Deck 8: Observation Studies

Question 1

The recording of physical actions or movements of participants is called _____ observation.

A) nonverbal
B) spatial
C) verbal
D) extralinguistic
E) nonbehavioral

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is a type of behavioral observation?

A) Nonverbal behavior
B) Linguistic behavior
C) Activity observation
D) Extralinguistic behavior
E) Spatial behavior

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In one episode of the television show,Friends,Chandler and Ross make fun of each other's pronunciation peculiarities and characteristic expressions.Ross tends to over-enunciate words while Chandler makes fun of others by asking a question like "Could you BE anymore annoying?" Which dimension of extralinguistic activity is being addressed in this example?

A) vocal
B) Temporal
C) Interaction
D) Verbal stylistic
E) Spatial

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Nonverbal observation can be performed by _____ and _____.

A) people, machines
B) psychologists, psychiatrists
C) video, audio
D) sociologists, anthropologists
E) physical condition analysis, process analysis

Question 5

The recording of how humans physically relate to one another is called _____ observation.

A) nonverbal
B) linguistic
C) spatial
D) mechanical/ digital
E) temporal

Question 6

The most prevalent category of observation study is _____ observation.

A) linguistic
B) extralinguistic
C) spatial
D) nonverbal
E) digital

Question 7

The study of how people organize the territory around them and maintain discrete distances between themselves and others is known as _____.

A) extralinguistics
B) feng shui
C) kinesics
D) proxemics
E) physical condition observation

Question 8

A lie detector is actually a(n)_____ that measures electrical activity in the participant's skin.

A) galvanometer
B) video camera
C) eye camera
D) pupilometer
E) people meter

Question 9

Jason is developing a research design for a study of wine drinkers.The target population is widely dispersed.Jason needs to collect data on past consumption behavior and intentions for future behavior.Which type of data collection method is most appropriate for Jason's project?

A) Communication
B) Observation
C) Monitoring
D) Experimental
E) Causal

Question 10

Proxemics is one form of _____ observation.

A) nonverbal
B) linguistic
C) spatial
D) mechanical/ digital
E) temporal

Question 11

Observation means to collect data by _____.

A) viewing
B) listening
C) touching
D) smelling
E) all of the above

Question 12

Observation is an appropriate method for data collection in all of the following conditions except _____.

A) purpose must be disguised
B) natural setting is necessary
C) anonymity is desired
D) memory decay is a factor
E) behavioral data is needed

Question 13

Which of the following is a condition in which observation is an appropriate method for data collection?

A) Anonymity is desired
B) Respondents are widely dispersed
C) Attitudinal information is needed
D) Natural setting is imperative
E) Extensive amount of information is needed

Question 14

The observation of human verbal behavior during conversation,presentation,or interaction is known as _____ observation.

A) nonverbal
B) linguistic
C) extralinguistic
D) spatial
E) temporal

Question 15

Which of the following is true of the video camera and audio recorder as mechanical devices for the recording of behaviors?

A) They can not be used in natural settings
B) They can generate descriptions of behaviors, but not counts or frequencies of behaviors
C) They can record nonbehavioral observations
D) They are used extensively in retail customer tracking studies
E) They are inferior to studies involving extralinguistic analysis

Question 16

Nonverbal observation includes the recording of _____.

A) temporal style
B) linguistics
C) proxemics
D) kinesics
E) motor expressions

Question 17

All of the following are reasons why researchers use machines to record behaviors except _____.

A) human eye cannot record behavior that happens rapidly
B) humans cannot record and observe simultaneously
C) machines can be disguised easily
D) design may require more than one person to be observed simultaneously
E) trained human observers are expensive

Question 18

When Katie Couric of the Today Show interviews guests on the show,she tends to interrupt their answers.Which dimension of extralinguistic activity is reflected in her behavior?

A) Vocal
B) Temporal
C) Interaction
D) Verbal stylistic
E) Spatial

Question 19

Scott's Lawn Care has hired Henry Associates to find out whether home improvement warehouse stores communicate the benefits of various brands of lawn care products differently than smaller stores.Henry Associates needs to know what is communicated to consumers in the actual settings of the stores and wants to ensure that the message isn't filtered.Only behavioral data is required.Which type of data collection method is most appropriate in this situation?

A) Communication
B) Observation
C) Surveys
D) Experimental
E) Causal

Question 20

When observation employs standardized procedures,trained observers,schedules for recording,and other devices that reflect the scientific procedures of other primary data methods,it is said to be _____ observation.

A) simple
B) systematic
C) organized
D) structured
E) semistructured

Question 21

The use of videotaping,mirrored windows,and props are most feasible in _____ studies.

A) structured observation
B) unstructured observation
C) natural
D) laboratory
E) field

Question 22

Observers may be physically involved in the participant's social setting and interact with the participant.This form of observation is known as _____ observation.

A) concealment
B) deceptive
C) participant
D) structured
E) direct

Question 23

Maria is conducting research to better understand how consumers respond to the atmosphere and environment in restaurants.She visits several restaurant locations and observes characteristics of the environment and all of the behaviors of the patrons.Which classification best fits Maria's observation study?

A) Unstructured/ natural
B) Unstructured/laboratory
C) Structured/ natural
D) Structured/ laboratory
E) Direct/ participant

Question 24

_____ observation occurs when the observer is physically present,and personally monitors and records the behavior of the participant.

A) Indirect
B) Direct
C) Concealed
D) Disguised
E) Spatial

Question 25

Which of the following attributes must be identified using inferential observation?

A) Selling points presented
B) Length of sales meeting
C) Time and day of week
D) Salesperson credibility
E) Customer purchase decision

Question 26

Which of the following questions cannot be answered using the observational method?

A) What
B) Where
C) Who
D) How
E) Why

Question 27

All of the following are advantages of observation as a data collection method except _____.

A) optimizing the naturalness of the setting
B) reducing obtrusiveness
C) avoiding participant filtering
D) quantifying data
E) securing contextual information

Question 28

Maria is conducting research to better understand how consumers respond to the atmospherics and environmental cues in restaurants.She develops three different stages to represent the restaurant environments that should be evaluated.Participants are invited to dinner in one of the three "restaurants" and their behaviors are videotaped.Which classification best fits Maria's observation study?

A) Unstructured/ natural
B) Unstructured/laboratory
C) Structured/ natural
D) Structured/ laboratory
E) Direct/ participant

Question 29

Recording the radio station presets on cars brought into car repair shops is an example of _____.

A) linguistic observation
B) trace evidence
C) nonverbal behavior
D) spatial behavior
E) temporal behavior

Question 30

Which term below refers to the error caused by decay in consistency and accuracy on recorded observations over time?

A) Observer drift
B) Groupthink
C) Devil's advocate
D) Halo effect
E) Self-serving bias

Question 31

The most reliable form of observation is _____ observation based on overt action or surface indicators.

A) inferential
B) factual
C) spatial
D) structured
E) trace

Question 32

Jason is conducting research to better understand how consumers respond to the atmosphere and environment in restaurants.He visits several restaurant locations and uses a checklist to record the behaviors he observes in each restaurant.Which classification best fits Jason's observation study?

A) Unstructured/ natural
B) Unstructured/laboratory
C) Structured/ natural
D) Structured/ laboratory
E) Direct/ participant

Question 33

Which of the following qualifications is desirable for individuals working as observers in observation studies?

A) Concentration
B) Unobtrusive
C) Experienced
D) Detail-oriented
E) All of the above

Question 34

The measurement instrument for recording data in an observation study is called a(n)_____.

A) screener
B) observation checklist
C) moderator's guide
D) interview guide
E) pupilometer

Question 35

Jane took on a second-shift as observer in the observation study of restaurant patrons.As she becomes fatigued,_____ is more likely to occur.

A) observer drift
B) groupthink
C) devil's advocate
D) halo effect
E) self-serving bias

Question 36

Henry Associates is observing shoppers in a retail store.The observers record surface events like smiling behavior by customers and conclude that smiling behavior is reflective of satisfaction with the shopping event.This is an example of _____ observation.

A) inferential
B) factual
C) spatial
D) structured
E) trace

Question 37

Observation checklists should have all of the following characteristics except _____.

A) precisely defined categories of behaviors
B) mutually exclusive categories
C) exhaustive categories
D) conditions for observation
E) open-ended questions

Question 38

Which of the following is a limitation of observation as a data collection method?

A) Avoidance of participant filtering and forgetting
B) Use of a natural setting
C) Securing physical, trace evidence
D) Required time and expense
E) Ability to disguise or conceal observation equipment

Question 39

A condition called the _____ creates errors when prior observations influence perceptions of current observations.

A) observer drift
B) groupthink
C) devil's advocate
D) halo effect
E) self-serving bias

Question 40

Which of the following attributes can be identified using factual observation?

A) Salesperson credibility
B) Customer interest
C) Number of customer objections
D) Salesperson enthusiasm
E) Attitude toward the brand

Question 41

An interesting application of _____ compared self-reported beer consumption with the amount of discarded beer containers in the trash.

A) process analysis
B) data mining
C) erosion measures
D) record analysis
E) accretion measures

Question 42

Discuss the strengths and limitations of observation as a data collection method.

Question 43

What are the four dimensions of extralinguistic activity that can be observed? Explain the behaviors common to each dimension.

Question 44

Erosion measures and accretion measures are both types of _____.

A) process analysis
B) data mining
C) reactive measures
D) record analysis
E) unobtrusive measures

Question 45

Research designs are classified as communication or observation by the approach used to gather primary data.Identify five conditions under which observation is an appropriate method for data collection.

Question 46

At the close of business on Black Friday,Macy's store employees examined product displays throughout the store looking for disrupted displays and displays that remained undisturbed.The information is used to determine what items to put on sale early in the holiday shopping season.This is an example of using _____.

A) nonverbal observation
B) physical condition analysis
C) activity analysis
D) record analysis
E) data mining

Question 47

The ability for an observer to extract the most from an observation study is most associated with the observer's level or degree of _____.

A) concentration
B) detail-orientation
C) experience
D) distinctiveness
E) enthusiasm

Question 48

What type of sampling is used to select certain behavioral acts or conditions to record that answer the investigative questions?

A) Time sampling
B) Quota sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Event sampling
E) Snowball sampling

Question 49

The error that occurs when participants alter their true behavior due to the presence of the observer is known as _____.

A) observer drift
B) halo effect
C) social desirability responding
D) self-serving bias
E) reactivity response

Question 50

What characteristics are important to consider when selecting individuals to work as observers in an observation research study?

Question 51

The ability for an observer to remember the key aspects of an experience is most associated with the observer's level or degree of _____.

A) concentration
B) detail-orientation
C) experience
D) distinctiveness
E) enthusiasm

Question 52

The occurrence of errors caused by a halo effect can sometimes be minimized by choosing observers with a low degree of _____.

A) concentration
B) detail-orientation
C) experience
D) distinctiveness
E) enthusiasm

Question 53

Ebony will observe the behaviors of customers in a chain of jewelry stores.Before beginning the observation studies,Ebony decides to observe behaviors in the stores on Wednesdays between 10 a.m.and 12 p.m.and on Saturdays between 2 p.m.and 6 p.m.This selection of time points to observe and record behavior is known as _____.

A) time sampling
B) quota sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) event sampling
E) snowball sampling

Question 54

The ability for an observer to function in a setting with many distractions is most associated with the observer's level or degree of _____.

A) concentration
B) detail-orientation
C) experience
D) distinctiveness
E) enthusiasm

Question 55

The use of _____ is illustrated by the frequency of replacement of carpet in front of museum exhibits as an indicator of exhibit popularity.

A) process analysis
B) data mining
C) erosion measures
D) record analysis
E) accretion measures