Deck 6: Social Collectivities: Groups to Societies

Question 1

A family is an important example of a:

A)social category
B)coterie
C)secondary group
D)primary group
E)clique

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The Nazi regime's genocide machine operated so efficiently partly because it was ____ organized.

A)centrally
B)simply
C)traditionally
D)bureaucratically
E)religiously

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Most people find it difficult to disobey authorities because they:

A)fear ridicule and social ostracism
B)are unaware that they are conforming
C)seek punishment
D)All of these choices
E)none of these choices

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Robert Brym talks about the Holocaust.To answer the question of why more people did not resist the Nazis and why ordinary German citizens could support this endeavor,he considers:

A)good and evil
B)what makes people obey authority
C)the unique character of German history
D)the unique character of Jewish history
E)none of these choices

Question 5

Stanley Milgram's experiment teaches us that even if an authority structure is brand new and highly artificial:

A)we are inclined to obey those in power
B)we are free to walk away from an authority structure with no penalty.
C)we will remain in the grip of the authority structure for the rest of our lives
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 6

The sociological reply to the question of how it was possible for the Nazis to systematically murder thousands of ordinary citizens focuses not just on blind hatred but the ____ that made it possible.

A)level of anti-Semitism
B)level of technological sophistication
C)organization of religion
D)social organization of authority
E)nature of the particular people who carried out the Holocaust

Question 7

Groups that are larger and more impersonal than primary groups are known as:

A)social categories
B)status collections
C)secondary groups
D)collective groups
E)coteries

Question 8

The members of a sociology class form what type of group?

A)social category
B)status collection
C)social interaction network
D)primary group
E)secondary group

Question 9

Even if a structure of authority is new,questionable and artificial,people will:

A)try to change it for the overall good
B)try to change it for their own personal benefit
C)be unwilling to follow it
D)seek ways to make the authority more personal and direct
E)be inclined to obey those in power

Question 10

All of the individuals who bought U2's last record are,taken together,an example of:

A)social category
B)status collection
C)norm agency
D)social group
E)clique

Question 11

____ is the goal of achieving a bureaucracy's goals at the least cost:

A)Hierarchy
B)Efficiency
C)Effectiveness
D)Authority
E)Sociological functioning

Question 12

What kind of group exhibits strong social ties among its members,exists over a long period of time,and engages in many different activities?

A)social category
B)status collection
C)secondary group
D)primary group
E)social interaction

Question 13

Structures of authority tend to render people:

A)obedient
B)disciplined
C)organized
D)responsible
E)lifeless

Question 14

Structures of authority tend to render people:

A)afraid
B)angry
C)willing to protest
D)obedient
E)none of these choices

Question 15

A group with members who have only a passing acquaintance with one another is a:

A)social category
B)status collection
C)secondary group
D)primary group
E)social interaction network

Question 16

Several members of a fraternity work for the same company,live in the same city,and get together for leisure activities every weekend.Over them they create strong and meaningful social ties to one another.They remain close friends for the rest of their lives.It could be argued that this group of fraternity brothers are close to being a:

A)social category
B)status collection
C)secondary group
D)primary group
E)coterie

Question 17

A business that is organized like a bureaucracy would be considered a:

A)social category
B)status collection
C)primary group
D)secondary group
E)social interaction network

Question 18

A ____ has permanent,salaried staff of qualified experts,and written goals,rules and procedures.

A)bureaucracy
B)social group
C)collective
D)government
E)social arrangement

Question 19

People who share a similar status but do not identify with one another are called a

A)social category
B)status collection
C)norm agency
D)social group
E)clique

Question 20

Which of the following is a large impersonal organization composed of many clearly defined positions arranged in a hierarchy?

A)bureaucracy
B)social group
C)collective
D)government
E)social arrangement

Question 21

A social organization that is based on following procedures just because they have always been done that way is

A)bureaucratic
B)traditional
C)charismatic
D)legal
E)could be any of the organizational types listed above

Question 22

The heroism of Polish Christians who helped save Jews during WWII was correlated with:

A)their educational attainment
B)their political orientation
C)their religious background
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 23

A group of people who share a similar status but do not identify with one another is called a:

A)social group
B)social category
C)primary group
D)secondary group
E)special category

Question 24

The proportion of Jews killed during WWII was highest:

A)in the Nazi-controlled countries
B)in countries where the hatred of Jews was most intense
C)in countries where the Nazi bureaucracy was best organized
D)in the Nazi controlled countries where hatred of Jews was most intense
E)in the non Nazi-controlled countries

Question 25

When Weber compared traditional and charismatic organizations to bureaucracies,he found:

A)traditional organizations were the least efficient
B)charismatic organization were the most efficient
C)bureaucracies were the most efficient
D)traditional organizations were the most efficient
E)bureaucracies were the least efficient.

Question 26

Which of the following is a type of social organization discussed by Max Weber?

A)bureaucratic organization
B)traditional organization
C)charismatic organization
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 27

The leadership style that allows subordinates to work things out largely on their own,with almost no direction from above,is called:

A)authoritarian
B)democratic
C)laissez-faire
D)bureaucratic
E)subordinate

Question 28

The Hawthorne study demonstrated that employees are members of social networks that regulate:

A)social behavior
B)personal behavior
C)productivity
D)work stress
E)none of these choices

Question 29

____ occurs when bureaucracies treat clients as standard cases and personnel as cogs in a giant machine:

A)Bureaucratic ritualism
B)Oligarchy
C)Bureaucratic inertia
D)Bureaucratic structure
E)Dehumanization

Question 30

____ involves bureaucrats getting so preoccupied with rules and regulations that they make it difficult for the organization to fulfill its goals.

A)Bureaucratic inertia
B)Bureaucratic ritualism
C)Bureaucratic structure
D)Dehumanization
E)Oligarchy

Question 31

A group of people against whom an individual evaluates his or her situation or conduct is called a:

A)social group
B)evaluative group
C)reference group
D)out-group
E)in-group

Question 32

Secondary groups designed to achieve explicit objectives are called:

A)social groups
B)reference groups
C)in-groups
D)formal organizations
E)out-groups

Question 33

One or more networks of people who identify with one another and adhere to defined roles,norms and statuses is a:

A)social group
B)social category
C)primary group
D)secondary group

Question 34

Leaders who try to include all group members in the decision-making process,taking the best ideas from the group and molding them into a strategy that all of the participants can identify with,are called ____ leaders.

A)laissez-faire
B)authoritarian
C)democratic
D)legal
E)bureaucratic

Question 35

Rosabeth Moss Kanter conducted a study of social relations in a corporation the 1970's.She noted that while the corporation did not discriminate against women as a matter of policy:

A)efficiency was tied to management practices
B)productivity was tied to informal social networks
C)women were promoted as fast as the men
D)sexist behavior was completely absent
E)an informal set of social relations did discriminate against women

Question 36

Most people find it difficult to disobey authority because they fear

A)ridicule
B)ostracism
C)punishment
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 37

Which of the following is (are)(a)standard sociological criticism(s)of bureaucracy?

A)dehumanization
B)bureaucratic inertia
C)bureaucratic ritualism
D)oligarchy
E)all of these choices

Question 38

A social network is a bounded set of individuals linked by the exchange of

A)material resources
B)emotional resources
C)friendship
D)money
E)all of these choices

Question 39

Research shows that the least effective leader is the one who allows subordinates to work things out largely on their own with almost no direction from above.This is known as ____ leadership.

A)laissez-faire
B)authoritarian
C)democratic
D)legal
E)bureaucratic

Question 40

A bureaucracy has:

A)a permanent salaried staff of qualified experts
B)written goals
C)written rules
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 41

In the figure in the text that shows a typical bureaucratic structure,which of the following is NOT true:

A)It is a hierarchy.
B)It has a head.
C)Below the head are three divisions
D)Below the divisions are six departments
E)As you move up the hierarchy,the power of the staff decreases.

Question 42

Social scientists sent to investigate the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company did NOT find which of the following:

A)Workers in one section established a norm for daily output.
B)Some workers were helped to increase their output.
C)Some workers were chided until their productivity fell.
D)Employees are members of social networks that regulate output.
E)Employers are more influential than fellow employees in establishing output.

Question 43

The pressure to conform despite individual misgivings is sometimes called:

A)network analysis
B)social network
C)groupthink
D)inclusion
E)exclusion

Question 44

Asch's work and subsequent research show that which factor (s)affect the likelihood of conformity?

A)group cohesiveness
B)lower status
C)being Chinese rather than American
D)appearance of unanimity
E)all of these choices

Question 45

Which is a quality of great managers?

A)They encourage open discussion.
B)They rationalize their plan of action.
C)They squelch dissent.
D)They impose consensus on the group.
E)None of these choices.

Question 46

Identify the main factor (s)that underlie (s)bureaucratic inefficiency.

A)size
B)social structure
C)rivalries
D)size and social structure
E)size and rivalries

Question 47

____ are composed of one or more networks of people who identify with one another and adhere to defined norms,roles,and statuses.

A)Social categories
B)Social groups
C)Bureaucracies
D)Social networks
E)None of these choices

Question 48

In a study by Berry Wellman and his colleagues,they found that each Torontonian has an average of about ____ social ties.

A)25
B)50
C)100
D)200
E)400

Question 49

Bureaucrats sometimes get too preoccupied with rules and regulations.This is an example of ____:

A)bureaucratic inertia
B)bureaucratic ritualism
C)efficiency
D)oligarchy
E)social structure

Question 50

In the 1970's Rosabeth Moss Kanter studied informal social relations in bureaucracies.She did NOT find:

A)Women were locked out of managerial positions.
B)The corporation discriminated against women as a matter of policy.
C)There was a male-only social network.
D)Women were excluded from the network.
E)To get promoted,one had to be sponsored by a male executive.

Question 51

A ____ is composed of people against whom an individual evaluates his or her situation or conduct:

A)groupthink
B)reference group
C)social network
D)bureaucracy
E)social status

Question 52

Research shows that the least effective leadership in a bureaucracy is

A)authoritarian
B)democratic
C)laissez-faire
D)cooperative
E)republican

Question 53

Who is most likely to provide most useful information about employment opportunities:

A)friends
B)acquaintances
C)close family members
D)one's boss
E)fellow workers

Question 54

Samuel Stouffer and his colleagues showed that the main factor motivating soldiers in combat was

A)upholding liberty
B)fighting the evils of Nazism
C)letters from home
D)a feeling of loyalty to their fellow soldiers
E)the inspiration of their officers

Question 55

Which of the following act(s)as boundaries separating groups?

A)race
B)class
C)athletic ability
D)physical attractiveness
E)all of these choices

Question 56

Bureaucracies sometimes treat clients as standard cases and personnel as cogs in a giant machine.This is an example of ____.

A)bureaucratic ritualism
B)oligarchy
C)efficiency
D)bureaucratic inertia
E)dehumanization

Question 57

As the number of possible dyadic social relationships rises,so does the possibility of

A)clique formations
B)rivalries
C)conflict
D)miscommunication
E)all of these choices

Question 58

The tendency in bureaucracies for power to become concentrated in the hands of a few is called ____.

A)oligarchy
B)bureaucratic inertia
C)bureaucratic ritualism
D)dehumanization
E)group cohesiveness

Question 59

In India and parts of Africa,HIV/AIDS initially spread:

A)among gay men
B)among married people
C)among truck drivers
D)among prostitutes
E)among truck drivers and prostitutes

Question 60

An example of ____ is the tendency of bureaucracies to become so rigid they lose touch with reality and continue their policies even when their clients' needs change.

A)bureaucratic inertia
B)bureaucratic efficiency
C)bureaucratic ritualism
D)oligarchy
E)dehumanization

Question 61

The most effective type of leadership in a crisis such as war or the emergency room of a hospital is:

A)authoritarian
B)democratic
C)republican
D)cooperative
E)laissez-faire

Question 62

In the early 1970's corporations from which of the following countries were at the forefront of bureaucratic innovations:

A)U.S.A.
B)Japan
C)Sweden
D)France
E)Germany

Question 63

Society molds patterns of inequality for which of the following:

A)class
B)gender
C)race
D)ethnicity
E)all of the above

Question 64

The relationship between people and nature is the most basic determinant of how societies are ____,and therefore how people's choices are constrained.

A)deconstructed
B)functioning
C)structured
D)arranged
E)stratified

Question 65

Comparing the flat network structure with the traditional bureaucratic structure,we note:

A)The network structure has more levels than the traditional bureaucratic structure.
B)The bureaucratic structure has fewer levels than the network structure.
C)In the traditional bureaucratic structure lines of communication link all units.
D)In the network structure,information flows only upward.
E)None of these choices.

Question 66

Secondary groups designed to achieve explicit objectives are called:

A)social networks
B)reference groups
C)formal organizations
D)out-groups
E)in-groups

Question 67

Much evidence suggests that flatter bureaucracies with decentralized decision-making produce which of the following:

A)bigger profits
B)happier clients
C)more satisfied workers
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 68

Economic,political,cultural and other factors that lie outside an organization and affect the way it works are called:

A)international competition
B)bureaucratic norms
C)bureaucratic hierarchy
D)organizational environment
E)networks

Question 69

Collectivities of interacting people who share a culture and a territory are called:

A)ethnic groups
B)civilizations
C)cohorts
D)societies
E)countries

Question 70

Bureaucracies can be improved by

A)flattening structures
B)decentralizing decision-making
C)opening lies of communication
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 71

We develop shared ideas or "norms of solidarity" about how we should behave toward ____ to sustain relationships.

A)friends
B)lovers
C)teammates
D)comrades-in-arms
E)all of these choices

Question 72

A group of people who share a similar status but do not identify with one another is called a:

A)social category
B)social group
C)social network
D)dyad
E)bureaucracy

Question 73

The ____ is composed of a host of economic,political and cultural factors that lie outside an organization and affect the way it works.

A)organizational structure
B)organizational leadership
C)informal culture
D)organizational environment
E)none of these choices

Question 74

Societies are collectivities of interacting people who share ____.

A)a culture and a territory
B)a language and an alphabet
C)a common history
D)similar norms and values
E)common ideas and ideals

Question 75

Robert Brym's father

A)escaped from Poland when the Nazis invaded his hometown.
B)was in a train station when it was bombed by the Nazis.
C)was perplexed by the question,"How was it possible for many thousand of ordinary Germans - products of what he regarded as the most advanced civilization on Earth - to systematically murder millions of defenseless and innocent Jews,Rom (Gypsies"),homosexuals,and mentally disabled people in the death camps?"
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 76

People waiting for a bus at a bus stop form a:

A)reference group
B)primary group
C)secondary group
D)social category
E)collective group

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT true of groups?

A)Their members identify with each other.
B)They may involve intense relations.
C)People may measure their conduct against them.
D)They may impose conformity on members.
E)Members never seek to exclude nonmembers.

Question 78

Clusters of people who identify with each other are called

A)groups
B)dyads
C)triads
D)reference societies
E)bureaucracies

Question 79

Networks,groups,and bureaucracies are embedded in:

A)culture
B)civilization
C)ethnicities
D)identities
E)societies

Question 80

Except for crisis situations,the most effective leadership style is:

A)laissez-faire
B)authoritarian
C)democratic
D)cooperative
E)triadic