Deck 4: Learning and Transfer of Training

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true of training?

A) Recognizing employees' preferences regarding how they want to learn is not advisable in training.
B) It is important to realize that for training to be effective, both learning and transfer of training are needed.
C) Transfer of training is to be considered only after the completion of training.
D) Transfer of training involves having employees who already have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainees.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following creates a learning orientation in trainees?

A) Emphasizing trained task performance.
B) Emphasizing competition among trainees.
C) Ensuring trainees completely avoid errors and mistakes.
D) Allowing trainees to experiment with new knowledge and skills.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The training implication of _____ theory includes a trainer identifying the outcomes that a learner considers most positive or negative.

A) information processing
B) identical elements
C) reinforcement
D) David McClelland's need

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In expectancy theory,a belief that performing a given behavior is associated with a particular outcome is called _____.

A) valence
B) instrumentality
C) maintenance
D) generalizing

Question 5

According to the _____,transfer will be maximized to the degree that the tasks,materials,equipment,and other characteristics of the learning environment are similar to those encountered in the work environment.

A) theory of identical elements
B) stimulus generalization approach
C) cognitive theory of transfer
D) information processing theory

Question 6

_____ relates to the learner's decision regarding what information to attend to,how to remember,and how to solve problems.

A) Cognitive strategy
B) Motor skill
C) Attitude
D) Verbal information

Question 7

Which of the following examples best reflects attitude as a learning outcome?

A) State three reasons for following company safety procedures.
B) Design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements.
C) Choose to respond to all incoming mail within 24 hours.
D) Shoot a gun and consistently hit a small moving target.

Question 8

In the learning processes,semantic encoding typically involves:

A) informing learners of the lesson objective.
B) providing learning guidance to the learners.
C) providing learners cues that are used in recall.
D) providing feedback about performance correctness.

Question 9

_____ is a learning process that involves identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance.

A) Generalizing
B) Semantic encoding
C) Retrieval
D) Gratifying

Question 10

Good decisiveness,practical application of ideas,and hypothetical deductive reasoning are learning characteristics of individuals in the _____ learning style.

A) converger
B) diverger
C) assimilator
D) accommodator

Question 11

Which of the following types of learning outcome is reflected through the ability to design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements?

A) Cognitive strategies
B) Attitudes
C) Intellectual skills
D) Motor skills

Question 12

According to the _____ theory,models' behavior or skill that is rewarded is adopted by an observer.

A) information processing
B) social learning
C) expectancy
D) goal setting

Question 13

Kenneth,an operations manager has been assigned to train a group of older employees in the logistics department.He has to train them to use the new computer software which was installed recently.He does so by reminding them that they were quick in learning to use the previous software.Kenneth is typically trying to _____.

A) increase the employees' self-efficacy
B) deter expectancies of the employees
C) create motor reproduction
D) raise the valence of the behavior

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true of closed skills?

A) They require the trainee to adapt the general principles to fit a wide range of circumstances.
B) They refer to training objectives that are linked to general learning principles.
C) They refer to training objectives that are linked to learning specific skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on their job.
D) They are more difficult to train than open skills.

Question 15

Behavior modification is a training method that is primarily based on _____.

A) goal setting theory
B) information processing theory
C) expectancy theory
D) reinforcement theory

Question 16

_____ is a person's judgment about whether he or she can successfully learn knowledge and skills.

A) Self-efficacy
B) Self-actualization
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-concept

Question 17

Intellectual skill as a learning outcome primarily includes the capability to:

A) state or describe previously stored information.
B) apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve complex problems.
C) execute a physical action with precision and timing.
D) choose a personal course of action.

Question 18

Logical verification to increase self-efficacy typically involves:

A) perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered.
B) trying out the observed behaviors to see if they result in the same reinforcement that a model received.
C) motivating trainees by having employees who have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainees.
D) determining the degree of support and negative consequences in the work setting for using newly acquired capabilities.

Question 19

The learning cycle for a trainee begins with a(n)_____.

A) reflective observation
B) concrete experience
C) abstract conceptualization
D) active experimentation

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of organizing as a learning strategy?

A) It focuses on memorization of training content.
B) It focuses on learning through repetition of training content.
C) It requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material.
D) It requires the trainee to relate the training material to other, more familiar knowledge, skills, or behaviors.

Question 21

_____ refers to the learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning.

A) Automatization
B) Self-regulation
C) Elaboration
D) Generalization

Question 22

Identical elements theory does not encourage transfer where the learning environment and the training environment are not necessarily identical.

Question 23

Lapses that inhibit transfer of training typically take place when trainees:

A) use previously learned, less effective capabilities instead of applying the capabilities emphasized in the training program.
B) make performance of a task, recall of knowledge, or demonstration of a skill so automatic that it requires little thought or attention.
C) complete practice exercises at one time within a lesson or class rather than distributing the exercises within the lesson.
D) identify learned material in long-term memory and use it to influence performance.

Question 24

Learner-learner interaction is most appropriate when learners have to:

A) master a task that is completed alone.
B) maximize their critical thinking and analysis skills.
C) acquire personal knowledge based on experience.
D) enhance their self-awareness and self-assessment.

Question 25

Individuals with a learning orientation find that errors and mistakes cause anxiety and thus want to avoid them.

Question 26

Developing a computer program that meets customer specifications is an example of an intellectual skills learning outcome.

Question 27

Recognizing that employees have preferences regarding how they want to learn is a good practice in training.

Question 28

Instruction refers to the trainer's manipulation of the environment in order to help trainees learn.

Question 29

In learning,it is best to include a combination of examples and practice,rather than all practice.

Question 30

The objective of training should not describe performance that cannot be observed,such as "understand" or "know."

Question 31

Feedback from trainers and coaches deters training.

Question 32

Expectancy is similar to self-efficacy.

Question 33

The stimulus generalization approach emphasizes near transfer of training.

Question 34

_____ refers to individual control over one's thinking.

A) Modeling
B) Instrumentality
C) Valence
D) Metacognition

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of the internal conditions necessary for learning outcomes?

A) Providing trainees opportunities to practice new skills.
B) Strong message provided to trainees from credible source.
C) Verbal description of strategy.
D) Recall of prerequisites, similar tasks, and strategies.

Question 36

The working storage and semantic encoding processes of learning both relate to short-term memory.

Question 37

Open skills refer to training objectives that are linked to learning specific skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on their job.

Question 38

The adult learning theory assumes that adults enter a learning experience with a subject-centered approach instead of problem-centered approach to learning.

Question 39

Which of the following is a disadvantage of communities of practice (COPs)?

A) Employees are reluctant to participate without an incentive and fear sharing their knowledge with others.
B) They are not naturally occurring in companies; hence, they have to be forced.
C) Social interaction is discouraged; hence, learning occurs off the job.
D) They make it tedious for employees to share best practices, learn from one another, and improve business processes.

Question 40

Most educational theories have been developed exclusively to educate children and youths.

Question 41

List some useful techniques for convincing trainees that the training program content is meaningful.

Question 42

Closed skills include prescribed behaviors that are highly influenced by managers,peers,and the work environment.

Question 43

Learning will occur if employees practice only by talking about what they are expected to do.

Question 44

What are communities of practice (COPs)? What are its drawbacks?

Question 45

What is error management training?

Question 46

Less specific feedback provide trainees with better opportunities to learn compared to highly specific feedback.

Question 47

In error management training,trainees are instructed that errors hamper learning and hence they must be completely avoided.

Question 48

What does training administration involve?

Question 49

For more complex tasks,relatively long rest periods appear to be beneficial for task learning.

Question 50

What are the underlying assumptions of Knowles's adult learning theory?

Question 51

Automatization of tasks increases memory demands.