Deck 16: Exploring, Displaying, and Examining Data

Question 1

All of the following are contained in a frequency table except _____.

A) lowest value
B) percent
C) count
D) cumulative percent
E) quartile indicators

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Data analysis is _____ when patterns in the collected data guide the data analysis or suggest revisions to the preliminary data analysis plan.

A) confirmatory
B) descriptive
C) exploratory
D) conclusive
E) forensic

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Hypothesis testing is conducting using _____ data analysis techniques.

A) Exploratory
B) Confirmatory
C) Qualitative
D) Quantitative
E) Forensic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A stem-and-leaf display differs from a histogram in that a stem-and-leaf display _____.

A) presents actual data values
B) groups values into intervals
C) represents data using bars or asterisks
D) illustrates each interval with a color for visualization
E) is appropriate for nominal data

Question 5

When will the valid percent figure in a frequency table differ from the percent figure?

A) When the cumulative percent exceeds 100%
B) When there are missing cases
C) When using replacement for missing values
D) When the frequency exceeds 10
E) Valid percent and percent will always be the same

Question 6

Which type of chart uses bars to represent data values such that each value occupies an equal amount of area within the enclosed area?

A) Bar chart
B) Pie chart
C) Histogram
D) Stem-and-leaf display
E) Line chart

Question 7

A tree-type frequency distribution that specifies each data value without equal interval grouping is called a _____.

A) bar chart
B) histogram
C) stem-and-leaf displays
D) pie chart
E) line graph

Question 8

The vertical axis on a histogram indicates the _____.

A) number of observations in each interval
B) midpoint for each interval
C) variable of interest
D) cumulative percent
E) valid percent

Question 9

Consider the following array of values found in a stem-and-leaf display: 5 I 4 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9.Which of the following statements best reflects the meaning of this line?

A) There are nine items in the data set whose first digit is five
B) The numbers in the data set range from 4 to 9
C) The variance in the data set is 5
D) The mean of the data set is 5
E) The values in the display are 95, 85, 75, 65, and 45; 95 appears four times and 85 appears twice

Question 10

Visual representations of data values are consistent with which form of data analysis?

A) Confirmatory
B) Exploratory
C) Conclusive
D) Descriptive
E) Hypothesis-testing

Question 11

Which of the following display choices is most similar to the histogram?

A) Bar chart
B) Pie chart
C) Boxplot
D) Stem-and-leaf display
E) Line graph

Question 12

The horizontal axis on a histogram indicates the _____.

A) number of observations in each interval
B) midpoint for each interval
C) variable of interest
D) cumulative percent
E) valid percent

Question 13

Which type of display represents frequency data as a bar chart,ordered from most to least,overlayed with a line graph denoting the cumulative percentage at each variable level?

A) Stem-and-leaf display
B) Histogram
C) Pareto diagram
D) Pie chart
E) Line graph

Question 14

Data analysis is _____ when the analytical process is guided by classical statistical inference in its use of significance and confidence.

A) confirmatory
B) descriptive
C) exploratory
D) conclusive
E) forensic

Question 15

Considering the various choices for displaying data,which one will include values for which no observations occurred?

A) Pie chart
B) Bar chart
C) Heretical triangle
D) Stem-and-leaf display
E) Boxplot

Question 16

Histograms can be used to display the _____ of a distribution.

A) skewness
B) kurtosis
C) modal pattern
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 17

In a stem-and-leaf display,each piece of information on the stem is called a _____.

A) leaf
B) stem
C) trunk
D) flower
E) root

Question 18

What information is presented in a stem-and-leaf display?

A) Percent
B) Actual values
C) Valid percent
D) Cumulative percent
E) Value labels

Question 19

Which type of graphical depiction of frequency values uses a circle shape divided into triangles such that each triangle represents the frequency value it represents?

A) Histogram
B) Pie chart
C) Line graph
D) Pareto diagram
E) Stem-and-leaf display

Question 20

The primary benefit of exploratory data analysis is its ability to be _____.

A) conclusive
B) exclusive
C) discriminatory
D) flexible
E) inexpensive

Question 21

Which of the following is an appropriate situation for the use of mapping?

A) Identification of competing businesses to identify location for a new store
B) Identification of the geographic location of target segments
C) Plotting the geographic rollout of a new product
D) Plot responses to promotions according to geographic location
E) All of the above

Question 22

The introduction of a third variable in cross-tabulation can result in which of the following possibilities?

A) Refined association between the two original variables
B) No association between the two original variables
C) No change in the initial pattern
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 23

A _____ reduces the detail of the stem-and-leaf display and provides a different visual image of the distribution's location,spread,shape,and tail length.

A) histogram
B) box plot
C) Pareto diagram
D) frequency table
E) geographic map

Question 24

What oversight has occurred in the following example? The price is reduced by 400% because it was $1 and is now just 25 cents.

A) use of too large percentages
B) percentage decreases can not exceed 100%
C) use of too small a base
D) averaging percentages
E) percentages cannot exceed 100%

Question 25

Which of the research questions/hypotheses below is best answered using cross-tabulations?

A) What percentage of men and women prefer brand A over brand B?
B) What percentage of residents shop at the local grocery store?
C) Is brand loyalty related to brand image?
D) What happens to sales when prices drop?
E) Where do most of our consumers live?

Question 26

Measures that are resistant are _____.

A) inappropriate for statistical analysis
B) corrupted with measurement bias
C) based on nominal scales
D) able to resist influence of extreme values
E) sensitive to localized data

Question 27

Outliers are those data points that exceed _____ the interquartile range.

A) +1
B) +1.5
C) +2
D) +2.5
E) +3

Question 28

All of the following are ingredients of box plots except _____.

A) rectangular plot that encompasses 50% of the data values
B) center line marking the median
C) jagged line marking the mean
D) box hinges
E) whiskers that extend from the right and left hinges to the largest and smallest values

Question 29

RFID data refers to data captured using _____.

A) radio frequency identification chips
B) infrared technology
C) global positioning systems
D) mapping
E) optical mark recognition software

Question 30

The _____ is used to test the statistical significance of the observed association in cross-tabulation.

A) contingency coefficient
B) Cramer's V
C) phi coefficient
D) chi-square coefficient
E) Z score

Question 31

Tables should have which of the following characteristics?

A) Rounded numbers for easy comparison
B) Ordered numbers, largest to smallest
C) Percentages to show proportionate relationships
D) Conversion of numbers for a common comparison
E) All of the above are correct

Question 32

All of the following are sources of data that can be used in a Pareto diagram except _____.

A) multiple-choice-single-response scales
B) multiple-choice-multiple-response scales
C) frequency counts of words
D) dichotomous scales
E) none of the above are sources of data used in Pareto diagrams

Question 33

Which of the following statistics is nonresistant?

A) Median
B) Mode
C) Range
D) Quartiles
E) Standard deviation

Question 34

Which of the following best expresses the value of using percentages in data presentation?

A) Allows for relative comparisons
B) Allows for mathematical manipulation of the values
C) Focuses on the count of cases
D) Provides for the calculation of marginals
E) All of the above

Question 35

Which of the following best explains the meaning of the 80/20 rule?

A) 80% of quality defects are caused by 20% of problems
B) An 80% improvement in performance can be expected by eliminating 20% of the causes of poor performance
C) 20% of sales are generated by 80% of customers
D) The benefits of performance increases accrue to 20% of people
E) All of the above are interpretations of the 80/20 rule

Question 36

When are cross-tabulations called contingency tables?

A) Anytime
B) When used for statistical testing
C) When used for display purposes
D) When presented with percentages rather than raw counts
E) When used to present data

Question 37

Which of the following statistics is resistant?

A) Mean
B) Standard deviation
C) Variance
D) Median
E) All of the above

Question 38

Data points that exceed plus 1.5 the interquartile range are called _____.

A) extremists
B) outcasts
C) errors
D) outliers
E) skewed data

Question 39

The purpose of a control variable is to _____.

A) help interpret the relationship between variables
B) control for outliers
C) provide a comparison for the results
D) establish precision
E) all of the above

Question 40

A statistical technique that describes two or more variables simultaneously and results in tables that reflect the joint distribution of two or more variables that have a limited number of categories or distinct values is a(n)_____.

A) t test
B) ANOVA
C) factor analysis
D) cross-tabulation
E) regression

Question 41

Marginals are the totals of row and/or column variables in a:

A) Piechart
B) Barchart
C) Cross-classification (cross-tabulation) table
D) Frequency table.

Question 42

The data partitioning procedure that can search up to 300 variables for the single best predictor of a dependent variable is called _____.

A) cross-tabulation
B) regression
C) automatic interaction detection
D) data mining
E) factor analysis

Question 43

What can a researcher determine through the use of cross-tabulations?

Question 44

Which of the following is a barchart arranged in increasing order by size?

A) Control chart
B) Simple bar chart
C) Pareto diagram
D) Histogram

Question 45

Cross-tabulations with more than two variables are called _____ tables.

A) multivariate
B) n-way
C) kth
D) CHAID
E) nested

Question 46

Z scores

A) Convey distance in units of a ratio of the mean.
B) Convey distance in covariation units.
C) Are useful to make comparisons among variables from different scales.
D) All the above.

Question 47

Boxplots are said to incorporate resistant statistics because:

A) They are constructed with a five-number summary.
B) Do not contain weak measures of central tendency like the median.
C) Are based on a new type of dispersion statistics.
D) Use whiskers to represent quartiles.

Question 48

Suppose you cross tabulate consumption rates with income and find no apparent relationship.When age is introduced you find that there is a relationship between consumption and income within age groups.This is an example of a(n)________ variable at work.

A) Antecedent
B) Component
C) Extraneous
D) Intervening
E) Suppresser

Question 49

Explain how to develop a stem-and-leaf display.

Question 50

A _____ arrays category codes from lowest value to highest value with columns for count,percent,valid percent,and cumulative percent.

A) boxplot
B) histogram
C) stem-and-leaf diagram
D) Pareto diagram
E) frequency table

Question 51

What advantages do stem-and-leaf displays provide over histograms?

Question 52

Reexpression of data on a new scale is called

A) resistant statistics
B) nonresistant statistics
C) transformation
D) cross-tabulation
E) none of the above

Question 53

Explain why percentage decreases can never exceed 100%.

Question 54

Which of the following is most appropriately displayed with a frequency table?

A) What percentage of people prefer Hunt's brand ketchup
B) What is the relationship between gender and brand preference
C) How much explanatory value comes from the study's variables
D) Where do the most valuable customers live
E) Is advertising more effective in newspapers or magazines