Deck 31: Fungi

Question 1

The yeasts,common molds,morels,and truffles are common and economically important and also found in the group of fungi called ____________.

Answer 1

ascomycetes

Question 2

The cell walls of fungi are made up of polysaccharides and

A)polyglycans.
B)phospholipids.
C)bilipid layers.
D)glycolipids.
E)chitin.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

An _____ is a nonphotosynthetic plant-a third member of a symbiotic relationship involving a fungus and another plant,obtaining nutrients from these two members.

Answer 3

epiparasite

Question 4

Specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi are called

A)lichens.
B)hyphal associations.
C)heterokaryotic junctions.
D)mycorrhizae.
E)a mycelial unit.

Question 5

The system of fungal filaments that penetrates and grows through the substrate is called a(n)

A)exoskeleton.
B)hyphal compartment.
C)mushroom.
D)mycelium.
E)sporangium.

Question 6

Fungi,together with bacteria are the principal _________ in the biosphere.

Question 7

A symbiotic association between a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium is called a

A)lichen.
B)mycorrhiza.
C)protist.
D)kelp.
E)mushroom.

Question 8

The fungal group that is most closely related to ancestral fungi are the

A)zygomycotA.
B)chytridomycota (chytrids).
C)ascomycota.
D)basidomycota.
E)zygomycota.

Question 9

A mass of hyphae in an ascomycete is commonly referred to as a(n)

A)mycelium.
B)mycorrhizae.
C)conidium.
D)sporangium.
E)ascus.

Question 10

Fungi can be characterized by all of the following properties except

A)being heterotrophic.
B)having filamentous bodies.
C)having nonmotile sperm.
D)having chitin cell walls and mitosis taking place within the nucleus.
E)reproducing only sexually.

Question 11

A type of fungi that has been long useful for baking,brewing,and wine making,and is now becoming very important in genetic research is ______.

Question 12

Fungal hyphae in which two genetically distinct kinds of nuclei occur together are said to be ___________.

Question 13

The carcinogenic compound _____,which damages kidneys and the nervous system,is produced by some strains of Aspergillus flavus.

Question 14

Fungi exist mainly in the form of slender filaments,barely visible to the naked eye,which are called ________.

Question 15

Mycorrhizae,specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi,are characteristic of

A)all plants.
B)about 90% of all plants.
C)about 60% of all plants.
D)about 40% of all plants.
E)about 20% of all plants.

Question 16

Fungi are decomposers and obtain their food by _________ the organic molecules released by the action of secreted enzymes.

Question 17

Mushrooms are fungi belonging to the phylum ____________.

Question 18

The first antibiotic,Penicillin,that was used on a wide scale was derived from a fungus whose genus name is

A)Penicillium.
B)streptomycin.
C)sulfanilamide.
D)neomycin.
E)actinomycin.

Question 19

The symbiotic relationship between green algae or cyanobacteria and fungi produce __________________.

Question 20

Fungi are ecologically important because of all of the following except

A)they break down organic material and return them to the ecosystem.
B)all can exist in symbiotic relationships.
C)some can ferment and produce bread,beer,wine,cheese,and soy sauce.
D)some cause diseases in plants and animals.
E)they can break down lignin.

Question 21

All of the following are reproductive structures found in some fungi except

A)ascus.
B)basidium.
C)sporangiophore.
D)mycorrhiza.
E)conidia.

Question 22

Diploid cells of animals and plants are genetically similar to fungal

A)monokaryotic hyphae.
B)dikaryotic hyphae (1n+1n).
C)homokaryotic hyphae.
D)spores.
E)triploid cells.

Question 23

The most economically useful unicellular fungi are

A)basidiomycetes.
B)actinomycetes.
C)yeasts.
D)mushrooms.
E)Neurospora.

Question 24

A division of fungi that lacks septa in their hyphae except when they form sporangia or gametangia is the

A)ascomycetes.
B)zygomycetes.
C)chytridomycota (chytrids).
D)basidiomycetes.
E)none of these

Question 25

The fungi that cause serious plant disease,such as Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight,belong to the phylum

A)AscomycotA.
B)Zygomycota.
C)Imperfect fungi.
D)Basidiomycota.
E)Actinomycetes.

Question 26

The only diploid cell of the life cycle of basidiomycetes is produced within the basidium by

A)mitosis.
B)meiosis.
C)karyogamy.
D)ascus bursting.
E)budding.

Question 27

The body of a fungus has several characteristics.One of these is their hyphae,long chains of cells.Which of the following statements best describes what septa and cross walls are?

A)Septa of the cross walls are formed on the outside of fungal cells and give the fungal body more rigidity.
B)Septa form cross walls between the long chains of cells that make up hyphae.
C)The cross wall within the nuclear membrane of every fungal body forms septa.
D)Spores of fungi that are formed within reproductive structures have cross walls separated by septa.
E)Cross walls are responsible for the formation of spindle plaques within the hyphae after the septa are produced.

Question 28

Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes takes place by means of

A)ascogoniA.
B)ascospores.
C)conidia.
D)motile gametes.
E)zygospores.

Question 29

Lichens are adversely affected by

A)humidity.
B)sunlight.
C)pollution.
D)sexual reproduction of the fungal partner.
E)asexual reproduction of the photosynthetic partner.

Question 30

Select the incorrect statement related to fungi.

A)All fungi secrete digestive enzymes and practice external digestion.
B)Some fungi can break down cellulose into its glucose subunits.In addition,some fungi are predaceous.
C)One method of reproduction in fungi is by flagellated sperm.Water is a requirement for those particular fungi to reproduce.
D)Some fungi are able to grow to many hectares in size.
E)Cheese,wine,and soy sauce are but a few examples of foods dependent on fungi for their production.

Question 31

Lichens are mutualisms between

A)yeast and another fungi.
B)fungi and an alga.
C)fungi and a green plant.
D)fungi and a mycorrhizae.
E)mycorrhizae and yeast.

Question 32

The walled ascus of an ascomycete contains

A)eight diploid nuclei.
B)eight haploid nuclei.
C)many multinucleate conidia.
D)an egg and a sperm.
E)a zygotE.

Question 33

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are characterized by all of the following features except

A)most common mycorrhizal type.
B)fungal hyphae penetrate plant root cells.
C)seen in earliest vascular plant fossils.
D)fungus can associate with several species of plants.
E)fungal component is a glomeromycetE.

Question 34

The rusts and smuts that seriously affect crop plants are

A)ascomycetes.
B)zygomycetes.
C)chytrids.
D)basidiomycetes.
E)actinomycetes.

Question 35

A mycologist visits your biology class and discusses her research on a particular fungus that lives on the bark of damaged spruce trees.She explains that the fungal hyphae of her research organism is heterokaryotic.You raise your hand and request that she define that word.Her correct response is

A)heterokaryotic means that the nuclei of the fungal hyphae are genetically the same.
B)heterokaryotic means that the nuclei of each compartment of the hyphae are genetically distinct.
C)heterokaryotic means that each compartment of the hyphae contain two distinct nuclei.
D)heterokaryotic means that each compartment of the hyphae contains only one nucleus.

Question 36

Ectomycorrhizae,associations in which the fungal hyphae surround but do not penetrate the cell walls of the plant roots,usually involve

A)ascomycetes.
B)basidiomycetes.
C)zygomycetes.
D)ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
E)ascomycetes and zygomycetes.

Question 37

Which of the phyla of fungi is incorrectly matched with its example?

A)Ascomycota-yeast
B)Basidiomycota-rust
C)Zygomycota-bread mold
D)Ascomycota-mushrooms
E)Basidiomycota-toadstools

Question 38

The fruiting structures formed by secondary mycelia of basidiomycetes are known as

A)mushrooms.
B)yeasts.
C)lichen.
D)ascocarps.
E)basidia.

Question 39

Chitin is found in all of the following except

A)insect exoskeletons.
B)fungal cell walls.
C)exoskeletons of crustaceans.
D)plant cell walls.
E)some insect wings.

Question 40

Which of the following fungi usually form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in which the outer cells of the plant roots are penetrated by the fungal hyphae?

A)ascomycetes
B)glomeromycetes
C)deuteromycetes
D)basidiomycetes
E)chytrids

Question 41

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.ascomycota
B.zygomycota
C.basidiomycota
D.chytrids
Mycelium without septa;bread molds;asexual reproduction more frequent.

Question 42

One major difference between ectomycorrhizae and arbuscular mycorrhizae is

A)ectomycorrhizae are parasitic on plant roots while arbuscular mycorrhizae are not.
B)ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate plant roots;arbuscular mycorrhizae penetrate plant roots.
C)ectomycorrhizae are more common on plant roots than arbuscular mycorrhizae.
D)ectomycorrhizae form mutualisms while arbuscular mycorrhizae are parasitic.
E)most ectomycorrhizae are zygomycetes while most endomycorrhizae are basidiomycetes.

Question 43

Which one of the following fungal groups has an alternation of multicellular gametophyte and sporophyte generations?

A)Zygomycetes
B)Ascomycetes
C)Basidiomycetes
D)Chytridiomycetes
E)Glomeromycetes

Question 44

Which one of the following statements comparing ascomycetes and zygomycetes is false?

A)Both ascomycetes and zygomycetes have a dikaryotic stage.
B)Both ascomycetes and zygomycetes can produce spores asexually.
C)Plasmogamy precedes syngamy in both ascomycetes and zygomycetes.
D)The sporangiophore in zygomycetes and the ascus in ascomycetes are the fruiting structures where meiosis occurs.
E)Both ascomycetes and zygomycetes consist of fungi that are absorptive heterotrophs.

Question 45

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.ascomycota
B.zygomycota
C.basidiomycota
D.chytrids
Aquatic,flagellated fungi;one species parasitic of amphibians.

Question 46

A nonphotosynthetic plant sharing a mycorrhizal fungus with a photosynthetic plant is best described as a

A)mutualist.
B)epiparasite.
C)parasite.
D)host.
E)symbiont.

Question 47

Which one of the following statements about the evolution of the fungal kingdom is false?

A)Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.
B)The deuteromycetes is an artificial group.
C)The chytridomycetes most closely resemble the ancestor of all fungi.
D)Presence of non-motile zoospores is an ancestral trait to all fungi.
E)The first fungi probably evolved in an aqueous environment.

Question 48

If you arranged the following fungal structures from most inclusive to least inclusive,which structure would be fourth?

A)septum
B)fruiting body (like ascocarp or basidiocarp)
C)hyphae
D)spore
E)mycelium

Question 49

Which one of the following terms best applies to the fungus participant in a typical lichen?

A)Facultative mutualist
B)Endophyte
C)Ectomycorrhizal fungus
D)Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus
E)Epiparasite

Question 50

Which one of the following statements comparing ascomycetes and basidiomycetes is false?

A)Both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes have secondary myceliA.
B)In both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes,the zygote is the only diploid stage.
C)In both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes,spores are the dispersal stage of the life cycle.
D)In both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes,only the fruiting bodies (ascocarp and basidiocarp)are conspicuous.
E)Although some ascomycetes are unicellular,all basidiomycetes are multicellular.

Question 51

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.ascomycota
B.zygomycota
C.basidiomycota
D.chytrids
Mushrooms are the best known members;rusts and smuts;most hyphae are dikaryotic.

Question 52

Of the following statements about the fungal Phylum Zygomycota,which is incorrect?

A)Sexual reproduction occurs by the fusion of gametangiA.Gametangia may be formed on hyphae of different mating types.
B)Asexual reproduction occurs more frequently in the Zygomycota than does sexual reproduction.
C)An example of the Phylum Zygomycota is bread mold.
D)The phylum Zygomycota has the most species of the three fungal phyla.
E)Hyphae of Zygomycota produce clumps of erect stalks called sporangiophores.

Question 53

Which one of the following statements about a typical fungus is false?

A)A mycelium consists of branching hyphae.
B)Hyphae with septa are divided into distinct cells.
C)A dikaryotic hypha has two nuclei that can be haploid or diploid.
D)If a dikaryotic hypha is derived from two genetically distinct parents,it is heterokaryotic.
E)Streaming of cytoplasm can occur even if hyphae are septatE.

Question 54

Of the following statements about the fungal Phylum Ascomycota,which is incorrect?

A)Examples of Ascomycota include molds,morels,and chestnut blight.
B)Each Ascomycota has a reproductive structure called an ascus.
C)Sexual reproduction is more common in the Ascomycota than asexual reproduction.
D)Terms such as ascogonium and antheridium are associated with Ascomycota.
E)Yeast are unicellular members of the Phylum Ascomycota.

Question 55

A scientist discovers a fungus living within a healthy plant.The fungus produces a substance toxic to herbivores.This fungus is considered

A)an ectomycorrhizae.
B)mutualistic.
C)an endophyte.
D)parasitic.
E)a mutualistic endophytE.

Question 56

In the life cycle of a zygomycete,after the zygospore is formed,the next event will be

A)mitosis.
B)meiosis.
C)plasmogamy.
D)karyogamy.
E)dikaryon formation.

Question 57

In the leaf cutter ant-plant-fungus tripartite relationship,the association between the ant and the fungus can best be described as

A)parasitism.
B)commensalism.
C)facultative symbiosis.
D)obligate symbiosis.
E)herbivory.

Question 58

Ruminant animals have symbiotic fungi which

A)digest cellulose and lignin.
B)infect milk-producing glands,fermenting the milk.
C)produce toxins in muscle tissue.
D)produce natural antibiotics.

Question 59

Which one of the following associations of structures/events from the life cycle of basidiomycetes is incorrect?

A)primary mycelium-dikaryon
B)basidiocarp-secondary mycelium
C)basidium-basidiospores
D)zygote-meiosis
E)secondary mycelium-1n + 1n

Question 60

Of the following statements related to the fungal Phylum Basidiomycota,which one is incorrect?

A)The phylum Basidiomycota has the most described species.
B)Examples of Basidiomycota are mushrooms and toadstools.
C)The mycelium of Basidiomycota are composed of monokaryotic hyphae.
D)Hyphae of Basidiomycota are dikaryotic.
E)Basidia are located on the gills of mushrooms.

Question 61

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.ascomycota
B.zygomycota
C.basidiomycota
D.chytrids
Asexual reproduction by conidia;spores contain eight haploid nuclei;yeasts.