Deck 1: Understanding Ethics

Question 1

Happiness and health are examples of instrumental values that are pursued to reach another value.

Answer 1

False
Explanation: An instrumental value-by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value. For example, money is valued for what it can buy rather than for itself.

Question 2

Jason is a high-school senior whose peers are into drugs. He also has a family history of substance abuse. This will have no impact on his moral standards.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: A strict family upbringing or religious education would obviously have a direct impact on individuals' personal moral standards. These standards would then provide a moral compass (a sense of personal direction) to guide the individuals in the choices they make in their lives.

Question 3

Every religion in the world shares the Golden Rule.

Answer 3

False
Explanation: The Golden Rule is simple and very clear rule shared by many different religions in the world like Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism but not all the religions.

Question 4

Moral standards are independent of religious beliefs.

Question 5

Individuals acquire their personal moral standards in the same way that they learn the alphabet.

Question 6

The problem with utilitarianism is the focus on doing the most good for a select few, such as Adolf Hitler and his idea of launching a national genocide against Jews on the ethical grounds of restoring the Aryan race.

Question 7

Simple truth is one of the four basic categories of ethics and can be expressed simply as doing the right thing.

Question 8

Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by osmosis as individuals observe the examples, both positive and negative, set by everyone around them.

Question 9

Rules of appropriate individual behavior represent the idea that the moral standards we develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily basis in our behavior and the other types of decisions we make.

Question 10

The concept of universal ethics argues that there are certain principles that should apply to a select few ethical judgments.

Question 11

A value system refers to a set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior.

Question 12

The problem with ethics for the greater good is the idea that the ends justify the means.

Question 13

The term "morals" is applied to a society, while the term "values" is used when referring to an individual.

Question 14

Virtue ethics is the concept of living your life according to the similar virtues of different societies.

Question 15

The problem with virtue ethics is that societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.

Question 16

A society is a closed, confined unit in which people have to follow a distinct religion.

Question 17

The field of ethics is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" or "wrong" behavior.

Question 18

"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" is the Golden Rule.

Question 19

Ethics for the greater good is also referred to as utilitarianism.

Question 20

An intrinsic value means that the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value.

Question 21

The basic assumption of ethical theory is that a person as an individual or community is in control of all the factors that influence the choices that he or she makes.

Question 22

Arthur Dobrin identified 15 questions that one should consider when resolving an ethical dilemma.

Question 23

Ethical relativism is where the traditions of one's society, one's personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define one's ethical principles.

Question 24

In the third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, a person is focused on meeting the expectations of his friends and coworkers and how something will affect their lives.

Question 25

The first step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to analyze the actions.

Question 26

At the lowest level of moral development, a person's response to a perception of right and wrong is initially directly linked to the expectation of punishment or reward.

Question 27

The third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is law-and-order orientation.

Question 28

The final step in solving an ethical dilemma is to make a decision.

Question 29

According to Kohlberg's framework, an individual can jump beyond the next stage of his or her six stages.

Question 30

An ethical dilemma can be resolved with a satisfactory answer to the problem.

Question 31

Kohlberg stated that it would be impossible for a person to comprehend the moral issues and dilemmas at a level far beyond his or her life experience and education.

Question 32

An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer.

Question 33

The highest level of ethical reasoning is the postconventional level.

Question 34

The last stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is conventional.

Question 35

Ethical dilemmas are the study of how ethical theories are put into practice.

Question 36

Applied ethics is the study of theories related to the Golden Rule.

Question 37

Due to aggressive competition, Amanda feels pressured to copy an assignment from a friend and the Internet to get good grades. She feels the professor would not be able to figure out what she did. With this ethical dilemma, the first thing Amanda must do is analyze her actions without thinking about consequences.

Question 38

The process of ethical reasoning involves looking at the available information and then drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to an individual's own ethical standards.

Question 39

Preconventional is the lowest level of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning.

Question 40

The problem with universal ethics is the idea that the ends justify the means.

Question 41

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies instrumental value?

A)Victoria possesses half a million in her bank account.
B)Eighty-year-old Mathew exercises on a daily basis and is in good health.
C)Tia's son won his first spelling bee competition which made her extremely happy.
D)Fernando is upset with his poor SAT scores.

Question 42

Which of the following exemplifies the rules of appropriate individual behavior?

A)Jamie had a strict family upbringing that had major impact on his personal moral standards.
B)Mitchell had never lied to her parents or done anything without their consent.
C)Damian always reaches the workplace before time and is always the last one to leave.
D)Alice travels to different countries for work and conducts herself according to the culture of the country she visits.

Question 43

"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" explains the _____.

A)Golden Rule
B)simple truth
C)virtue ethics
D)Rule of rescue

Question 44

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of simple truth?

A)Ronald lives a life true to his moral standards and is considered the ideal son by his parents.
B)Jonathan's personal value system helps him to stay away from simple conflicts.
C)Amelia believes that murder is wrong, a view supported by most people.
D)Cathy always gives equal respect to all irrespective of whether they are younger or older than her.

Question 45

Alison Anderson, the CEO of Anderson Inc., laid the foundation for an apt professional behavior in her workplace. She is honest, aware, and sensitive and is considered a role model by young entrepreneurs. Which of the following basic categories of ethics is depicted in this scenario?

A)Simple truth
B)Rules of differentiation
C)Personal integrity
D)Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society

Question 46

Which of the following will most likely influence the moral standards of an individual?

A)The change of government in the individual's home country
B)A strict family upbringing
C)The attitude of people in the neighboring country
D)An opportunity to learn a foreign language

Question 47

Which of the following statements describe the terms "morals" and "values"?

A)They are used to define a society and not an individual.
B)The term "morals" is used to refer to an individual, while the term "values" is used in the context of a society.
C)They are often used to mean the same thing.
D)The term "values" refers to religious judgments, while the term "morals" refer to coded behavior.

Question 48

The quality by which a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not, is called a(n) _____.

A)traditional norm
B)instrumental value
C)extrinsic norm
D)intrinsic value

Question 49

Which of the following is one of the four basic categories of ethics?

A)Personal integrity
B)Psychological behaviorism
C)Rules of differentiation
D)Stretched truth

Question 50

The quality by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value is known as _____.

A)intrinsic value
B)extrinsic norm
C)instrumental value
D)traditional norm

Question 51

Amanda and Ross have been chosen to go to Ethiopia for their university's International Student Exchange Program. They read about the beliefs, attitudes, practices, norms, traditions, cuisine, and music of Ethiopia to better adapt to the place. Amanda and Ross are reading about the _____ aspect of Ethiopia.

A)cultural
B)economical
C)political
D)philosophical

Question 52

The difference between intrinsic value and instrumental value is that:

A)as opposed to instrumental value, intrinsic value refers to the adoption of those standards that are ultimately unique to a society.
B)as opposed to intrinsic value, instrumental value refers to the quality by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value.
C)as opposed to intrinsic value, instrumental value refers to the quality by which a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not.
D)as opposed to instrumental value, intrinsic value refers to values acquired through media and religion.

Question 53

An example of intrinsic value is _____.

A)money
B)a package holiday
C)a job offer
D)health

Question 54

The field of _____ is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" or "wrong" behavior.

A)metaphilosophy
B)ethics
C)aesthetics
D)epistemology

Question 55

Identify an example of instrumental value.

A)Money
B)Self-respect
C)Happiness
D)Health

Question 56

Riley was granted the title of Doctor of Medicine by a medical school in Ohio. His parents were extremely happy and content with his achievement. The worth attached to the feelings experienced by Riley's parents is an example of _____.

A)unconventional value
B)intrinsic value
C)instrumental value
D)extrinsic value

Question 57

_____ refers to a set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior.

A)Traditional norm
B)Value system
C)Extrinsic norm
D)Utilitarianism

Question 58

Which of the following statements accurately explains the basic categories of ethics?

A)A question of someone's personal character, his or her integrity, is not one of the basic categories of ethics.
B)Personal integrity, a category of ethics, looks at ethics from an external rather than an internal viewpoint.
C)Simple truth is an assumption of the four basic categories of ethics.
D)Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society are only applicable to closed societies.

Question 59

In the context of the basic categories of ethics, _____ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and support.

A)memory conformity
B)the rule of differentiation
C)double think
D)a simple truth

Question 60

Society refers to a(n):

A)environment that does not mention acceptable standard of good and bad behavior.
B)closed, confined unit in which people have to follow a distinct religion.
C)group of individuals who share similar psychological order and community resources.
D)structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs.

Question 61

Which of the following is a problem with the universal ethics approach?

A)The problem with this approach is the reverse of the weakness in ethics for the greater good.
B)The problem with this approach is the idea that the ends justify the means.
C)The problem with this approach is that individuals share similar standards in a community.
D)The problem with this approach is that everyone is committed to doing the right thing.

Question 62

Which of the following is the final step of the three-step process for solving an ethical problem?

A)Analyzing the consequences
B)Planning a solution
C)Making a decision
D)Analyzing the actions

Question 63

_____ refers to a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer.

A)Less evil principle
B)Logical inference
C)Ethical dilemma
D)Defeasible reasoning

Question 64

Which of the following questions is identified by Arthur Dobrin to resolve an ethical dilemma?

A)What do your feelings tell you?
B)What are the alternatives?
C)What can be done to resolve the problem?
D)What will people think of you if you don't find a solution?

Question 65

Universal ethics argues that:

A)societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.
B)universal principles may not apply to everyone, everywhere, all the time.
C)there are certain principles that should apply to all ethical judgments.
D)everyone is committed to doing the right thing.

Question 66

The study of how ethical theories are put into practice refers to _____.

A)meta-ethics
B)normative ethics
C)descriptive ethics
D)applied ethics

Question 67

Susan and Jessica are arguing over the importance of Arthur Dobrin's eight questions to be considered when resolving an ethical dilemma. Susan is of the view that these questions are apt and relevant. Jessica does not agree with Susan's view. Which of the following would weaken Susan's argument?

A)Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the assumption that feelings are not taken into consideration.
B)Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the fact that alternative resolutions for one to select from are always present.
C)Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the fact that there is not enough information available for one to answer the questions.
D)Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the assumption that there is sufficient time for the degree of contemplation that such questions require.

Question 68

Joe feels pressured to lie to his client to keep an important contract because of intense market competition. He feels they will never discover the truth. Joe is:

A)undergoing a functional fixedness.
B)facing an ethical dilemma.
C)contemplating the instrumental value attached to the contract.
D)expressing a simple truth.

Question 69

The problem with a utilitarian approach to ethics is:

A)the differing attitudes of various societies to the Golden Rule.
B)the idea that the ends justify the means.
C)that societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.
D)that not everyone is committed to doing the right thing.

Question 70

The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to:

A)analyze the consequences.
B)make a plan.
C)make a decision.
D)analyze the actions.

Question 71

According to the concept of _____, the traditions of one's society, one's personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define one's ethical principles.

A)universal ethics
B)normative ethics
C)ethical relativism
D)utilitarianism

Question 72

Charlotte works for an advertising agency. She is usually late in responding to e-mails and work-related queries. She has a change of attitude when she realizes that an important project she was responsible for was delayed due to similar behavior from her manager. Now, Charlotte replies to her e-mails on time. Which of the following indicates that this change in Charlotte's behavior is a result of adopting the Golden Rule?

A)She empathizes with others when she faces a similar situation.
B)She is afraid that her manager will give her a low rating.
C)She wants to impress her colleagues.
D)She has no friends and is lonely.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true of ethical relativism?

A)The idea of relativism implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black-and-white rules.
B)The idea of relativism implies that the ends of any action justify the means.
C)The problem with this approach is that individuals share similar standards in a community.
D)The problem with this approach is that everyone is committed to doing the right thing without paying any attention to his or her actions.

Question 74

In the context of _____, actions are taken out of duty and obligation to a purely moral ideal rather than based on the needs of a situation.

A)normative ethics
B)universal ethics
C)reductionist ethics
D)deontological ethics

Question 75

Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest number of people are referred to as _____.

A)virtue ethics
B)normative ethics
C)ethical relativism
D)utilitarianism

Question 76

The problem with virtue ethics is that:

A)it is based on consequentialism.
B)societies are formed according to the Golden Rule.
C)societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.
D)it is based on the idea that the ends justify the means.

Question 77

Ethics for the greater good or _____ is an approach more focused on the outcome of one's actions rather than the apparent virtue of the actions themselves.

A)utilitarianism
B)normative ethics
C)worldcentrism
D)virtue ethics

Question 78

The basic assumption of ethical theory is that:

A)a person as an individual or community is in control of all the factors that influence the choices he or she makes.
B)everyone is committed to doing the right thing.
C)individuals share similar standards in a community.
D)an individual's pursuit of an ethical ideal should match others' ethical ideals to avoid trouble.

Question 79

_____ refers to a concept of living one's life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal.

A)The simple truth
B)The Golden Rule
C)Ethical relativism
D)Virtue ethics

Question 80

The Greek philosopher Aristotle's belief in individual character and integrity established the concept of _____.

A)philosophical ethics
B)virtue ethics
C)ethical relativism
D)utilitarianism