Deck 4: Socialization

Question 1

Which of these correctly defines the Thomas Theorem?

A)social interaction is the result of our personal interests
B)phenomenology provides us with the best framework for understanding human behavior
C)perceptions of reality are altered when people lack a college education
D)situations we define as real become real in their consequences
E)the ability to connect the personal to the public stems from our reactions to others

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The founder (s)of psychoanalysis was (were):

A)Charles Horton Cooley
B)Carl Jung
C)Sigmund Freud
D)there was no one "founder" of psychoanalysis
E)the Vienna school for cognitive research (VSCR)

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Many sociologists criticize Freud for ____ in his analysis of male and female sexuality.

A)genderizations
B)gender bias
C)engendering
D)gender rationale
E)his superego

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The process of socialization begins at:

A)12 years of age
B)6 years of age
C)birth
D)1 year of age
E)a child has started talking

Question 5

Since the early 1900s:

A)the socialization function of the family has become more pronounced
B)the socialization function of schools and peer groups has decreased
C)the socialization function of the mass media has decreased
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 6

As illustrated by the discussion of the "wild boy of Aveyron" in the text,without childhood socialization:

A)adults have intense personal relationships
B)most of our human potential remains undeveloped until we are socialized
C)humans become overly violent
D)children grow up and become dependent upon political figures for leadership
E)all of these choices

Question 7

The text notes that,in Freud's view,the development of one's personality is achieved:

A)through a short process of resocialization
B)through a playful and peaceful process of socialization
C)through a difficult and stressful process of socialization
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 8

Socialization--the process of learning to be human--begins at birth and continues until:

A)12 years of age
B)6 years of age
C)death
D)a stable personality is formed
E)maturity

Question 9

Freud wrote about three parts of the 'self'.He called the part that is a repository of cultural standards:

A)the ego
B)the me
C)the id
D)the I
E)the superego

Question 10

The individual's conscious experience of a distinct,personal identity that is separate and meaningful from all other people is called a person's:

A)socialized other
B)personality
C)identity
D)self
E)other

Question 11

George Herbert Mead is best known for his study of:

A)engendered selves
B)bureaucratic identity
C)the self
D)cultural differences and sense of self-identity
E)rhesus monkeys and development of identity

Question 12

A ____ is the behavior expected of a person occupying a particular position in society.

A)status
B)socialization
C)sense of self
D)role
E)all of these choices

Question 13

According to Sigmund Freud,the part of the self in which we repress traumatic memories so that we are not normally aware of them is called:

A)the id
B)the superego
C)the ego
D)the unconscious
E)the adult personality

Question 14

Which of the following is (are)(a)stage in Mead's development of the self?

A)imitating other people
B)pretending to be other people
C)taking the role of several people simultaneously
D)taking the role of the generalized other
E)all of these choices

Question 15

Lev Vygotsky's theory:

A)is a psychological theory,like the theories of Piaget and Kohlberg
B)is a psychological theory of moral development,like the theories of Kohlberg and Gilligan
C)is a theory of moral development but not a theory of cognitive development
D)stresses the way social institutions influence cognitive and moral development
E)none of these choices

Question 16

The research by the Harlows on baby rhesus monkeys in various conditions of isolation during their early socialization process discovered that:

A)emotional attachment is occasional
B)emotional attachment is based on the amount of food given
C)emotional development requires affectionate cradling
D)emotional development is based on how hard the artificial mothers were
E)emotional development cannot be understood in rhesus moneys

Question 17

Both human babies and baby rhesus moneys require:

A)caring contact
B)little directed attention
C)modest amounts of food
D)exclusive contact with mother figures
E)none of these choices

Question 18

The examples of children who lack social contact discussed in the text demonstrate that the ability to learn culture and become fully human is a (n):

A)potential
B)inevitable part of human nature
C)process based on intelligence
D)process that only begins after learning language
E)none of these choices

Question 19

The research of René Spitz shows that:

A)infants who experience plenty of social interaction in their first year of life grow up "normally"
B)without childhood socialization,most of our human potential remains undeveloped
C)infants deprived of their mothers in their first year of life can grow up completely normally
D)infants deprived of both parents in their first year of life can grow up completely normally
E)none of these choices

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of Freud's theory of self-development:

A)The connections between early childhood development and adult personality are more complex than Freud assumed
B)Freud neglected socialization after childhood
C)Freud's theories were based on European personality types that do not occur in North America,Asia,and elsewhere
D)Freud's theory is gender biased
E)Freud did not base his theories on empirical observation

Question 21

By the time a child reaches the age of seven,she has learned how to play complex games requiring that she:

A)"take the role of the self"
B)"avoid the significant other"
C)repress memories
D)organize the self
E)take the role of several others at the same time

Question 22

Freud called the part of the self that represents appropriate behavior and a moral sense of right and wrong:

A)the id
B)the superego
C)the ego
D)the unconscious
E)the adult personality

Question 23

According to Mead,the ____ is generated as we interact with others.

A)id
B)"I"
C)"Me"
D)other
E)superego

Question 24

If someone is smiling at you,how do you know what it means? According to George Herbert Mead,to understand the communication in a smile you must be able to:

A)"take the role of the self"
B)"avoid the significant other"
C)repress memories
D)"take the role of the other"
E)organize the self

Question 25

The idea of the "looking glass self" is that when we interact with others,they gesture and react to us.We then see ourselves reflected through them as though they were a mirror.Therefore,our social selves are reflected directly in how we see ourselves judged by others.The sociologist who created this idea is:

A)Sigmund Freud
B)George Herbert Mead
C)Charles Horton Cooley
D)Lawrence Kohlberg
E)Carol Gilligan

Question 26

George Herbert Mead called the culturally approved standards that emerge as part of the self during social interaction the:

A)id
B)"I"
C)"Me"
D)"You"
E)superego

Question 27

Freud called the part of the self that demands immediate gratification:

A)the id
B)the superego
C)the ego
D)the unconscious
E)the adult personality

Question 28

The main sociological contribution of Freud's theory is the idea:

A)that the self emerges during early social interaction
B)that the self emerges during social interaction with teenage peers
C)that the self is not based on societal rules
D)that the self is formed in a haphazard manner
E)that there is no singular sense of self apart from our childhood traumas

Question 29

Freud called the part of the self that mediates the interests of the id and the superego the:

A)the super-id
B)the supraego
C)the ego
D)the unconscious
E)the alterego

Question 30

George Herbert Mead called the impulsive and spontaneous aspect of the self the:

A)id
B)"I"
C)"Me"
D)"You"
E)"Us"

Question 31

When children learn to use their culture's standards,they are taking the role of:

A)significant others
B)the generalized other
C)the "I"
D)the "me"
E)none of these choices

Question 32

A child learns to restrain certain behaviors because failure to live up to these behaviors is socially disapproved by others.This illustrates the development of:

A)the id
B)the superego
C)the ego
D)the unconscious
E)the adult personality

Question 33

Most socialization takes place ____ with the participants unaware that they are being socialized.

A)informally
B)formally
C)strategically
D)infrequently
E)all of these choices

Question 34

Freud believed that the human personality is set by the age of five.This idea has been criticized by some sociologists because:

A)socialization is based on experience of the mass media
B)socialization is much more biological than Freud discovered
C)socialization continues throughout the life course
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 35

Freud argues that learning to control our behavior is a painful and frustrating process.Freud contends that we are therefore forced to ____ in order to continue with our daily lives.

A)alter our sense of self
B)refract our consciousness
C)resocialize
D)shatter the superego
E)repress memories

Question 36

The basic idea of ____is that our feelings about who we are depend largely on how we see ourselves judged by others.

A)Freud's model of the unconscious
B)the generalized other
C)socialization
D)roles
E)the "looking glass self"

Question 37

When children pretend to be their mother or father in a make-believe game of "house," they are pretending to be:

A)significant others
B)generalized others
C)gendered others
D)"You"
E)a and b

Question 38

The main difference between Sigmund Freud and George Herbert Mead is that while Freud focused on the denial of the id as generating the self's objective side,Mead focused on people's capacity to:

A)"take the role of the self"
B)"avoid the significant other"
C)repress memories
D)"take the role of the other"
E)organize the self

Question 39

The movie Monster demonstrates that childhood socialization is above all a ____ process.

A)normal
B)social
C)powerful
D)painful
E)developmental

Question 40

According to Mead,children learn to use language and other symbols by:

A)developing the ability to repress trauma
B)imitating important people in their lives
C)creating an understanding of all other people they may come into contact with
D)learning the important symbols in their environment
E)cognitive organization

Question 41

If a child is able to analyze an event that is not part of his own immediate experience,such as a Presidential election,and criticize the outcome based on his analysis,he has achieved what stage of cognitive development?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational
E)preconventional

Question 42

In school students are not just taught how to prepare for the job market but also how to be conventionally "good citizens." This is an example of:

A)the process of socialization
B)primary socialization
C)the Thomas theorem
D)a self-fulfilling prophecy
E)the hidden curriculum

Question 43

If people know what is right or wrong on the basis of whether or not it gratifies their immediate needs,they are in what stage of moral development,according to Kohlberg?

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)formal conventional
E)protoconventional

Question 44

To question the correctness of an act because it betrays principles of fairness and equality would be representative of what stage of moral development?

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)formal conventional
E)protoconventional

Question 45

The ability to think abstractly and critically about moral principles is the hallmark of which stage of moral development?

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)formal conventional
E)protoconventional

Question 46

The stage of thinking (or "cognitive development")in which a child is able to think abstractly and critically about the world is known as the ____ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational
E)preconventional

Question 47

According to Kohlberg,some adults lack the capacity for advanced moral reasoning.These individuals would be placed in which category?

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)formal conventional
E)protoconventional

Question 48

The main sociological criticism of cognitive and moral development research by psychologists is that it:

A)overstates the influence of society on how we think
B)understates the role of significant individuals
C)trivializes the social environment
D)minimizes the influence of society in shaping the way we think
E)none of these choices

Question 49

Socialization that occurs outside of the family is known as:

A)sub-par socialization
B)primary socialization
C)secondary socialization
D)ancillary socialization
E)master socialization

Question 50

The stage of thinking (or "cognitive development")in which a child is capable of exploring the world only through their senses is known as the ____ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational
E)preconventional

Question 51

According to the research of Carol Gilligan,the moral development of boys and girls does not reflect biological or cognitive differences tied to sex.Rather:

A)the differences are the result of geographic factors
B)the varying influences of fathers in their homes determine moral development
C)the differences are the result of different cultural standards passed on to boys and girls
D)the individual determines moral choices for him or herself
E)the organization of the community shapes moral development

Question 52

The process of mastering the basic skills required to function in a society during childhood is called:

A)socialization
B)primary socialization
C)secondary socialization
D)anticipatory socialization
E)resocialization

Question 53

Once children understand that gravity will cause a ball that is thrown up in the air to fall back to earth,which stage of cognitive development have they achieved?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational
E)preconventional

Question 54

Which thinker was associated with the study of the development of thinking (or "cognitive")skills during childhood?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)George Herbert Mead
C)Charles Horton Cooley
D)Lawrence Kohlberg
E)Jean Piaget

Question 55

According to the text,the influence of some socialization agents increased in the 20th century,while the influence of others declined.One important socialization agent whose influence declined is:

A)the family
B)schools
C)peer groups
D)the mass media
E)cats (as companion animals)

Question 56

If people believe an act is moral because it pleases others,they are in what stage of moral development,according to Kohlberg?

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)formal conventional
E)protoconventional

Question 57

The ability to make judgments about right and wrong is known as:

A)preconventional reasoning
B)the ability to "take the role of the other"
C)emotional reasoning
D)formal reasoning
E)moral reasoning

Question 58

The most significant agents of socialization do NOT include which of the following:

A)the family
B)schools
C)peer groups
D)the mass media
E)interaction with pets

Question 59

The stage of thinking (or "cognitive development")in which a child is capable of seeing the connections between causes and effects in their environment is known as the ____stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational
E)preconventional

Question 60

The stage of thinking (or "cognitive development")in which a child is capable of thinking symbolically about the world is known as the ____ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational
E)preconventional

Question 61

The gender roles that most strongly influence us are those that are the most widespread and the ones that:

A)we like least
B)support our virtual communities
C)allow for the most flexibility of gender expressions
D)are most closely aligned with existing cultural standards
E)are the most difficult to accept by youth

Question 62

Sociological research shows that families have more influence on many important areas of life than do peer groups.One such area is:

A)clothing choices
B)music choices
C)food choices
D)pastime aspirations
E)educational aspirations

Question 63

The sociologist Jeffrey Jensen Arnett calls people's ability to choose from many socialization influences:

A)self-socialization
B)primary socialization
C)secondary socialization
D)ancillary socialization
E)master socialization

Question 64

Many students from poor and racial minority families reject the hidden curriculum in schools.They tend to:

A)be skeptical of the ability of school to open job opportunities for them
B)be hostile toward other poor groups
C)be receptive to alternative classes to take advantage of job opportunities
D)hope that the school will open job and work opportunities for them
E)b and c

Question 65

The conflict between adolescents and parents may be intense.It is also usually: ____.

A)permanent
B)long lasting
C)temporary
D)less intense than the mass media portray
E)none of these choices

Question 66

Widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act are called ____.

A)media roles
B)gender roles
C)roles
D)societal normative genderization
E)gendered behavior

Question 67

What term refers to a person's ability to choose socializing influences from a wide variety of mass media and cultural offerings?

A)self-socialization
B)primary socialization
C)secondary socialization
D)ancillary socialization
E)master socialization

Question 68

Examples of the mass media include:

A)television,radio,movies,videos,books,and the Internet
B)public testimony
C)public domain
D)private collections
E)all of these choices

Question 69

A category of people composed of individuals who are not necessarily friends but are about the same age and of similar status is called a:

A)statistical category
B)peer group
C)cohort
D)status set
E)census group

Question 70

A ceremony or process that requires a new member of a group to abandon his or her old self-perceptions and understandings and assume a new identity is known as:

A)transformative reawakening
B)resocialization
C)primary socialization
D)a total institution
E)an initiation rite

Question 71

When people enter military boot camp they are expected to radically change themselves physically,mentally,and emotionally.This is an example of which kind of socialization?

A)self-socialization
B)primary socialization
C)resocialization
D)anticipatory socialization
E)secondary socialization

Question 72

A recognized social position that an individual can occupy is known as a:

A)life stage
B)peer group
C)role model
D)status
E)position

Question 73

Students may believe that they are solely evaluated on the basis of test scores.However,Brym and Lie suggest that it is not just performance,but also ____ criteria that determines success in school and in the work world.

A)socialization
B)class,gender,and racial
C)physical appearance
D)the Thomas theorem
E)status

Question 74

Research reviewed in the text showed how teachers were able to influence the outcome on tests by telling randomly assigned students that they were going to do well on the tests.What does this illustrate?

A)a self-fulfilling prophecy
B)a status conflict
C)a role conflict
D)a hidden curriculum
E)resocialization

Question 75

____ takes place when powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in people's values,roles,and self-conception,sometimes even against their will.

A)self-socialization
B)primary socialization
C)secondary socialization
D)anticipatory socialization
E)resocialization

Question 76

A ceremony that signals the personal transformation of someone from one status to another and ties the person to a group,organization,or collective is called:

A)a total institution
B)an initiation rite
C)primary socialization
D)brainwashing
E)none of these choices

Question 77

An adolescent is strongly influenced by the music that she listens to but ignores the influence of television and the Internet.This is an example of which of the following?

A)self-socialization
B)primary socialization
C)secondary socialization
D)ancillary socialization
E)master socialization

Question 78

One of the significant effects of the mass media on youth is that it helps them:

A)exaggerate their troubles
B)construct their identity
C)show them inappropriate male and female behavior
D)analyze violent behavior
E)all of these choices

Question 79

When an expectation leads a person to create the very situation that they predicted,this is known as:

A)a self-fulfilling prophecy
B)a status conflict
C)a role conflict
D)a hidden curriculum
E)resocialization

Question 80

The dominant socializing agent from middle childhood through adolescence is the:

A)family
B)school
C)peer group
D)mass media
E)companion animal