Deck 18: Genomics

Question 1

Sequences of DNA assembled by identifying overlaps among smaller DNA segments are known as

A)single strand polymorphisms.
B)synteny.
C)draft sequences.
D)proteone.
E)contig.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

All of the RNA present in a cell or tissue at a specific time is called the

A)proteome.
B)spliceosome.
C)nucleosome.
D)RNA motif.
E)transcriptomE.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Long interspersed elements (LINES)are a type of

A)pseudogene.
B)proteone.
C)exon.
D)intron.
E)transposon.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

______ maps are generated using actual landmarks within DNA sequences.

A)Genetic
B)DNA
C)Physical
D)Chromosomal

Question 5

Chloroplasts can replicate independently because

A)of synteny.
B)it has its own genome.
C)of its repetitive DNA sequences.
D)of its ability to use restriction enzymes.
E)it has several contigs.

Question 6

The sequence 5' CGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGG 3' represents a ______________.

A)fragment
B)complex sequence
C)molecule of mRNA
D)simple sequence repeat

Question 7

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are bacterial relatives living within eukaryotes as a result of

A)synteny.
B)exosymbiosis.
C)endosymbiosis.
D)draft sequencing of the proteomes of the mitochondria and chloroplasts by the nucleosome.
E)contiguous base pairing.

Question 8

A genome sequence with minimal gaps,with the sequences in the correct order,and having no more that 1% error in 10,000 nucleotides would be considered a

A)PCR sequence.
B)draft sequence.
C)finished sequence.
D)shotgun sequence.
E)clone by clone sequencE.

Question 9

Conserved arrangements of segments of DNA in related genomes are referred to as

A)synteny.
B)homology.
C)analogous DNA.
D)a contig.
E)a comparative genomE.

Question 10

Distances on a genetic map are measured in _____ units.

A)centromere
B)DNA
C)dalton
D)centimorgan

Question 11

Following transcription of eukaryotic genes,introns are removed and exons are spliced together.This process is referred to as______.

A)translation
B)splicing
C)mRNA modification
D)coupling

Question 12

The ends of chromosomes are called _________.

A)telomeres
B)centromeres
C)caps
D)DNA termini

Question 13

Draft sequences have

A)many gaps in regions of highly repetitive DNA.
B)less than 1 error in 10,000 nucleotides.
C)been found in various proteomes across the eukaryote life forms.
D)been produced by alternative splicing.
E)several problems,the main one being their contiguous DNA fragments.

Question 14

_________ is another term used to describe genome science.

A)Genomics
B)Proteomics
C)Chromosomics
D)Dianetics

Question 15

A _____ consists of all of the DNA in a nucleus of a cell.

A)genome
B)chromosome
C)gene
D)protein

Question 16

A transgene is

A)hard to destroy once inserted into a genome.
B)hard to study because of its transposons.
C)created by several of the DNA motifs.
D)an inserted foreign gene.
E)a result of endosymbiosis.

Question 17

A human gene is composed of numerous fragments of protein-encoding information known as ______.

A)DNA
B)mRNA
C)exons
D)introns

Question 18

________ are silent copies of genes that have been inactivated by mutations.

A)Pseudogenes
B)Clones
C)Exons
D)Introns

Question 19

Mobile bits of DNA that can jump from one location on a chromosome to another location are called

A)simple sequence repeats.
B)transposons.
C)exons.
D)introns.
E)pseudogenes.

Question 20

______ maps show the relative location of genes on a chromosome as determined by recombination frequencies.

A)DNA
B)Genetic
C)Chromosomal
D)Physical

Question 21

Microarrays are created by

A)robotically placing DNA on to a microscope slide and probing with RNA from the tissue of interest.
B)robotically placing DNA on to a microscope slide and probing with another DNA from the tissue of interest.
C)robotically placing DNA on to a microscope slide and probing with SNPs from the tissue of interest.
D)robotically placing DNA on to a microscope slide and probing with STSs from the tissue of interest.
E)clone by clone sequencing.

Question 22

Groups of related,but distinctly different,genes that appear to have arisen from a single ancestral gene are referred to as

A)segmental duplications.
B)pseudogenes.
C)tandem clusters.
D)multigene families.
E)expressed sequences.

Question 23

Some regions of chromosomes remain highly condensed,tightly coiled,and untranscribed throughout the cell cycle.These regions are referred called

A)transposable elements.
B)single sequence repeats.
C)non-coding DNA.
D)short interspersed elements.
E)constitutive heterchromatin.

Question 24

The sequencing method that cuts the DNA of an entire chromosome into small fragments and then clones these fragments is called

A)shotgun sequencing.
B)clone by clone sequencing.
C)RFLP sequencing.
D)consensus sequencing.

Question 25

Non-coding DNA regions within a gene are referred to as

A)introns.
B)exons.
C)templates.
D)transposons.
E)pseudogenes.

Question 26

The majority of DNA in a human is

A)composed of short interspersed elements.
B)non-coding.
C)simple sequence repeats.
D)segmental duplications.
E)structural.

Question 27

Inactive genes that have lost their function due to mutations are called

A)introns.
B)exons.
C)templates.
D)transposons.
E)pseudogenes.

Question 28

Linkage disequilibrium is

A)the tendency of genes to be totally randomized during meiosis.
B)the tendency of genes not to be randomized during meiosis.
C)the tendency of genes of single nucleotides polymorphisms to be rearranged during meiosis because of crossing over.
D)the tendency of genes to link together within certain blocks along the chromosome.
E)the tendency of contigs being so randomized that mapping becomes an issue for gene sequencing.

Question 29

Identical copies of genes that can be transcribed simultaneously are called

A)segmental duplications.
B)pseudogenes.
C)tandem clusters.
D)multigene families.
E)expressed sequences.

Question 30

Rice and its grain relatives,maize,barley,and wheat,diverged from a common ancestor 50 million years ago,however the chromosomes of these plants demonstrate extensive conserved arrangements of segments.This phenomenon is called

A)a linkage disequilibrium.
B)a single nucleotide polymorphisms.
C)a contig.
D)synteny.
E)expressed sequence equilibrium.

Question 31

The majority (45%)of the human genome is composed of

A)introns.
B)exons.
C)templates.
D)transposons.
E)pseudogenes.

Question 32

Your research project involves the characterization of a novel protein.To learn more about its function you perform a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify potential interacting proteins.In your first screening attempt,you isolate one clone.You send the clone to be sequenced at the local sequencing facility.After translating the sequencing data,what should you do to (i)find out what type of protein this clone encodes,and (ii)get an idea about its possible function?

A)Run a blast search.
B)Identify the intron/exon organization.
C)Localize the gene to a specific chromosomal region.
D)Search the human genome sequence for your clone.

Question 33

Recombination frequency between genes can used to generate a

A)genetic map.
B)physical map.
C)restriction map.
D)haplotype map.

Question 34

To avoid confusion,and to allow ease of data interruption,researchers working on cloned DNA from the same species use

A)restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
B)shotgun sequencing.
C)sequenced-tagged sites.
D)clone by clone sequencing.
E)consensus sequencing.

Question 35

To be classed as a polymorphism,a SNP must be present in

A)every draft sequence of the species being investigated.
B)every finished sequence of the species being investigated.
C)at least one genome of the species being investigated.
D)at least 1% of the population of the species being investigateD.

Question 36

A private company has been hired by the parliament of ______ to create a data base from pooled medical,genetic,and genealogical information.

A)Nova Scotia
B)Iceland
C)Gibraltar
D)Portugal
E)Galapagos

Question 37

The sequencing method that cuts DNA segments into fragments,arranges those fragments based on overlapping nucleotide sequences,and then clones these fragments is called

A)shotgun sequencing.
B)clone by clone sequencing.
C)RFLP sequencing.
D)consensus sequencing.

Question 38

A transgene is an

A)inserted exon.
B)inserted intron.
C)inserted nucleosome.
D)inserted foreign gene.
E)inserted transcriptomE.

Question 39

Which of the following statements regarding genomes is true?

A)In general,eukaryotic genomes are larger than prokaryotic genomes.
B)In general,eukaryotic genomes are smaller than prokaryotic genomes.
C)The size of the organism determines the size of the genome.
D)Larger and more complex organisms have more genes than smaller,less complex organisms.

Question 40

Homologous regions of DNA can vary slightly in base-pair composition among individuals in a population.When a homologous stretch of DNA is cut with restriction enzymes in different individuals,fragments of different lengths are produced.These fragments are called

A)landmarks of DNA sequencing.
B)contig fragments.
C)single length polymorphisms.
D)restriction fragments length polymorphisms.
E)sequence-tagged site fragments.

Question 41

In vertebrates,the family of myogenic regulatory factors (MFRs)plays a major role in muscle development.This family consists of four related genes,including MyoD,MRF4,myogenin,and myf5,each of which have distinct,but overlapping functions.Interestingly,this gene family is represented by only a single gene called nautilus in Drosophila.You want to determine if nautilus functions as the sum of the vertebrate factors,or rather,if it functions in a manner similar to that of one particular gene.Eventually,you plan to examine the loss-of-function phenotype of nautilus mutants.However,first you should

A)compare the DNA and protein sequences of all the genes to determine if nautilus is more closely related to one MRF than another.
B)perform a DNA microarray to compare gene activation patterns between nautilus and the MRFs.
C)compare the proteome of a cell expressing nautilus to the proteomes of cells expressing each of the MRFs in turn.
D)generate four transgenic Drosophila strains that express the MRFs.

Question 42

Which of the following techniques can be used to detect chromosomal abnormalities?

A)EST
B)FISH
C)STS
D)SNP

Question 43

Traditionally,toxicology studies have involved numerous bioassays on rodents.However,a more reliable and reproducible approach to study the genome-wide effects of a toxin,one could use

A)a protein microarray.
B)functional genomics.
C)a yeast two-hybrid screen.
D)a DNA microarray.

Question 44

Why do segmental duplications pose a logistical challenge in the proper alignment of DNA sequences?

A)Segmental duplications are inherently repetitive.
B)Segmental duplications contain large numbers of LINEs,which interfere with sequence annotation.
C)Segmental duplications interfere with BLAST analysis.
D)Segmental duplications are often found in areas of constitutive heterochromatin.

Question 45

Your research group has recently determined the complete genomic sequence of the organism Examus biologisium.You instruct your group to begin sequence annotation,which involves

A)shotgun cloning.
B)the alignment of contigs.
C)the identification of open reading frames.
D)the construction of a genetic map.

Question 46

How is the study of genomics expected to influence future health care?

A)The study of genomics is expected to provide insight into the relationship between genes and the environment,and why certain people get sick while others remain healthy.It should enable us to learn more about the causes and effects of various diseases,illnesses,and infections.Such information will help us to identify ways to improve health care and prevent disease.
B)The study of genomics will allow us to treat,with the use of genetic engineering,various diseases of genetic origin.It is just a matter of time before we are able to treat all diseases of genetic origin with this technique.
C)The study of genomics will allow us to use bacteria and viruses to create vaccinations for virually all diseases of genetic origin.

Question 47

As a scientist working for an antibioterrorism task force,you are asked to evaluate some biological samples for presence of Yersinia pestis,the organism that causes plague.After confirming that the samples did,indeed,contain Y.pestis,you instruct your team to begin sequencing the strain.Given that the genome sequence of Y.pestis is already known,why did you instruct your team to sequence this strain?

A)to confirm the original genome sequence and gather possible information on the origin of the strain
B)to establish the course of infection and determine whether the strain has been genetically engineered
C)to gather possible information on the origin of the strain and determine whether the strain has been genetically engineered
D)to establish the SNPs necessary to confirm infection from this strain

Question 48

After years of work,a researcher identified a novel protein that binds to serotonin receptors in mouse brain.Which of the following explanations regarding gene patents is most appropriate in this case?

A)The researcher has clearly defined the function of the gene.The gene itself can be patented.
B)The researcher has not yet clearly defined the function of the gene.However,when the function is clearly identified,the gene itself can be patented.
C)The researcher has clearly defined the function of the gene.Thus,the use of the gene can be patented.
D)The researcher has not yet clearly defined the function of the gene.However,when the function is clearly identified,the use of the gene can be patenteD.

Question 49

You can do all of the following using comparative genomics except

A)draw particular conclusions about species.
B)draw general conclusions about evolution.
C)infer function about an unsequenced genome using synteny.
D)develop a haplotype map.

Question 50

In the early 1980s,a number of clones encoding highly-related forms of actin were isolated from a human cDNA library.Given the information that (i)the restriction enzyme maps of the coding regions were dissimilar,and (ii)each clone contained sufficient coding region to encode all or most of an entire actin gene,you would conclude that

A)multiple actin genes arose as a result of a segmental duplication.
B)the various forms of actin are a result of alternative splicing.
C)actin proteins are encoded by genes found in a tandem cluster.
D)actin proteins are encoded by a multigene family.

Question 51

Given an ideal sequencing reaction of approximately 500 successive nucleotides (excluding overlap),how many sequencing reactions would be needed to determine the complete human genome?

A)3.2 billion
B)12.5 million
C)12.8 million
D)6.4 million

Question 52

As the director of a new non-profit functional genomics research center,it is your job to oversee the set up of laboratories necessary to achieve the research goals of the center.Therefore,you plan to include all of the following,except a

A)DNA microarray facility.
B)proteomics laB.
C)sequence annotation facility.
D)mutagenesis facility.

Question 53

What is the most significant research finding from the rice genome project?

A)The similarity between the rice genome and other cereal crops will help scientists to move faster to develop genome data for other cereal crops.
B)The rice genome was found to be larger than that of humans.
C)The development of Golden Rice.
D)The genome data can be used to develop more nutritional rice.

Question 54

All of the following would be useful in an effort to construct a physical map of a genome except

A)BAC end sequences.
B)BLAST data.
C)ESTs.
D)STS markers.

Question 55

A catalog of common genetic variants that occur in humans is called a

A)haplotype map.
B)restriction map.
C)genomic map.
D)SNP map.

Question 56

Which of the following statements regarding pseudogenes is false?

A)Pseudogenes may have some gene-like features such as a promoter and splice sites.
B)Pseudogenes encode proteins,but the translated proteins are non-functional.
C)Pseudogenes can provide insight into the evolutionary history of the related functional gene.
D)Every pseudogene has a similar DNA sequence to some functional gene.

Question 57

Which of the following organisms has the largest genome?

A)rice
B)human
C)fruit fly
D)yeast

Question 58

Which of the following organisms has the greatest number of genes?

A)rice
B)human
C)fruit fly
D)yeast

Question 59

A pharmaceutical company is trying to develop a new drug to help combat a rare disease.To facilitate the identification of new drug targets,they could

A)search the sequenced human genome for mutations involved in the development of the disease,and design drugs that bind to the mutated proteins.
B)employ protein microarray technology to evaluate the binding of drugs to various proteins.
C)test new drugs in transgenic organisms that display disease characteristics.
D)use antibodies to screen a DNA microarray.