Deck 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is:

A) holding a permanent, full-time job.
B) moving into one's own home.
C) getting married.
D) having a child.

Answer 1

holding a permanent, full-time job.

Question 2

Which of the following athletes would be most likely to peak earliest?

A) Golfer
B) Swimmer
C) Marathon runner
D) Baseball player

Answer 2

Swimmer

Question 3

An analysis was conducted with its focus on individuals who were still showing maladaptive patterns in emerging adulthood but had become more organized by the time they were in the late twenties and early thirties. Identify the characteristic that is shared by these "late bloomers."

A) Increased religiosity
B) Support from their children
C) Showing a willingness to relinquish autonomy
D) Being planful

Answer 3

Being planful

Question 4

Most swimmers and gymnasts peak in their:

A) early thirties.
B) mid-twenties.
C) late twenties.
D) late teens.

Question 5

Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around the age of _____.

A) 25
B) 30
C) 40
D) 20

Question 6

All of the following are key features identified by Jeffrey Arnett as characterizing emerging adulthood EXCEPT:

A) stability.
B) identity exploration.
C) being self-focused.
D) feeling "in-between."

Question 7

In developing countries, a significant marker of entry into adulthood is:

A) holding a permanent, full-time job.
B) moving into one's own home.
C) getting married.
D) having a child.

Question 8

James, an American, will most likely consider himself an adult when he _____, whereas Nirmal, an Indian, will most likely consider himself an adult when he _____.

A) moves out of the house; graduates from college
B) gets a full-time job; gets married
C) turns 21; becomes financially independent
D) gets married; buys his first home

Question 9

Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college?

A) Decreased focus on achievement and its assessment
B) Opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values
C) Reduced peer pressure
D) Movement to a smaller, more personal school structure

Question 10

Most of us reach our peak physical performance:

A) before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.
B) often between the ages of 15 and 22
C) before the age of 20.
D) before the age of 22, often between the ages of 14 and 19.

Question 11

The lessening of physical abilities is a common complaint among:

A) the just-turned thirties.
B) the just-turned twenties.
C) adolescents.
D) the teens.

Question 12

Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress, so does the transition from high school to college. The two transitions have many parallels. Which of the following is one of them?

A) Movement to a more personal school structure
B) Increased parental monitoring
C) The top-dog phenomenon
D) Decreased interaction with peers

Question 13

In one study, both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and _____ are important aspects of becoming an adult.

A) physical maturity
B) spiritual maturity
C) developing emotional control
D) community service

Question 14

According to an analysis focusing on individuals who were still showing maladaptive patterns in emerging adulthood but had gotten their lives together by the time they were in the late twenties and early thirties, which of the following is a characteristic shared by these "late bloomers"?

A) Support by adults
B) Support from their children
C) Engaging in impulsive decision making
D) Increased spiritualism

Question 15

"Many emerging adults are optimistic about their future, and, for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to direct their lives in a more positive direction." These are the two ways described by Jeffrey Arnett in which emerging adulthood can be viewed as:

A) a period of stability.
B) the period of social responsibilities.
C) the age of possibilities.
D) a time of feeling "in-between."

Question 16

The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately _____ years of age.

A) 12 to 18
B) 18 to 25
C) 21 to 26
D) 20 to 30

Question 17

A longitudinal study found that at 25 years of age, _____ of the participants were fully financially independent of their family of origin.

A) very few
B) a little more than half
C) most
D) all

Question 18

An analysis was conducted with its focus on individuals who, after experiencing difficulties while growing up, were still showing maladaptive patterns in emerging adulthood. However, they had become more organized by the time they were in the late twenties and early thirties. Which of the following is a characteristic shared by these "late bloomers"?

A) Increased religiosity
B) Support from their children
C) Showing positive aspects of autonomy
D) Peer pressure

Question 19

For many individuals in developed countries, going from high school to college is an important aspect of:

A) the transition to adulthood.
B) the transition to adolescence.
C) identity confusion.
D) postconventional thought.

Question 20

In non-industrialized countries, marriage, the marker for entry into adulthood, usually occurs _____ it occurs in the United States.

A) much earlier than
B) much later than
C) around the same time as
D) soon after than

Question 21

According to a recent study, college students from low-SES backgrounds _____ when compared to their higher-SES counterparts.

A) engaged in higher levels of physical activity
B) showed unhealthy weight control
C) ate more fruits and vegetables
D) ate less fast food

Question 22

According to a recent international comparison of 33 developed countries, which of the following countries was found to have the highest percentage of obese adults?

A) The United States
B) Italy
C) Norway
D) Japan

Question 23

The mortality rate of emerging adults is _____ the mortality rate of adolescents.

A) about the same as
B) about half
C) more than twice
D) marginally higher than

Question 24

Brian was of average weight throughout childhood and in college. However, he has gained more than 30 pounds after he started working, and is now finding it very difficult to lose the excess weight and to maintain weight loss. His doctor tells him that one of the reasons for this may be because:

A) the set point he was born with cannot be changed.
B) he may not be able to get rid of the fat cells he gained when he put on weight.
C) there is a lower availability of energy-saving devices.
D) the human genome has changed markedly in the last century.

Question 25

Rhett is looking for the most effective way to lose his excess weight and to keep it off. You would tell him that the most effective weight-loss programs invariably include:

A) a calorie-reducing diet.
B) daily weigh-ins.
C) exercise.
D) counseling.

Question 26

Sustained exercises such as jogging, swimming, or cycling that stimulate heart and lung activity are known as:

A) calisthenics.
B) strength training.
C) flexibility exercises.
D) aerobic exercises.

Question 27

A recent study revealed that college students from low-SES backgrounds _____ than their higher-SES counterparts.

A) ate less fast food
B) ate more fruits and vegetables
C) controlled their weight better
D) engaged in lower levels of physical activity

Question 28

According to research, which of the following is an effective method of losing weight?

A) Diet-plus-exercise programs
B) Diet-only programs
C) Diet pills
D) High protein diets

Question 29

The National Weight Control Registry is an ongoing examination of individuals who have lost 30 pounds and kept it off for at least one year. One of the most consistent findings is that these successful dieters engage in:

A) meditation.
B) a high level of physical activity.
C) constant dieting.
D) a moderate to high level of alcohol consumption.

Question 30

One study explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals 17 to 30 years of age in 21 countries. The young adults' life satisfaction was NOT found to be positively related to _____.

A) alcohol consumption
B) limiting fat intake
C) using sun protection
D) eating fruits

Question 31

A recent study of college students from low-SES backgrounds and high-SES backgrounds showed that college students from low-SES backgrounds _____ than their higher-SES counterparts.

A) ate more fast food and less fruits/vegetables
B) showed healthy weight control
C) engaged in higher levels of physical activity
D) had a more balanced diet

Question 32

Emerging adults have _____ chronic health problems, and they have _____ colds and respiratory problems than when they were children.

A) few; fewer
B) several; far more
C) many; fewer
D) hardly any; significantly higher

Question 33

A recent analysis predicted that _____ percent of U.S. adults will be obese in 2030.

A) 10
B) 42
C) 33
D) 50

Question 34

Identify the time when hearing peaks.

A) Infancy
B) Middle adulthood
C) Early adulthood
D) Adolescence

Question 35

A recent national survey found that _____ percent of U.S. 20- to 39-year-olds were obese.

A) 19
B) 45
C) 27
D) 10

Question 36

Emerging adults fail to develop health-promoting habits because they:

A) believe that good genes will override any unhealthy behaviors.
B) lack knowledge about which behaviors are healthy and unhealthy.
C) are reluctant to be seen as health-conscious.
D) do not think about how their lifestyle will affect them later in life.

Question 37

A longitudinal study revealed that most bad health habits engaged in during adolescence _____ in emerging adulthood.

A) receded
B) did not continue
C) remained unchanged
D) increased

Question 38

Obesity is linked to increased risk of:

A) cancer.
B) Turner syndrome.
C) cardiovascular disease.
D) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Question 39

One study explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals 17 to 30 years of age in 21 countries. Which of the following has NOT been found to be positively related to young adults' life satisfaction?

A) Not smoking
B) Exercising regularly
C) Fiber intake
D) Using sun protection

Question 40

Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk of:

A) cancer.
B) Down syndrome.
C) anemia.
D) hypertension.

Question 41

Emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are:

A) in exclusive relationships and married.
B) abstaining from sex and unmarried
C) sexually active and unmarried.
D) sexually active and married.

Question 42

Ramona is a college student who is most likely to exercise because she is concerned with:

A) the competition.
B) the challenge.
C) gaining strength.
D) looking good.

Question 43

By the end of emerging adulthood (age 25), _____ individuals have had sexual intercourse.

A) about 60 percent
B) about half of the
C) most
D) more than a quarter of

Question 44

According to a longitudinal study by Jerald Bachman and his colleagues, by the time individuals reach their mid-twenties, _____ their use of alcohol and drugs.

A) many would have reduced
B) most would have increased
C) almost all would have ceased
D) most would have been addicted to

Question 45

A recent study of college students revealed that females' motivation to exercise focused more on:

A) improving strength.
B) competition.
C) weight management.
D) challenge.

Question 46

According to psychologist Laura Brown, how can lesbians and gay males adapt to a world in which they are a minority?

A) By isolating themselves from the majority heterosexual culture
B) By balancing the demands of the minority lesbian/gay male culture and the majority heterosexual culture
C) By accepting the dictates and bias of the majority heterosexual culture
D) By maintaining a distance from both the majority heterosexual culture and the minority lesbian/gay male culture

Question 47

Which of the following is the average age of marriage for males in the United States?

A) 30
B) 28
C) 26
D) 25

Question 48

Results from the "Sex in America" survey suggest that adult sexual behavior is ruled by _____ and _____ for most Americans.

A) abstinence; marriage
B) kinkiness; infidelity
C) marriage; monogamy
D) noncohabitation; polygamy

Question 49

A recent study of college students revealed that males' motivation to exercise involved _____.

A) strength
B) appearance
C) weight management
D) camaraderie.

Question 50

The critical-period hypothesis could explain:

A) why homosexuals seem to be aroused by the same types of tactile stimulation as heterosexuals.
B) how sexual orientation is mostly a product of culture and life experiences.
C) why some clinicians consider homosexuality the product of an abnormality of the brain.
D) why sexual orientation is difficult, if not impossible, to modify.

Question 51

At a party, Mike has 12 drinks in a row. This is characterized as _____.

A) binge eating
B) binge drinking
C) pregaming
D) extreme binge drinking

Question 52

According to the Institute of Social Research, which of the following describes extreme binge drinking?

A) About eight drinks a week
B) About five drinks a week
C) Ten or more drinks in a row
D) Six to eight drinks in a row

Question 53

Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is considered true today?

A) Most individuals have a bisexual orientation.
B) Sexual orientation is an either/or proposition where individuals are either heterosexual or homosexual.
C) Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.
D) Individuals of different sexual orientation have different physiological responses during sexual arousal.

Question 54

In 1994, Robert Michael and his colleagues conducted a comprehensive survey of American sexual patterns. Results from this "Sex in America" survey suggested that Americans' sexual lives are _____ than previously believed.

A) more conservative
B) less conservative
C) more active
D) less active

Question 55

Which of the following is included in the patterns of heterosexual behavior for males and females in emerging adulthood?

A) Emerging adults are less likely than young adults to have had sexual intercourse with two or more individuals.
B) Males report being more selective about their sexual partners than females.
C) Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in young adulthood.
D) Emerging adults have sex more frequently than young adults.

Question 56

Binge drinking peaks at about:

A) 16 to 18 years of age.
B) 21 to 22 years of age.
C) 17 to 19 years of age.
D) 24 to 26 years of age.

Question 57

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a key finding from the 1994 "Sex in America" survey?

A) Most Americans have sex twice a week or more.
B) Married and cohabiting couples have sex more often than noncohabiting couples.
C) Most Americans reported enjoying kinky sexual acts.
D) Women think about sex far more than men do.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about the benefits of exercise is true?

A) About 50 percent of adults get the recommended levels of physical activity.
B) Exercise can be as effective in reducing depression as psychotherapy.
C) Only intense physical activities will produce important physical gains.
D) Exercise has little impact on self-concept and in reducing anxiety.

Question 59

Marie is reluctant to marry since she is worried that her husband might cheat on her. You would tell her that adultery is:

A) widespread in the U.S.
B) a problem in almost half the marriages in the U.S.
C) clearly the exception rather than the rule.
D) a problem most married couples in the U.S. have faced at some point or the other.

Question 60

_____ refers to drinking alcohol before going out.

A) Binge eating
B) Binge drinking
C) Pregaming
D) Extreme binge drinking

Question 61

Condoms are less effective against the spread of _____.

A) syphilis
B) herpes
C) chlamydia
D) gonorrhea

Question 62

According to Jean Piaget, which of the following characterizes the thinking of 7- to 11-year-olds?

A) Preoperational thinking
B) Formal operational thinking
C) Concrete operational thinking
D) Sensorimotor thinking

Question 63

Which of the following is true of rape?

A) Men in prisons are vulnerable to rape, usually by homosexual males.
B) Men and women are equally likely to be victims of rape.
C) A lower level of men's sexual narcissism was linked to a greater likelihood that they would engage in sexual aggression.
D) Rapes are underreported.

Question 64

Researchers have found that male rapists share the following characteristics: aggression enhances their sense of power or masculinity; they are angry at women in general; and _____.

A) they have an overwhelming need for sex.
B) they want to hurt and humiliate their victims.
C) they believe that the victim was not hurt by the rape.
D) they are generally physically strong men.

Question 65

Gina's boyfriend forced her to have sexual intercourse with him during their last date. Gina has encountered:

A) marital rape.
B) date or acquaintance rape.
C) sexual harassment.
D) sexual coercion, not amounting to rape.

Question 66

In one survey, _____ of female college freshman women report having been date raped or having experienced an attempted date rape at least once.

A) a quarter
B) about a third
C) two-thirds
D) about 1 in 10

Question 67

In a recent survey of 2,000 college women, almost one-third said that the sexual harassment was _____ in nature.

A) unimportant
B) mild
C) mental
D) physical

Question 68

Before Jane has sex with her boyfriend, she asks if he has tested positive for HIV and also requires that he use a condom. Given our knowledge of HIV and the sexual behavior and attitudes of most adults, we can conclude that Jane's practice is:

A) safe.
B) not safe, because condoms do not provide protection from HIV.
C) not completely safe, because condoms can fail and many people lie to have sex.
D) not safe, because she could still contract HIV from casual contact with her boyfriend before sex.

Question 69

Sexual harassment is a manifestation of:

A) genuine attraction toward the victim.
B) appropriate sexual contact between two individuals.
C) power of one person over another.
D) forced, nonconsensual sexual intercourse.

Question 70

According to Jean Piaget, at approximately 11 to 15 years of age, adolescents enter the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A) formal operational
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor

Question 71

Which of the following is one of the best predictors of getting an STI?

A) Having multiple sexual partners
B) Being in a committed monogamous relationship
C) Engaging in sexual activity with same-sex partners
D) Using barrier methods of contraception

Question 72

A number of college and universities describe the "red zone" as a period of time _____ of college when women are at especially high risk for unwanted sexual experiences.

A) early in the first year
B) late in the last year
C) around the second year
D) in the second and third year

Question 73

In a recent survey of 2,000 college women, _____ reported that they had experienced sexual harassment while attending college.

A) a majority
B) less than half
C) about one-third
D) almost all

Question 74

Which of the following is a form of sexual harassment?

A) Coercive sexual activity
B) Inappropriate sexual remarks
C) Physical, non-sexual assault
D) Consensual flirtation

Question 75

Which of the following is a form of sexual harassment?

A) Coercive sexual activity
B) Physical, non-sexual assault
C) Blatant propositions
D) Consensual flirtation

Question 76

A recent study revealed that a higher level of men's sexual narcissism was linked to a greater likelihood that they would engage in _____.

A) sexual aggression
B) homosexual acts
C) incest
D) sexual exploration

Question 77

According to Piaget, which of the following is the final stage of cognitive development?

A) Sensorimotor stage
B) Concrete operational stage
C) Formal operational stage
D) Preoperational stage

Question 78

About _____ of college men admit that they fondle women against their will, and half admit to forcing sexual activity.

A) a quarter
B) one-tenth
C) two-thirds
D) half

Question 79

In a recent survey of 2,000 college women, most of the college women said that the sexual harassment involved:

A) noncontact forms such as crude jokes, remarks, and gestures.
B) contract forms such as inappropriate touching.
C) consensual activity.
D) physical violence.

Question 80

Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system. Manny most likely has _____.

A) AIDS
B) herpes
C) syphilis
D) gonorrhea