Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

One in every _____ children in the United States develops cancer before the age of 19.

A) 75
B) 130
C) 250
D) 330

Answer 1

330

Question 2

Children with cancer:

A) are rarer today than in the 1960s.
B) are dying earlier today than in the 1960s.
C) are surviving longer today than in the past.
D) are yet to receive the benefits of advancements in cancer treatment.

Answer 2

are surviving longer today than in the past.

Question 3

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper, something she could not do at age 3. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

A) Cortical thickening in the temporal lobe
B) Increased myelination of the central nervous system
C) Increased bone ossification
D) Increased muscle development

Answer 3

Increased myelination of the central nervous system

Question 4

A learning disability:

A) is primarily the result of environmental disadvantage.
B) is primarily the result of mental retardation.
C) is mainly due to cultural or economic disadvantage.
D) is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.

Question 5

Lillette, 9, has been diagnosed with _____, a cancer in which the bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells, which crowd out normal cells, making her susceptible to bruising and infection.

A) neuroblastoma
B) lymphosarcoma
C) leukemia
D) clear cell sarcoma

Question 6

Which of the following is the second leading cause of death in U.S. children 5 to 14 years of age?

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Cancer
C) Motor vehicle accidents
D) Drowning

Question 7

_____ children with a learning disability have a reading problem.

A) Few
B) No
C) Most
D) All

Question 8

About _____ as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability.

A) twice
B) three times
C) half
D) one-third

Question 9

Sabeen has a severe impairment in reading and spelling ability. Identify the condition that Sabeen has.

A) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) Dysgraphia
C) Dyslexia
D) Dyscalculia

Question 10

Improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is a reflection of:

A) increased myelination of the central nervous system.
B) advances in the prefrontal cortex.
C) an increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine.
D) a simultaneous process where axons in the brain die off, while dendrites in the brain grow and branch out.

Question 11

In 2009-2010, _____ percent of U.S. 6- to 11-year-olds were classified as obese.

A) 12
B) 30
C) 25
D) 18

Question 12

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of _____ inches a year.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 5 to 7
D) 7 to 10

Question 13

_____ are characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells.

A) Blood and bone cancers
B) All child cancers
C) Skin and bone cancers
D) Skin and blood cancers

Question 14

Which type of cancer is most prevalent in children?

A) Leukemia
B) Lung cancer
C) Brain cancer d, Skin cancer

Question 15

One of the explanations for the gender difference in the identification of learning disabilities is that:

A) boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities.
B) girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment.
C) girls' education is given priority in schools and homes.
D) learning disability is more difficult to detect in boys.

Question 16

During elementary school years, head circumference and waist circumference:

A) increase in relation to body height.
B) decrease in relation to body weight.
C) increase in relation to body weight.
D) decrease in relation to body height.

Question 17

Which was the largest group of students with a disability to be served by federal programs and receive special education in the 2008-2009 school year?

A) Students with a learning disability
B) Students with speech or language impairments
C) Students with intellectual disability
D) Emotionally disturbed students

Question 18

The incidence of cancer in children has _____ in recent years.

A) been linked to obesity
B) increased dramatically
C) slightly increased
D) decreased dramatically

Question 19

On average, children gain _____ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 5 to 7
D) 7 to 10

Question 20

Of all children from 3 to 21 years of age in the United States, _____ percent received special education or related services in 2008-2009

A) 5
B) 14
C) 20
D) 32

Question 21

_____ is a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships.

A) Asperger syndrome
B) ADHD
C) Autistic disorder
D) ICF syndrome

Question 22

The most recent estimate is that _____ children had an autism spectrum disorder in 2008.

A) 1 in 88
B) 1 in 2,500
C) 1 in 1,000
D) 1 in 150

Question 23

Jared, 3, was taken to the doctor by his parents who were concerned by his seeming lack of attachment to those around him. Jared hardly spoke at all and spent all day preoccupied with bouncing his ball off a wall. After a thorough investigation, his pediatrician diagnosed him with _____.

A) Asperger syndrome
B) ADHD
C) autistic disorder
D) ICF syndrome

Question 24

What causes the autism spectrum disorders?

A) Improper family socialization
B) A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters
C) Damage to the prefrontal cortex of the brain
D) Childhood immunizations

Question 25

Which of the following has been found to be better at improving the behavior of children with ADHD in most cases?

A) A combination of stimulant medication and sedatives
B) Primarily stimulant medication
C) Primarily behavior management
D) A combination of stimulant medication and behavior management

Question 26

Research indicates that it is unlikely learning disabilities:

A) reside in a single, specific brain location.
B) are due to problems in integrating information from multiple brain regions.
C) are a result of subtle difficulties in brain structures.
D) are a result of subtle difficulties in brain functions.

Question 27

Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving:

A) math ability.
B) right and left brain functioning.
C) writing skills.
D) reading ability.

Question 28

A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs _____ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD.

A) in adulthood
B) in infancy
C) three years later
D) two years earlier

Question 29

Terrence has a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation. This disability is also known as a developmental arithmetic disorder. Identify Terrence's condition.

A) ADHD
B) Dysgraphia
C) Dyslexia
D) Dyscalculia

Question 30

Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with _____.

A) ADHD
B) OCD
C) PTSD
D) EMDR

Question 31

Marshall writes very slowly and his handwriting is virtually illegible. He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match up sounds and letters. Which of the following conditions does Marshall suffer from?

A) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) Dysgraphia
C) Dyslexia
D) Dyscalculia

Question 32

The number of children diagnosed and treated for ADHD has _____ in recent decades.

A) increased marginally
B) increased substantially
C) decreased marginally
D) decreased substantially

Question 33

Boys are estimated to be _____ more likely to have autism spectrum disorders than girls are.

A) two to three times
B) marginally
C) twice
D) five times

Question 34

Samuel, 8, has difficulty in math computation. His physician diagnosed him as suffering from a learning disability called _____, or developmental arithmetic disorder.

A) dyscalculia
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) ADHD

Question 35

_____ is a severe developmental disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior.

A) Asperger syndrome
B) ADHD
C) Autistic disorder
D) ICF syndrome

Question 36

A number of causes for ADHD have been proposed, including:

A) high birth weight.
B) poor discipline at home.
C) verbal and physical abuse during childhood.
D) cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development.

Question 37

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that:

A) all students with disabilities be brought into mainstream schools.
B) parents of children with disabilities provide home-schooling for their children.
C) all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.
D) a standard curriculum be provided for students with and without disabilities.

Question 38

_____ is a disability in which children consistently show one or more of these characteristics over a period of time: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

A) ADHD
B) OCD
C) PTSD
D) EMDR

Question 39

Sandra, 9, was always behind in class because she could only write very slowly, and even then her painstaking efforts would be virtually illegible and riddled with spelling mistakes. Her teacher referred her to a psychologist who diagnosed her with a learning disability called:

A) ADHD.
B) dysgraphia.
C) dyslexia.
D) dyscalculia.

Question 40

ADHD occurs _____ more frequently in boys than in girls.

A) two to three times
B) four to nine times
C) ten times
D) marginally

Question 41

_____ thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

A) Convergent
B) Creative
C) Divergent
D) Abstract

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT an effective memory strategy?

A) Encourage elaboration, or more extensive processing
B) Encourage the use of mental imagery
C) Encourage memorization rather than understanding of information
D) Repeat with variation often and link information early

Question 43

With regard to the cognitive development theory, Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately _____ years of age.

A) 3 to 5
B) 5 to 7
C) 7 to 11
D) 10 to 13

Question 44

Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer then B and B is longer than C, then A is longer then C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is _____.

A) seriation
B) transitivity
C) transduction
D) classification

Question 45

At some point during the early elementary school years, children begin to use _____ more and, according to the fuzzy trace theory, this contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children.

A) verbatim traces
B) elaboration
C) verbal traces
D) gist

Question 46

Sadie has a learning disability and is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible. This means that Sadie:

A) is given great freedom and few rules.
B) is placed in as regular a classroom as possible.
C) has significant input into developing her educational goals.
D) spends part of her time in a regular classroom and part of her time in a special education classroom.

Question 47

If the word "win" is on a list of words a child is asked to remember, the child might think of the last time he won a pony race with a friend. This is an example of _____.

A) rehearsal
B) organization
C) inclusion
D) elaboration

Question 48

_____ develop(s) more rapidly during early childhood, and _____ develop(s) more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

A) Long-term memory; short-term memory
B) Short-term memory; long-term memory
C) Knowledge; expertise
D) Expertise; knowledge

Question 49

The _____ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

A) ideal learning environment (ILE)
B) special learning environment (SLE)
C) least discriminating environment (LDE)
D) least restrictive environment (LRE)

Question 50

Jacob is a third-grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day. Recently Jacob has been moved to the regular third-grade classroom. Jacob has just experienced _____.

A) transformation
B) transition
C) seriation
D) inclusion

Question 51

Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?

A) Avoid repetition of the same instructional information.
B) Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children.
C) Motivate children to remember material by memorizing it.
D) Discourage children from engaging in mental imagery.

Question 52

Emily has the ability to think about things in novel and unusual ways; this allows her to come up with unique solutions to problems. This ability is called _____.

A) logical thinking
B) analytical thinking
C) critical thinking
D) creative thinking

Question 53

The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called:

A) divergent thinking.
B) convergent thinking.
C) expressive thinking.
D) productive thinking.

Question 54

Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called _____.

A) centration
B) seriation
C) reversibility
D) classification

Question 55

Compared with novices, experts have:

A) better overall memory regardless of their area of expertise.
B) acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area.
C) less experiences in their area of expertise.
D) higher levels of motivation.

Question 56

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child MOST likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

A) Sensorimotor stage
B) Preoperational stage
C) Formal operational stage
D) Concrete operational stage

Question 57

Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of _____, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension.

A) centration
B) seriation
C) reversibility
D) classification

Question 58

Voletta thinks reflectively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence. This means that she is engaging in:

A) critical thinking.
B) metacognition.
C) cognitive monitoring.
D) control processes.

Question 59

A(n) _____ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with a disability.

A) tailored education plan (TEP)
B) individualized education plan (IEP)
C) exclusive education plan (EEP)
D) disabilities education plan (DEP)

Question 60

According to the fuzzy trace theory, the _____ consists of the precise details of the information.

A) gist
B) verbatim memory trace
C) fuzzy trace
D) mental imagery

Question 61

The _____ not only provide an overall IQ score, but they also yield several composite indexes that allow the examiner to quickly determine the areas in which the child is strong or weak.

A) Wechsler scales
B) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales
C) Stanford-Binet tests
D) Apgar Scales

Question 62

Amber is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Her mental age is determined to be 14 and her chronological age is 10. Which of the following can be said about Amber?

A) Her IQ score is 86.
B) Her IQ score is about average.
C) Her IQ score is below the majority of the population.
D) Her IQ score is above the majority of the population.

Question 63

Knowledge about memory is known as:

A) metamemory.
B) working memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) metadata.

Question 64

Megan, 8, has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday." Megan is exhibiting her:

A) brainstorming ability.
B) creative thinking.
C) metamemory.
D) metadata.

Question 65

_____ involves knowing about knowing.

A) Cognition
B) Brainstorming
C) Metacognition
D) Metadata

Question 66

A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100 would indicate that person's:

A) emotional quotient.
B) intelligence quotient.
C) level of mental development relative to others.
D) cognitive maturity.

Question 67

Sergio's mental age is 8, but his chronological age is 9, we would say that Sergio's IQ is:

A) average
B) bellow average
C) above average
D) cannot be determined from the information provided.

Question 68

Mental age (MA) is:

A) the age that an individual mentally identifies himself at.
B) the age at which an individual attains cognitive maturity.
C) an individual's level of mental development relative to others.
D) an individual's age at the time of peak cortical thickness.

Question 69

Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that:

A) intelligence is a general ability.
B) there are three types of intelligence.
C) intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities.
D) culture plays an important role in the development of intelligence.

Question 70

Sally's mental age is 12, but her chronological age is 9. Sally's IQ is _____.

A) 75
B) 100
C) 108
D) 133

Question 71

Michael Pressley believes that the key to education is helping students to:

A) develop social skills.
B) learn creativity.
C) learn a repertoire of strategies for problem solving.
D) formulate career plans.

Question 72

"What would you do if you could be invisible for a day?" This is an example of a question that has many possible answers and fosters _____ thinking.

A) divergent
B) convergent
C) expressive
D) productive

Question 73

Howard Gardner suggests that there are _____ types of intelligence.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 11

Question 74

Who created the concept of intelligence quotient?

A) Alfred Binet
B) William Stern
C) David Wechsler
D) Robert J. Sternberg

Question 75

Although Casey scores only about average on standardized intelligence tests, he is street smart, and has excellent social skills and good common sense. According to Sternberg, he has _____ intelligence.

A) spatial
B) practical
C) analytical
D) interpersonal

Question 76

Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified in Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

A) Cultural intelligence
B) Practical intelligence
C) Spatial intelligence
D) Verbal intelligence

Question 77

Who among the following would have good spatial abilities?

A) A journalist
B) A theologian
C) A botanist
D) An architect

Question 78

If intelligence is assumed to be normally distributed, which of the following would you expect to find in the overall population?

A) More people of high intelligence than of low intelligence
B) More people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence
C) More people of high intelligence than of moderate or low intelligence
D) More people of low intelligence than of moderate or high intelligence

Question 79

According to Howard Gardner, successful theologians and psychologists most likely to have high levels of which type of intelligence?

A) Naturalist
B) Intrapersonal
C) Spatial
D) Bodily-kinesthetic

Question 80

Colin does not earn high grades on standardized tests but has a black belt in martial arts. According to Gardner, Colin has _____ skills.

A) spatial
B) intrapersonal
C) bodily-kinesthetic
D) naturalist