Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

When Brianna is upset her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Therefore, Brianna's mother takes an _____ approach to parenting.

A) emotion-dismissing
B) emotion-criticizing parent.
C) emotion-coaching
D) emotion-encouraging

Answer 1

emotion-coaching

Question 2

According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, and thus form the:

A) alter ego.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) id.

Answer 2

superego.

Question 3

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

A) social
B) self-conscious
C) penitent
D) sympathetic

Answer 3

self-conscious

Question 4

Barbara monitors her children's emotions, views their negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assists her children in labeling their emotions. She is an:

A) emotion-facilitator parent.
B) emotion-supportive parent.
C) emotion-coaching parent.
D) emotion-encouraging parent.

Question 5

The children of _____ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, more effective in regulating their negative effect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.

A) emotion-coaching
B) emotion-facilitator
C) emotion-encouraging
D) emotion-independent

Question 6

The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as:

A) correspondence.
B) congruence.
C) perspective taking.
D) nurturance.

Question 7

_____ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.

A) Emotion-dismissing
B) Emotion-facilitator
C) Emotion-coaching
D) Emotion-encouraging

Question 8

_____ development involves the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

A) Conventional
B) Superego
C) Moral
D) Pragmatic

Question 9

Four-year-old Harlan says "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, have self-descriptions that are typically:

A) reflective of reality.
B) reflective of what others think about them.
C) abstract and magical.
D) unrealistically positive.

Question 10

In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop _____, which is the representation of self, the substance and content of self-conceptions.

A) self-control
B) self-confidence
C) self-understanding
D) self-centeredness

Question 11

_____ is responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

A) Guilt
B) Empathy
C) Correspondence
D) Modeling

Question 12

Marjorie chooses to deny, ignore, or change the negative emotions of her children. She is an:

A) emotion-coaching parent.
B) emotion-criticizing parent.
C) emotion-dismissing parent.
D) emotion-blind parent.

Question 13

_____ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function.

A) Moral integrity
B) Emotion regulation
C) Moral development
D) Independence

Question 14

_____ emotions do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears around 18 months of age.

A) Self-conscious
B) Social
C) Penitent
D) Sympathetic

Question 15

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting:

A) guilt.
B) empathy.
C) correspondence.
D) lack of perspective-taking.

Question 16

Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-dismissing" parent to her son. Which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer MOST likely to engage in?

A) She praises her son when he performs a task well.
B) She ignores her child when he cries.
C) She engages in more scaffolding with her son.
D) She acknowledges her child's emotions.

Question 17

According to Erik Erikson, the "great governor" of initiative is:

A) conscience.
B) independence.
C) fear.
D) obedience.

Question 18

Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by _____ theory.

A) Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive
B) Piaget's cognitive development
C) Erikson's psychosocial
D) Freud's psychoanalytic

Question 19

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) trust versus mistrust.

Question 20

According to Freud, the moral element of the personality is called the _____.

A) id
B) superid
C) ego
D) superego

Question 21

Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Heteronomous morality
C) Peer-negotiated morality
D) Immanent justice morality

Question 22

Young children tend to believe that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. This indicates a belief in the concept of:

A) immanent justice.
B) swift justice.
C) concrete justice.
D) authoritative justice.

Question 23

From about _____, children show autonomous morality.

A) 5 to 8 years of age
B) 4 to 7 years of age
C) 10 years of age and older
D) 5 years of age and older

Question 24

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender:

A) roles.
B) identities.
C) expectancies.
D) rules.

Question 25

From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.

A) 1 to 3
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 2 to 4

Question 26

Because young children are _____, they judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor.

A) autonomous thinkers
B) heteronomous moralists
C) egocentric
D) moral autonomists

Question 27

Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Initiative versus guilt
C) Heteronomous morality
D) Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 28

According to Piaget's theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some stages of the second stage, autonomous morality.

A) 7 to 10
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 1 to 4

Question 29

Most children know whether they are physically a girl or boy by about _____ years of age.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 30

Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

A) Jerome-autonomous morality; Hani-heteronomous morality
B) Jerome-heteronomous morality; Hani-autonomous morality
C) Jerome-universal law morality; Hani-context-specific morality
D) Jerome-context-specific morality; Hani-universal law morality

Question 31

Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?

A) Freud's psychoanalytic approach
B) The evolutionary psychology approach
C) The behavioral and social cognitive approach
D) The biological approach

Question 32

Gender _____ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

A) role
B) typing
C) identity
D) experience

Question 33

As children develop into moral autonomists:

A) consequences become more important than intentions.
B) they think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world.
C) they start recognizing the principle of immanent justice.
D) intentions become more important than consequences.

Question 34

According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because:

A) parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules.
B) peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
C) parents take an authoritative approach to handing down the rules.
D) peer groups immediately mete out punishments for rule breaking.

Question 35

Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table," a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, ages 9 and 11, with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children:

A) are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others.
B) are not likely to be impacted by this as their moral behavior is modeled on peers, not parents.
C) will not benefit from these experiences until they are teens.
D) will fail to model their behavior to their mother's unless they see some reward in it.

Question 36

Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children. Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?

A) Moral behavior is always influenced by the situation.
B) Self-control is evidenced by the child's ability to delay gratification.
C) Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior.
D) Cognitive factors are important in the development of self-control.

Question 37

Dante is a 10-year-old who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Heteronomous morality
C) Basic morality
D) Extended morality

Question 38

Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n) _____.

A) moral autonomist
B) gender-typed individual
C) empathic thinker
D) heteronomous moralist

Question 39

Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through:

A) authoritative parent-child relations.
B) religious and social conditioning.
C) the children's family experiences.
D) the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

Question 40

Older children, who are _____, recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then, punishment is not inevitable.

A) moral autonomists
B) empathic thinkers
C) gender-typed
D) heteronomous thinkers

Question 41

According to the UNICEF (2012), in most cultures around the world:

A) women have less power than men but are given a higher social status.
B) women have less power and status than men, and they control fewer resources.
C) men have less power and status than women, but control most of the resources.
D) men have less power than women, but are given a higher social status.

Question 42

Karen is often praised for gender typical behavior. Her parents make statements like "Karen you are such a good girl when you play with your doll!" Gender researchers would use this as support for what theory of gender development?

A) Psychoanalytic theory
B) Social cognitive theory
C) Evolutionary psychology
D) Social role theory

Question 43

The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) evolutionary psychology view.
B) social role theory.
C) psychoanalytic theory.
D) social cognitive theory.

Question 44

Suzie, 3, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner or her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishments. Suzie's father is most likely a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 45

The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls?

A) Galatea effect
B) Electra complex
C) Golem effect
D) Oedipus complex

Question 46

In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward:

A) boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.
B) girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys,
C) girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are.
D) boys were more likely than girls to play in dyads or triads.

Question 47

Girls are more likely to engage in "_____," in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner.

A) collaborative discourse
B) rough-and-tumble play
C) ego displays
D) dominating play

Question 48

The social role theory suggests that:

A) the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.
B) the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past.
C) social roles are chosen, not determined.
D) nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels that we call "gender."

Question 49

A gender _____ organizes the world in terms of female and male.

A) role
B) identity
C) bias
D) schema

Question 50

Children between the ages of 3 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of:

A) mixed ages.
B) the same sex as theirs.
C) both boys and girls.
D) children from their own socioeconomic status.

Question 51

This theory of gender stems from the view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

A) Psychoanalytic theory of gender
B) Social cognitive theory of gender
C) Evolutionary psychology view of gender
D) Social role theory of gender

Question 52

A _____ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guide an individual's perceptions.

A) format
B) schema
C) subset
D) system

Question 53

Around the age of _____, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

A) three
B) one
C) two
D) one-and-a-half

Question 54

According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the _____.

A) Oedipus complex
B) Electra complex
C) Pygmalion effect
D) Golem effect

Question 55

Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing _____.

A) preferences
B) schemas
C) roles
D) orientations

Question 56

Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture, and develop gender _____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

A) identities
B) roles
C) schemas
D) types

Question 57

Which of the following fuels gender typing?

A) Gender schemas
B) Gender identity
C) Gender bias
D) Gender mismatch

Question 58

According to Freud, at which age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he/she feels toward the parent of the opposite sex because of anxious feelings?

A) 3 or 4 years of age
B) 9 or 10 years of age
C) 5 or 6 years of age
D) 11 or 12 years of age

Question 59

Who among the following is MOST likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles?

A) A little girl in boy's clothing
B) A little boy playing with a doll
C) A little boy playing with a toy truck
D) A little girl carrying a baseball mitt

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true about parental influences on children's gender development?

A) In many cultures, mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters.
B) Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in playful interactions with their children.
C) Mothers, rather than fathers, are psychologically important to their children's gender development.
D) Fathers show more attention to sons than to daughters.

Question 61

Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that:

A) the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting.
B) "authoritarian" parenting is "authoritarian" parenting, whether the parent is Asian American, African American, or European American.
C) contrary to stereotypes, Asian parents are indulgent and permissive.
D) consistent with stereotypes, Asian parents are domineering, controlling, and have rigid/unrealistic expectations for academic achievement in their children.

Question 62

Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Indulgent
D) Neglectful

Question 63

Ursula is allowed to set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 64

A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 65

According to Baumarind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a ____ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 66

Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, but is also rejecting, and unresponsive?

A) Authoritarian
B) Indulgent
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful

Question 67

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejecting and unresponsive?

A) Authoritarian
B) Indulgent
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful

Question 68

Misha has been sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. His mother will come in and talk to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Indulgent
D) Neglectful

Question 69

According to Baumarind, a parent who is very uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a _____ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 70

A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 71

A national survey of U.S. parents with 3- and 4-year-old children found that _____ percent of parents reported spanking their children frequently.

A) 36
B) 26
C) 50
D) 75

Question 72

Bernard just brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to bring the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way because he could not see the TV set. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he left it, unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 73

Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, while also being accepting and responsive?

A) Authoritarian
B) Indulgent
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful

Question 74

When asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated, "In my house, my word is the law." Juan is probably a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 75

Josh's mother makes his favorite food-burgers, fries, and pizza-every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to, study only when he feels like it, and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 76

In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Indulgent
D) Neglectful

Question 77

Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As he encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumarind would classify him as a:

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 78

Lucy frequently spanks her child, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward her child when those rules are broken. Lucy is most likely a(n) _____.

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 79

Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Indulgent
D) Neglectful

Question 80

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being accepting and responsive?

A) Authoritarian
B) Indulgent
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful