Deck 9: Leadership in the Cross-Cultural Context

Question 1

People in cultures that score low in collectivism,power distance,femininity,uncertainty avoidance,and/or fatalism,may have a stronger orientation to adopt a recognition-based process to perceive leadership.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In a high PD situation,attributing good performance to leadership will not necessarily contribute to an actual increase of perceived leadership effectiveness.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The existence of large hierarchical differences typically indicates the existence of large power distance in a society.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Not conforming to social norms and values is likely to make followers quickly perceive a leader as incompetent and not deserving of that position.

Question 5

In societies with low power distance,the relationship between the leader and the followers tends to be perceived as equal.

Question 6

The recognition-based perception process is not dependent on the use of pre-existing knowledge.

Question 7

Inference-based perception emphasizes the specific traits or features of leaders,as opposed to functional aspects of leadership.

Question 8

In cultures where a recognition-based process prevails,perceived leadership effectiveness relies more on whether leadership characteristics fit the implicit leadership prototypes in the minds of followers.

Question 9

In a culture low in uncertainty avoidance,conforming to the accepted norms and rules will tend to increase the feeling of stability among followers,thus influencing them to more willingly carry out orders and assignments from the leadership.

Question 10

In a culture where people are mostly fatalistic,adopting the leadership patterns that fit into the leadership prototypes in the minds of followers will tend to be more effective in gaining their acceptance and compliance.

Question 11

Expected,accepted,and effective leadership varies by culture.

Question 12

A collectivist culture emphasizes the importance of group effort to success,and is not likely to attribute failure to an individual person unless this person is the leader.

Question 13

In a culture with low fatalism,people tend to believe that achieving success or avoiding failure depends on their own efforts and actions.

Question 14

Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance scores tend to be highly intolerant of ambiguity,and thus likely to be distrustful of new ideas or behaviors.

Question 15

In cultures where an inference-based process prevails,to be perceived as effective,leaders rely on fitting leader characteristics in their followers' implicit leadership prototypes rather than just concentrating on organizational performance.

Question 16

In masculine cultures,the quality of life,interpersonal relationships,and concern for the weak are dominant values.

Question 17

Low power distance suggests that leaders make decisions simply because they are the leaders.

Question 18

Murphy suggested that leadership is a function of an interaction between the leader,the situation,and the follower.

Question 19

At the highest level,leadership is very general while the middle-level categories incorporate situational information about leadership.

Question 20

Short-term orientation is characterized by a low propensity to save.

Question 21

In a culture with low fatalism,people tend to believe that achieving success or avoiding failure:

A)depends on their own efforts and actions.
B)is the collective responsibility of team members.
C)is dependent on the leader of the group.
D)depends on the cultural values and system.

Question 22

In societies with low power distance,a hierarchical system:

A)does not exist at all.
B)exists primarily for convenience.
C)is relatively stronger than societies with high PD.
D)has a variety of functions.

Question 23

Anderson is a manager who attaches great importance to achievement and assertiveness.He provides high importance to goals such as achievement,motivation,assertiveness,and admiration for the strong.It is very likely that Anderson belongs to a society with a:

A)high feminine culture.
B)collectivist culture.
C)high masculinity culture.
D)fatalistic culture.

Question 24

_____ culture is not likely to attribute failure to an individual person even though this person is the leader.

A)Individualistic
B)Masculine
C)Collectivist
D)Feminine

Question 25

Inference-based perception emphasizes the:

A)structural aspects of leadership.
B)specific traits of leaders.
C)specific features and aspects of leadership.
D)functional aspects of leadership.

Question 26

In a culture with _____,followers tend to show great obedience to the authority of their leaders and expect their leaders to act according to the ways that are historically accepted.

A)high femininity
B)high uncertainty avoidance
C)high individualism
D)high fatality

Question 27

_____ perceptual process helps people form leadership perceptions from the normal flow of interpersonal activities.

A)Structural
B)Recognition-based
C)Inference-based
D)Attribution-based

Question 28

In cultures where an inference-based process prevails,to be perceived as effective,leaders rely on:

A)follower effectiveness.
B)intelligence and cognitive abilities.
C)leader characteristics.
D)good organizational performance.

Question 29

Leadership is the process of being perceived by others as a leader.This definition implies that:

A)fundamentally,leadership is an outcome of the social cognitive processes that people use to label others.
B)leader traits could create favorable perceptions of leadership and leadership effectiveness.
C)follower traits are important in determining the effectiveness of leadership than leader traits.
D)leaders should abstain from making decisions that are not popular among the followers.

Question 30

_____ societies are characterized by the value that inequalities between people should be minimized,and to the extent that hierarchies exist in such societies and their organizations,they exist only for administrative convenience.

A)Low power distance
B)High power distance
C)High uncertainty avoidance
D)Low uncertainty avoidance

Question 31

Which of the following is an individualistic country?

A)Hong Kong
B)The United States
C)Japan
D)Mexico

Question 32

In a culture where people are mostly fatalistic:

A)organizational outcomes will be related to leadership.
B)leadership will receive credit only for bad outcomes.
C)organizational outcomes will gain acceptance of subordinates.
D)leadership will not receive much credit for good performance.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is consistent with the leadership perception theory proposed and developed by Lord and Maher?

A)Leaders' traits are more important to leadership effectiveness than follower perceptions.
B)Recognition-based processes and inference-based processes are activated with different mechanisms.
C)Establishment of leadership is a recognition-based process rather than an inference-based process.
D)Change in organizational culture is unproductive for an organization.

Question 34

Being assertive,ambitious,competitive,striving for material success,and respecting the big,strong and fast are values associated with _____ societies.

A)masculine
B)low power distance
C)fatalistic
D)collectivist

Question 35

In societies with high power distance,superiors:

A)make decisions that are most popular.
B)enjoy less power than usual.
C)adopt consultative or participative management styles.
D)are expected to lead paternalistically.

Question 36

According to Murphy,leadership is a function of:

A)interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts in the organization.
B)the skills,abilities,and specific traits of an individual.
C)an interaction between the leader,the situation,and the follower.
D)the behavioral characteristics of leaders and observational nature of followers.

Question 37

_____ is a dimension of culture which is a cultural-level equivalent to the individual-level locus of control.

A)Masculinity
B)Fatalism
C)Power distance
D)Uncertainty avoidance

Question 38

High power distance suggests that leaders make decisions:

A)with respect to collective opinion.
B)based on expert opinions.
C)based on research and statistics.
D)simply because they are the leaders.

Question 39

Culture,according to Hofstede,is defined as the:

A)collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from another.
B)outcome of the positive and negative conflicts that occur between individuals staying together in a community.
C)outcome of interaction between two or more individuals with opposing beliefs and values.
D)result of a set of behaviors and perceptions about leadership and discipline.

Question 40

Which of the following countries is characterized by high uncertainty avoidance?

A)Australia
B)Canada
C)Japan
D)The United States

Question 41

In cultures where a(n) _____ process prevails,perceived leadership effectiveness relies more on whether leadership characteristics fit the implicit leadership prototypes in the minds of followers.

A)recognition-based
B)inference-based
C)judgment-based
D)achievement-based

Question 42

Discuss the implications of cultural influences in leadership.

Question 43

What is power distance? What are the characteristics of low PD societies and high PD societies?

Question 44

What is inference-based perception? What are the two types of inference-based perception processes?

Question 45

Explain the time orientation dimension of cultural differences.Provide examples.

Question 46

Which of the following countries has an individualistic,masculine culture with a low degree of uncertainty avoidance,small power distance,and weak fatalism?

A)China
B)Italy
C)The United Kingdom
D)Japan

Question 47

Consider using five straight lines to represent five cultural dimensions,with arrows pointing to the direction of a higher degree of collectivism,femininity,power distance,uncertainty avoidance,and fatalism.The center represents the maximum degree of individualism and masculinity,and minimum degree of uncertainty avoidance,power distance and fatalism.A larger area for a pentagon created by joining the points in the lines indicates a:

A)weaker positive combined influence on a recognition-based process.
B)stronger positive combined influence on a recognition-based process.
C)stronger positive influence on an inference-based process.
D)weaker negative influence on an inference-based process.

Question 48

Which of the following is an exemplary country which has the highest degree of masculinity,strong uncertainty avoidance,large power distance,moderate collectivism,and high fatalism?

A)Hong Kong
B)The United States
C)The United Kingdom
D)Japan

Question 49

What is uncertainty avoidance? Explain the patterns of behavior of people in cultures with varying uncertainty avoidance.