Deck 4: Leadership and the Role of Sex and Gender

Question 1

The study by Gershenoff and Foti found that possession of an androgynous-intelligent personality led to the perception of leadership in both the consensus-building and the initiating-structure task conditions.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Eagly,Karau and Makhijani noted in their meta-analysis of the gender-effectiveness literature that,in aggregate,male and female leaders are equally effective in leadership.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In a study,the participants are told a story about several crises going on simultaneously at a summer camp and are asked to rank order 10 items in order of importance.This is an example of an initiating-structure task.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

It is frequently assumed that if groups have maintenance (socio-emotional) and task need,leaders who are androgynous would be less effective than those who are masculine or feminine in nature.

Question 5

Russell L.Kent and Sherry
E.Moss examined the effects of sex and noted that women are slightly more likely to emerge as leaders than are men.

Question 6

Traditionally,differences in leadership emergence have been studied in feminine contexts.

Question 7

Masculinity,femininity,and intelligence are the three variables used in a pattern approach by Gershenoff and Foti.

Question 8

One result of the Kent and Moss study was that when multiple emergent leaders were allowed,androgynous group members emerged instead of masculine group members.

Question 9

Gender roles are dictated by the biological sex and physical characteristics of an individual.

Question 10

The initiating structure task chosen requires the group to be efficient and effective,whereas the consensus-building task requires the group to be more social and reach agreement.

Question 11

The person approach uses individual difference variables as the basic unit of observation.

Question 12

Overall,masculine-intelligent and androgynous-intelligent individuals emerged as leaders,but feminine-intelligent individuals did not.

Question 13

Recent researches by Goktepe & Schneier,Kent & Moss,and Moss & Kent have shown that leadership emergence is influenced more by sex and biological characteristics than gender roles.

Question 14

Moss and Kent found that androgynous personality types emerged most often in initially leaderless groups that allowed for only one emergent leader.

Question 15

The study by Kent and Moss found that androgynous and masculine participants were most likely to emerge as the leader in gender-neutral task situations.

Question 16

Eagly and Johnson argued that women tend to be more autocratic and men are more democratic in their leadership styles.

Question 17

The concept of androgynous personality endorses high levels of both masculine and feminine behaviors and characteristics.

Question 18

Female managers often face a less supportive environment than male managers and many behavioral tendencies are deeply ingrained.This is an example of gender-role spillover effect.

Question 19

The type of task used in leadership emergence studies provides information to leaders and followers indicating what kind of behaviors are appropriate in that particular situation.

Question 20

The differentiation between task types may lead to a preference for different types of leaders,indicating that depending on the nature of the situation,the same gender-typed leadership behavior may be preferable.

Question 21

Allowing subordinates to participate in decision making refers to:

A)interpersonal style.
B)task style.
C)democratic leadership.
D)autocratic leadership.

Question 22

The type of task used in leadership emergence studies is critical because:

A)most of the tasks can be performed by masculine individuals whereas feminine individuals would find it difficult to perform the tasks.
B)it provides information on what kind of behaviors are appropriate in that particular situation.
C)initiating-structure task conditions are less effective in such studies.
D)consensus-building tasks and methods may not be appropriate in leadership emergence studies.

Question 23

Despite the assertion that task type moderates the effects of gender on leadership emergence,some studies have found mixed results for the effect of femininity on female-oriented tasks.What could be the reason for this?

A)A bias in selecting the topic
B)The glass-ceiling phenomenon
C)Stereotyping
D)The nature of the task used in these studies

Question 24

According to Baril and colleagues,which of the following is a negative masculine trait?

A)Subservience
B)Hostility
C)Neurotic complaining
D)Tenacity

Question 25

Which of the following was included in the leadership motive pattern supported by McClelland and Boyatzis?

A)Low need for power
B)High need for affiliation
C)High need for association
D)High activity inhibition

Question 26

Androgyny is associated with:

A)possessing opposing sexual behaviors.
B)flexibility in gender-related behavior.
C)reflecting stereotypical gender roles.
D)reflecting the orientations of one sex more than the other.

Question 27

Which of the following is a conclusion obtained from the meta-analysis conducted by Eagly,Karau,and Makhijani?

A)In the aggregate,male and female leaders are equally effective.
B)Male leaders are more effective than female leaders.
C)Male leaders are better in areas such as social service.
D)Feminine attributes are more important to leadership than masculine attributes.

Question 28

The Kent and Moss study predicts that:

A)women will more often emerge as leaders in group situations than men.
B)androgynous group members are less likely to emerge as leaders than feminine and masculine individuals.
C)group members high in femininity will more frequently emerge as leaders than those high in masculinity.
D)androgynous and masculine participants are most likely to emerge as the leader in gender-neutral task situations.

Question 29

The results of the Eagly and Johnson study showed that:

A)men were more autocratic or directive than women.
B)women were more autocratic or directive than men.
C)there was no difference in the levels of autocracy or democracy between men and women.
D)women tended to use interpersonal style while men tended to use task style.

Question 30

Androgynous individuals:

A)show high levels of masculine and feminine behaviors.
B)display varying sexual behaviors.
C)are less likely to emerge as leaders.
D)would not display masculine independence.

Question 31

Although sex and gender role are correlated,gender role is not necessarily dictated by:

A)society.
B)biological sex.
C)masculinity.
D)femininity.

Question 32

The differentiation between task types may lead to:

A)a preference for different types of leaders.
B)gender stereotyping in the obtained results.
C)emergence of a unique type of leader.
D)inclination towards a certain leadership attribute.

Question 33

Which of the following statements supports the gender-role theory?

A)Biological sex has a large impact in determining gender roles.
B)Many gender roles have to be performed by an individual during his lifetime.
C)Gender roles are determined by the perception of socially acceptable behavior.
D)Males are more likely to emerge as leaders than females.

Question 34

In the study on leader emergence and gender roles by Gershenoff and Foti,which of the following characteristics was classified as having a mixed pattern?

A)High masculinity,low femininity,and high intelligence
B)Low masculinity,low femininity,and high intelligence
C)Low masculinity,high femininity,and high intelligence
D)High masculinity,high femininity,and high intelligence

Question 35

The study by Kent and Moss found that:

A)women are slightly more likely to emerge as leaders than men.
B)men are slightly more likely to emerge as leaders than women.
C)women are more autocratic than men.
D)organizational studies of leadership are inferior to laboratory studies.

Question 36

An objective of the Kent and Moss study was to determine:

A)how genetics plays a role in sex or gender role.
B)the effects of personality traits on leader emergence.
C)the effects of race and ethnicity on leadership.
D)whether sex or gender role better predicts leader emergence.

Question 37

asserts that:

A)individual difference variables should be the basic unit of observation when studying leadership emergence.
B)an individual's pattern of scores across a set of variables must be observed when studying leadership emergence.
C)only the most important traits should be observed to study leadership emergence.
D)variables themselves are more important than the interaction among them.

Question 38

In view of the findings of the meta-analysis conducted by Eagly,Karau,and Makhijani,which of the following is a job category in which women do worse than men?

A)Military jobs
B)Teaching
C)Governmental jobs
D)Social service

Question 39

Gershenoff and Foti hypothesize that there will be:

A)a strong correlation between the biological sex and the gender roles exhibited by the individuals.
B)a conflict between an individual's biological gender and the shared expectation on gender.
C)an interaction between individual differences in gender and the context on leadership emergence.
D)many gender roles and expectations that an individual has to fulfill.

Question 40

_____ is a carryover into the workplace of gender-based expectations for behavior.

A)Gender-task orientation
B)Gender autocracy
C)Gender congeniality
D)Gender-role spillover

Question 41

Explain the concept of gender.How is it related to sex?

Question 42

What are the important points discussed in the gender-role theory?

Question 43

During a study,participants are told a story about several crises going on simultaneously at a summer camp and are asked to rank order 10 items in order of importance.This kind of condition can be referred to as a(n):

A)initiating-structure task.
B)opinion-building task.
C)harmonizing task.
D)consensus-building task.

Question 44

The relationship between androgyny and leadership emergence has important implications for _____ in the work place.

A)men
B)managers
C)women
D)leaders

Question 45

In an initiating-structure task condition,the participants engage in a:

A)problem-solving task called "Lost in Summer Camp."
B)task in which participants are told a story and asked to rate the story based on its relevance.
C)manufacturing game associated with a predominant leadership style of initiating structure.
D)consensus-building task and are asked to rank order 10 items in order of importance.

Question 46

Eagly and Karau's meta-analysis suggested that in accordance with gender-role theory:

A)males are likely to emerge as leaders if the group is homogeneous.
B)men are more likely to emerge as leaders in jobs such as social service and education.
C)females are likely to emerge as leaders if the group is homogeneous.
D)females are more likely to emerge as leaders in socially oriented groups.

Question 47

Which of the following is a conclusion obtained from the study of leader emergence and gender roles by Gershenoff and Foti?

A)Androgynous intelligent personality would not lead to the perception of leadership in consensus-building task conditions.
B)Androgynous intelligent personality would not lead to the perception of leadership in initiating-structure task conditions.
C)Femininity is simply tolerated when in conjunction with masculinity.
D)Femininity would lead to leadership emergence when the level of masculinity is low.

Question 48

Comment on the contexts used to study differences in leadership emergence.

Question 49

Discuss the effect of task type on leadership emergence.

Question 50

What was the major finding of the study conducted by Eagly and Johnson?