Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Gross motor coordination allows a child to

A) scribble on paper.
B) stack blocks.
C) jump and hop.
D) use scissors.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Phillip's brain has slowed in overall development but has experienced the most rapid development in the areas of the brain associated with language,thinking,and spatial relationships.We can assume that Phillip is in what age range?

A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Middle childhood
D) Adolescence

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to the text,children are usually not physically ready to participate in organized sports until they are

A) about 4 years old.
B) about 5 years old.
C) about 6 years old.
D) adolescents, because organized sports are harmful to young children.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Children who cannot recognize the sensation that their bladder is full often suffer from enuresis,which is commonly known as

A) sleepwalking.
B) sleeptalking.
C) a neurological disturbance.
D) bedwetting.

Question 5

On occasion,Marcus,a 7-year-old,awakens abruptly from a deep sleep in a state of panic within an hour after falling asleep.His parents get him quieted down quickly,and he has no memory of the incident in the morning.Martin is probably experiencing

A) nightmares.
B) poor sleep patterns that need modification.
C) sleep or night terrors.
D) sleepwalking.

Question 6

Brittany,at age 5,is thinner than she was a year ago; she has gained only 4 pounds even though she has grown 2 inches.Which of the following statements is probably TRUE?

A) Her growth pattern is normal for her age.
B) Her diet is probably lacking essential nutrients.
C) Her growth will probably slow down when she reaches puberty.
D) She was probably a low-birth-weight baby.

Question 7

Meagan is learning to jump rope.This involves her learning to use her leg muscles to jump in a rhythmic fashion.In learning to jump properly,Meagan is acquiring a

A) gross motor skill.
B) fine motor skill.
C) proximal motor skill.
D) reflexive motor skill.

Question 8

Which of the following does NOT describe how children develop in the preschool years of early childhood,compared to their development as toddlers?

A) Their bodies become slimmer.
B) Their motor and mental abilities become sharper.
C) Their verbal development slows down.
D) Their personalities and relationships become more complex.

Question 9

Five-year-old Mike has had an exciting evening opening birthday presents.He has just gone to bed 2 hours later than normal and has recently eaten a lot of cake and ice cream.Which of the following problems is Mike at risk for during the night?

A) Night terrors
B) Nightmares
C) Sleepwalking
D) Sleeptalking

Question 10

Ricardo sleeps VERY soundly at night,but he will still need a daytime nap or a quiet rest until about the age of

A) 3.
B) 4.
C) 5.
D) 6.

Question 11

Repeated urination in clothing or in bed is called

A) encopresis.
B) enuresis.
C) nightmares.
D) night terrors.

Question 12

Physical development during early childhood includes which of the following?

A) Cartilage turns to bone, and bones become harder.
B) Girls become taller and heavier than boys during this period.
C) Children gain weight rapidly, but gain height slowly.
D) Boys develop more fatty tissue than girls.

Question 13

Joey is able to button his shirt and cut his food alone.Joey has developed

A) fine motor skills.
B) gross motor skills.
C) handedness.
D) None of these

Question 14

Nightmares during early childhood

A) are rare in children younger than 7 years.
B) should be treated by a child psychologist.
C) generally indicate abuse.
D) are serious only if they occur frequently.

Question 15

New research on handedness suggests that handedness is most influenced by

A) genetics.
B) environment.
C) the father.
D) the mother.

Question 16

During early childhood,physical development involves

A) more rapid growth and muscular development than during any other phase of the life span.
B) more rapid growth, but slower muscular development than during the first three years.
C) slower growth, but more rapid muscular development than during the first three years.
D) slower growth and slower muscular development than during the first three years.

Question 17

Shelly is 4 years old.With regard to sleep patterns,she can be expected to

A) sleep lightly at night.
B) fall asleep more quickly than she did when she was younger.
C) need fewer bedtime rituals and routines.
D) fight going to sleep and find excuses to get up.

Question 18

According to research presented in your text,children under the age of 6

A) should play on at least two sports teams.
B) could be overwhelmed by the physical and motor demands of organized sports.
C) should only play outside if they are part of a team.
D) should play one organized sport that their parents choose and one that they choose.

Question 19

Seth used to go to sleep in a dark room,but now,at age 3,he cries unless his parents leave a night-light on.This behavior may be

A) a way of putting off sleep.
B) a risk factor for sleepwalking.
C) a precursor to bouts of nightmares.
D) a sign of neurological damage.

Question 20

Reagan is 4 years old.At this time she is experiencing the most rapid brain development in

A) the frontal areas.
B) the temporal areas.
C) the midbrain.
D) the occipital region.

Question 21

According to recent statistics,about one in every ____ children is homeless.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 45
D) 65

Question 22

According to research presented in your text,which of the following is NOT one of the four major causes of death in children younger than age 5?

A) Diarrhea
B) Pneumonia
C) Malaria
D) Ebola

Question 23

Some government programs that help to obtain health care for children include all of the following EXCEPT

A) Medicaid.
B) Medicare.
C) CHIP.
D) WIC.

Question 24

Injuries in childhood

A) are likely to be frequent but minor.
B) are extremely rare because executive functions are fully developed.
C) cannot be prevented by parents' supervision.
D) seldom involve swallowing items including medications and vitamins.

Question 25

The pictorial stage in young children's drawings typically begins between the ages of ____ and ____.

A) 2; 3
B) 3; 4
C) 4; 5
D) 5; 6

Question 26

Left handedness is more prevalent in

A) girls.
B) boys.
C) both.
D) neither.

Question 27

Cognitive effects from ______ may be long lasting.

A) obesity
B) eating dessert
C) malnutrition
D) enlarged fatty cells

Question 28

The chief factor associated with ill health in childhood is

A) size of family.
B) lack of health insurance and access to health care.
C) lack of daycare.
D) stress that helps to boost the immune system's responsiveness.

Question 29

Parental smoking increases the likelihood that young children may contract a number of medical problems,including which of the following?

A) Pneumonia
B) Delayed fine motor skills
C) Vision impairment
D) Delayed gross motor skills

Question 30

Handedness,the preference for using one hand over the other,usually becomes evident in children when they are about _________ of age.

A) 9 months
B) 18 months
C) 2 years
D) 3 years

Question 31

Which of the following foods is LEAST likely to cause an allergic reaction in a child?

A) Eggs
B) Peanuts
C) Rice
D) Wheat

Question 32

The reason many of the major diseases of childhood,such as measles,whooping cough,and tuberculosis,are now fairly rare in Western industrialized countries is because of

A) widespread immunizations.
B) death by accidents.
C) death by other diseases.
D) sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 33

Currently,which of the following causes the most deaths in childhood?

A) Cancer
B) Measles
C) Accidents
D) AIDS

Question 34

Factors that would assist with reduction of childhood obesity include

A) eating meals together.
B) getting adequate sleep.
C) limiting television watching to two hours or less per day.
D) All of the these

Question 35

The risk of illness,injury,and death in childhood is most strongly related to the family's

A) socioeconomic status.
B) race.
C) physical size.
D) ethnicity.

Question 36

Tanya has recently developed the ability to draw shapes such as circles and squares.She can also button large buttons.What skills has she developed?

A) Gross motor
B) Handedness
C) Fine motor
D) Lateralization

Question 37

A key to preventing obesity in children is to

A) have individual servings of appropriate portions.
B) increase the numbers of calories per pound of body weight.
C) vary the amount of calories children consume from day to day.
D) insist that children eat everything on their plates.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the textbook as something that has been done legally to make young childhood safer?

A) Require childproof caps on medicine bottles
B) Require mandatory helmets for bicycle riders
C) Require safe storage of firearms
D) Require mandatory immunizations

Question 39

Juan can hop,go down a staircase with alternating feet without assistance,and can start and stop quickly when he is running.Juan is probably how old?

A) 2 years
B) 3 years
C) 4 years
D) 5 years

Question 40

The highest rates of undernutrition are found in

A) the United States.
B) West and Central Africa.
C) South Asia.
D) Latin America.

Question 41

According to the text,children become able to classify objects according to two dimensions,such as color and shape,around the age of

A) 18 months.
B) 2 years.
C) 3 years.
D) 4 years.

Question 42

Little Vincent holds up his mother's broom and says,"With this sword,I am really a knight!" Vincent is engaged in

A) pretend play.
B) acting out.
C) rough-and-tumble play.
D) object permanence.

Question 43

Environmental health steps to prevent lead poisoning include all of the following EXCEPT

A) removal of lead from paints and gasoline.
B) screening of residents in areas where the majority of the houses were built before 1950.
C) closing school buildings.
D) encouraging parents to remove chipping or peeling paints in their homes.

Question 44

At about the age of ___,children are able to understand the relationship between pictures,maps,and scale models and that the objects are spaces they represent.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 45

Many poor children do not get adequate medical care because

A) they don't need it.
B) their parents don't care.
C) their families don't have medical insurance.
D) their families move so often.

Question 46

Nick was feeling angry at his little brother,and at about the same time,Nick's little brother came down with a bad case of the stomach flu.Nick was worried that his anger caused his brother to get sick.According to Piaget,Nick is demonstrating _____________ reasoning.

A) intuitive
B) centrated
C) transductive
D) irreversible

Question 47

Young children involved in pretend play are demonstrating

A) object permanence.
B) association.
C) centration.
D) symbolic function.

Question 48

The proportion of children living in poverty in the United States is

A) 1 in 5.
B) 2 in 5.
C) 3 in 5.
D) 4 in 5.

Question 49

According to Piaget,deferred imitation requires the use of

A) symbolic functioning.
B) formal operational thought.
C) concrete operational thought.
D) seriation.

Question 50

When children repeat an action that they saw someone else perform at an earlier time,they are demonstrating

A) deferred imitation.
B) symbolic play.
C) evidence of the sensorimotor stage.
D) recognition memory.

Question 51

Natasha is 5 years old.She is probably in which of Piaget's stages?

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operations
D) Formal operations

Question 52

One theory about the increase in food allergies among children is

A) the environment is too dirty and kids react to it.
B) there are more fresh and organic foods available.
C) the foods tend to be less processed than in the past.
D) the environment might be too clean, and children's immune systems do not develop.

Question 53

Kelly broke a lamp and was told that she had been bad.Later that evening,she was told that her parents were getting a divorce.She thought that her breaking the lamp had caused the divorce.This is an example of what kind of reasoning?

A) Deductive
B) Inductive
C) Transductive
D) Reductive

Question 54

Anne's father is going to a Halloween party.He comes into her room dressed in a gorilla suit and says,"Hi,sweetheart!" Anne says,"Oh,Daddy,it's you!" Anne's behavior reflects her understanding of

A) identities.
B) centration.
C) symbolic play.
D) imagery.

Question 55

When children make an object stand for or represent something else,they are using

A) deferred imitation.
B) pretend play.
C) recall memory.
D) recognition memory.

Question 56

Miranda and her uncle see an interesting new car drive by.Later,after the car has gone,her uncle asks if she remembers the neat thing they saw minutes before.Miranda says,"Yes,we saw a car." Miranda is demonstrating

A) deferred imitation.
B) symbolic function.
C) recognition memory.
D) conservation.

Question 57

The symbolic function allows young children to

A) think about things they can see.
B) refer to mental representations of objects they have seen before.
C) think abstractly.
D) think logically.

Question 58

Some children playing in the yard are pretending to bake cookies.One child gathers up some disk-shaped rocks and says,"Here are the cookies I made!" This child is engaged in

A) sensorimotor play.
B) deferred recognition.
C) pretend play.
D) conservational play.

Question 59

Three-year-old Ben is pretending to build a birdhouse with some pieces of wood lying in the yard.Suddenly,Ben says,"I need a hammer to fix this," even when there is no hammer present.According to Piaget,Ben has entered the

A) sensorimotor stage.
B) concrete operations stage.
C) formal operations stage.
D) preoperational stage.

Question 60

Marsha watches her mother bathe the new baby.The next morning she gets her doll and a pail of water and bathes her "baby." Marsha is showing

A) deferred imitation.
B) symbolic-function.
C) centration.
D) conservation.

Question 61

Conclusions from more recent research on egocentrism suggests that

A) Piaget was accurate in his assessment of egocentrism in children.
B) most children are egocentric, but some are not.
C) levels of egocentrism depend on how familiar a child is with the situation.
D) biological factors are more influential in the development of egocentrism than Piaget believed.

Question 62

With regard to egocentrism,researchers other than Piaget have found that

A) Piaget was apparently correct in his view of young children's egocentrism.
B) children do better with familiar tasks compared with the three-mountain or abstract tasks.
C) egocentrism continues at the same level well into middle childhood.
D) young children do not show empathy because they cannot take another person's perspective.

Question 63

Piaget used the three-mountain task to assess children's level of

A) conservation.
B) egocentrism.
C) seriation.
D) class inclusion.

Question 64

Piaget proposed that children begin to develop a theory of mind when they are around

A) 18 months old.
B) 6 years old.
C) 3 years old.
D) 9 years old.

Question 65

The children who have the most difficulty in recognizing false beliefs are those who

A) are rated high in social skills.
B) have limited language development.
C) participate in family discussions.
D) are from non-Western cultures.

Question 66

Piaget designed the "three mountain task" to study _____________ of young children.

A) centration
B) egocentrism
C) conservation
D) irreversibility

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of counting that children begin to recognize during the preoperational stage?

A) The ascending-series principle
B) The stable-order principle
C) The cardinality principle
D) The abstraction principle

Question 68

Piaget concluded that young children come to illogical conclusions because they cannot _____________ and think about several aspects of a situation at the same time.

A) mentally focus
B) reason logically
C) decenter
D) remember

Question 69

Inability to understand that a ball of clay that has been molded into a "snake" can be formed into a ball again is an example of

A) irreversibility.
B) centration.
C) conservation.
D) egocentrism.

Question 70

Which two aspects of preoperational thought are most responsible for children failing Piaget's conservation tasks?

A) Egocentrism and animism
B) Egocentrism and irreversibility
C) Irreversibility and animism
D) Irreversibility and centration

Question 71

Four-year-old Sarah tells her mother,"I told the wind to blow,so it made my kite fly." This is an example of

A) animism.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) egocentrism.
D) decentration.

Question 72

Piaget appears to have greatly underestimated the understanding of causality in children.New evidence suggests that children as young as _____ years old showed causal reasoning.

A) 1 ½
B) 2 ½
C) 3 ½
D) 4 ½

Question 73

By age ___,most children can count to 20 or more and know the relative sizes of numbers 1 through 10; some can do simple single-digit addition and subtraction.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 74

According to Piaget,a limitation in the thinking of children in the preoperational stage is that they have difficulty

A) showing empathy.
B) classifying objects according to more than one stimulus dimension.
C) distinguishing reality from fantasy.
D) thinking animistically.

Question 75

Margaret,who is 4,is upset because her older sister,Leslie,"has more candy." Actually,each girl has one caramel,but Leslie has stretched hers into a long string while Margaret's is still a small cube.This shows Margaret's inability to use

A) reversal.
B) decentration.
C) conservation.
D) transduction.

Question 76

Billy has two imaginary friends named Joe and Buckus.In which of the following ways is having Joe and Buckus similar to having peer relationships?

A) They may make Billy less sociable.
B) They are good company for an only child.
C) They provide mechanisms of avoidance.
D) They help him avoid difficult situations.

Question 77

Focusing on only one aspect of a situation and neglecting others is called

A) centration.
B) decentering.
C) conservation.
D) irreversibility.

Question 78

A child who cannot see something from another person's perspective or point of view is showing

A) centration.
B) egocentrism.
C) conservation.
D) irreversibility.

Question 79

Alex is listening to some music through headphones so no one else can hear it.When his mother walks into the room,he says,"Mommy,do you like this song?" although she cannot hear the music.Alex's question indicates that Alex is

A) presymbolic.
B) egocentric.
C) decentered.
D) transformational.

Question 80

The child who would develop theory-of-mind best would be

A) autistic.
B) one with excellent language skills.
C) one with a single language rather than bilingual.
D) an only child.