)positive pressure within the lungs.
C)neutral pressure within the lungs.
D)countercurrent pressure within the lungs.
E)directional pressure within the lungs.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The oxygen content of dry air in the atmosphere

A)is about 78.1%.
B)is about 2l.0%.
C)is about 0.03%.
D)varies depending on the altitude.
E)varies depending on the amount of air in the atmospherE.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

At rest,each breath moves a volume of air into and out of the lungs and this is called the _______ volume.

A)tidal
B)lamellar
C)capacitive
D)aerobic

Question 5

The chemoreceptors located in the aortic and carotid bodies and the brain act on the respiratory center to control the blood ___________ and pH constant.

A)pO₂
B)pCO₂
C)pH₂O
D)pHCO₃^-

Question 6

Most of the primitive phyla of invertebrates obtain their oxygen by diffusion directly from the surrounding

A)air.
B)water.
C)mud.
D)blooD.

Question 7

Respiration involves the movement of gases by the process of

A)facilitated transport.
B)active transport.
C)diffusion.
D)ventilation.

Question 8

_____________ are used for respiration by aquatic vertebrates.

A)Lungs
B)Tracheal tubes
C)Moist skin surfaces
D)Gills

Question 9

Exchange of gases and metabolites between the blood and tissues occurs in the

A)arteries.
B)arterioles.
C)capillaries.
D)venules.
E)veins.

Question 10

Humans inspire by contracting muscles that insert on the rib cage and by contracting the

A)spinal column.
B)diaphragm.
C)abdominal muscles.
D)throat.

Question 11

The general term that describes the uptake of oxygen from the environment and the disposal of carbon dioxide at the body system level is

A)cellular respiration.
B)inspiration.
C)exhalation.
D)respiration.
E)diffusion.

Question 12

______________ are used for respiration by terrestrial vertebrates.

A)Gills
B)Moist skin surfaces
C)Lungs
D)Tracheal tubes

Question 13

______________ is the carrier molecule that transports oxygen through the circulatory system of vertebrates.

A)Hemocyanin
B)Carbonic anhydrase
C)Myoglobin
D)Hemoglobin

Question 14

Within each lamella of the gill filaments,the blood flows _______________ compared to the water in what is called countercurrent flow.

A)in the same direction
B)faster
C)slower
D)in the opposite direction

Question 15

In tissue capillaries,__________ combines with water to form carbonic acid,which after being transported to the lungs,dissociates back to its constituents.

A)CO₂
B)O₂
C)H₂CO₃
D)hemoglobin

Question 16

Each breath is initiated by neurons in the "respiratory control center" located in the

A)spinal cord.
B)larynx.
C)cerebellum.
D)brain stem.

Question 17

Fick's law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion across a membrane depends on all of the following except

A)surface areA.
B)concentration difference.
C)distance.
D)flow.
E)the substance which is diffusing.

Question 18

The great efficiency of gills is derived from
I-the countercurrent flow of water over the gills.
II-the blood within the gills.
III-increasing the temperature of the blood to the gills.

A)I and III
B)just II
C)just I
D)I,II,and III
E)I and II

Question 19

The most efficient lungs are found in which of the terrestrial vertebrates listed below?

A)amphibians
B)reptiles
C)birds
D)mammals
E)insects

Question 20

The blood obtains its oxygen by diffusion across the wet membranes of the lungs,which are filled with air in the process of

A)ventilation.
B)exhalation.
C)negative pressure breathing.
D)positive pressure breathing.
E)countercurrent flow.

Question 21

Which of these animals has the greatest respiratory efficiency?

A)insects
B)reptiles
C)birds
D)mammals
E)amphibians

Question 22

Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?

A)pulmonary arteries
B)pulmonary veins
C)femoral vein
D)inferior vena cava
E)renal vein

Question 23

The principal reasons for which gills were replaced in terrestrial animals are
I-air is less buoyant than water.
II-for secretion in intrapleural fluid.
III-water diffuses into air through evaporation.

A)I,II,and III
B)just II
C)just I
D)I and III
E)II and III

Question 24

What is the likely scenario triggering breathing in humans?

A)low blood pCO₂
B)high blood pCO₂
C)low blood pO₂
D)high blood pO₂
E)both low blood pO₂ and high blood pCO₂

Question 25

A second oxygen reserve is found in muscle cells using the oxygen-binding protein _______________.

A)myoglobin
B)hemocyanin
C)oxyhemoglobin
D)deoxyhemoglobin

Question 26

What is the likely outcome if you were able to force water through fish gills in the opposite direction?

A)blood's oxygen concentration would not be able to exceed 50%
B)countercurrent exchange would be compromised and load of oxygen into the blood would cease
C)blood flow would reverse to compensate for reversed water flow
D)concurrent exchange will be compromised
E)no effect

Question 27

The _______ is a covering over the gills of bony fish.

A)operculum
B)spiracle
C)rostrum
D)papula

Question 28

Which of these animals has one-way flow through its lungs,whereas all the others have two-way flow?

A)birds
B)amphibians
C)mammals
D)reptiles

Question 29

Breathing 100% oxygen while in Los Angeles is likely to have what short term effect?

A)more hemoglobin will be loaded with oxygen
B)no effect
C)carbon dioxide concentration in the blood will lower
D)hemoglobin unloading of oxygen will be impaired
E)pH of the blood will decrease dramatically

Question 30

Which of these animals uses positive pressure breathing?

A)amphibians
B)reptiles
C)birds
D)mammals

Question 31

Which of these dissolved gases cannot be transported by hemoglobin?

A)nitric acid (NO)
B)oxygen (O₂)
C)carbon dioxide (CO₂)
D)carbon monoxide (CO)
E)nitrogen (N₂)

Question 32

The primary advantage of gills for gas exchange in aquatic organisms versus the body surface is that _________.

A)gills are located near the mouth
B)gills contain a countercurrent exchange system
C)gills have a much greater diffusion surface area
D)gills increase resistance to movement

Question 33

What respiratory adaptation was important for the invasion of land by arthropods?

A)cutaneous respiration in moist habitats
B)positive pressure breathing to increase gas exchange
C)the ability to close spiracles to prevent water loss
D)countercurrent exchange surrounding the trachea
E)increased surface area of the trachea for diffusion

Question 34

______________ are used for respiration by terrestrial insects.

A)Gills
B)Moist skin surfaces
C)Lungs
D)Tracheal tubes

Question 35

During an asthma attack,allergens trigger the release of ________ that cause severe constriction of the bronchi.

A)histamines
B)steroids
C)antibodies
D)adrenalin

Question 36

Alveoli are used for gas exchange in _________.

A)lungs
B)gills
C)trachea
D)papulae

Question 37

In emphysema,the aveoli are reduced in number and ________.

A)size
B)elasticity
C)stiffness
D)connectivity

Question 38

The mechanism that triggers breathing in humans is true for

A)all vertebrates.
B)just terrestrial vertebrates.
C)just aquatic vertebrates.
D)only humans.
E)only humans and invertebrates.

Question 39

In the countercurrent exchange in a fish's gills,the oxygen concentration is always _______ in the water than the blood along the entire pathway of each lamella.

A)higher
B)lower
C)the same

Question 40

CO₂ is more easily transferred into water through respiratory membranes compared to O₂ because

A)CO₂ is a smaller molecule than O₂.
B)CO₂ moves faster than O₂.
C)CO₂ is more soluble in water than O₂.
D)CO₂ has a higher surface cohesion than O₂.
E)CO₂ is a larger molecule than O₂.

Question 41

Air enters human lungs from the mouth through the _________.

A)trachea
B)nasal cavities
C)spiracles
D)posterior air sacs
E)esophagus

Question 42

The large number of alveoli in lungs improve diffusion by ______.

A)decreasing the distance for diffusion
B)increasing the surface area for diffusion
C)increasing the concentration difference
D)changing the diffusion constant

Question 43

In humans,each lung contains about _________ alveoli.

A)300
B)300 thousand
C)300 million
D)300 billion

Question 44

Ram ventilation is used by _____ during respiration.

A)frogs
B)tuna
C)sharks
D)birds

Question 45

Soft-shelled turtles can remain submerged underwater for several hours without ventilating their lungs because _______.

A)they also have rudimentary gills
B)the partial pressure of O₂ is higher underwater
C)they can use cutaneous respiration through the soft lining of their throats
D)they can store some air in special air sacs under the shell

Question 46

Human cannot survive long at altitudes greater than 6000m because _________.

A)alveoli become too small at the lower atmospheric pressures
B)the diffusion of O₂ becomes too low at that atmospheric pressure
C)the partial pressure of O₂ becomes less than half that at sea level
D)the diaphragm cannot be contracted enough to produce a full breath

Question 47

Mammal lungs are surrounded on the outside by the _________ membrane.

A)visceral pleural
B)parietal pleural
C)aveolar pleural
D)mucosal pleural

Question 48

The many lamellae in the gills of fish improve respiratory efficiency by _______.

A)decreasing the distance for diffusion
B)increasing the surface area for diffusion
C)increasing the concentration difference
D)changing the diffusion constant

Question 49

Most phyla of invertebrates have improved diffusion by creating a water current over their respiratory surfaces,thereby ______.

A)decreasing the distance for diffusion
B)increasing the surface area for diffusion
C)increasing the concentration difference
D)changing the diffusion constant

Question 50

During exercise,the blood returning to a person's heart contains hemoglobin that is about ______ saturated.

A)3%
B)22%
C)35%
D)75%
E)97%

Question 51

During exhalation,the diaphragm ________.

A)contracts
B)relaxes

Question 52

Hemoglobin structure consists of _______ polypeptide chains.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)eight
E)multiple

Question 53

In red blood cells,the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of ________.

A)H₂CO₃
B)CO₂
C)HCO₃^-
D)H⁺

Question 54

In a person at rest,blood that returns to the heart contains hemoglobin that is about ____ saturated with oxygen.

A)3%
B)22%
C)75%
D)97%

Question 55

The axolotl,an aquatic amphibian,uses ______ for respiration.

A)internal gills
B)external gills
C)lungs
D)wet skin

Question 56

When a frog breaths,air enters first through its __________.

A)buccal cavity
B)lungs
C)nostrils
D)mouth

Question 57

Protruding papulae on the surface of echinoderms improve respiratory efficiency by _______.

A)decreasing the distance for diffusion
B)increasing the surface area for diffusion
C)increasing the concentration difference
D)changing the diffusion constant

Question 58

Major evolutionary changes in the mechanism of animal respiration have optimized the rate of diffusion by each of these methods except _________.

A)increasing the surface area for diffusion
B)increasing the concentration difference driving diffusion
C)decreasing the distance for diffusion
D)increasing the diffusion constant