Deck 5: Cognitive Development During the First Three Years

Question 1

Little Rollie sees his favorite toy across the room and begins crawling towards it.According to your text,Rollie is engaging in

A) intelligent behavior.
B) symbolic functioning.
C) emotional regulation.
D) situational compliance.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Developmental test scores obtained during infancy are

A) very reliable and should be administered to all infants when they visit their pediatrician.
B) strong predictors of adult IQ.
C) good predictors of childhood IQ.
D) useful to detect early sensory and neurological deficits.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the Bayley III test scales of infant and toddler development?

A) Alertness
B) Motor
C) Mental
D) Behavior rating

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to your text,what is the most effective use of developmental tests such as the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?

A) To identify gifted children before they enter school
B) To provide kindergartens with additional academic information
C) To identify potential neurological deficits or emotional disturbances
D) To better predict which children will become popular or unpopular

Question 5

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development produce a(n)

A) IQ score.
B) report of mental, motor, and behavioral development.
C) developmental assessment that correlates with adult abilities.
D) measure of reflex development.

Question 6

Based on research using HOME assessments,parental responsiveness at six months of age is reported to be positively correlated with all of the following EXCEPT

A) IQ.
B) achievement test scores.
C) classroom behavior.
D) child popularity.

Question 7

When a child learns to behave in a specific way in order to obtain a specific result,what is occurring?

A) Habituation
B) Classical conditioning
C) Operant conditioning
D) Social learning

Question 8

Young infants' memory is specifically linked to a particular cue.At what age will children repeat a learned behavior without the original cue being available?

A) 3 to 4 months
B) 4 to 6 months
C) 9 to 12 months
D) After the first year

Question 9

Which approach looks at the quality of cognitive functioning at different stages of life?

A) Psychometric
B) Piagetian
C) Information-processing
D) Behaviorist

Question 10

When an infant is classically conditioned,he or she learns

A) a relationship between two stimulus events.
B) to stop responding to an unimportant, repetitive stimulus.
C) to associate a certain behavior with a reward.
D) to avoid punishment by crying.

Question 11

Based on research using operant conditioning techniques with infants,what appears to be different between infant and adult memories?

A) The quality of the memory
B) The duration of the memory
C) Infants cannot form memories, while adults can.
D) Adults require stronger retrieval cues to access their memories.

Question 12

Susie learned to sit on the floor and cry until she is given a piece of candy.This is an example of

A) habituation.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) social learning.

Question 13

Developmental tests measure mostly sensory and motor abilities,whereas intelligence tests used for older children also measure __________ abilities.

A) behavioral
B) emotional
C) verbal
D) arousal

Question 14

Which approach attempts to measure intelligence quantitatively?

A) Psychometric
B) Piagetian
C) Information-processing
D) Cognitive

Question 15

Eliza's mom smiles at her every time she sticks her tongue out.According to operant conditioning,Eliza will

A) stop sticking out her tongue.
B) cry every time her mother enters the room.
C) stick her tongue out even more.
D) be unaffected by her mother's smiles.

Question 16

Project Care and the Abcedarian project are both programs designed to provide

A) early intervention for at-risk children.
B) gifted children with enrichment opportunities.
C) special needs children with the technology they need to compete in the classroom.
D) affluent children with opportunities to learn abroad.

Question 17

Little Mark plays with a balloon that pops in his face and frightens him.The next time he sees a balloon,he starts to cry.The type of learning illustrated in this example is called

A) habituation.
B) operant conditioning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) latent learning.

Question 18

Which of the following children would be MOST likely to be assessed with the Bayley III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?

A) A newborn who suffered anoxia during delivery
B) A 4 1/2-year-old who shows high intelligence
C) A 2-year-old who has not yet spoken any words
D) A 3-year-old who developed language at an early age

Question 19

Classically conditioned learning will fade or become extinct if it is not

A) punished.
B) reinforced.
C) ignored.
D) dishabituated.

Question 20

At Tiny Tots day care,the caregivers have found that if the infants in their care repeat an action over and over again they will

A) not repeat the action in several weeks.
B) always repeat the action several weeks later.
C) often repeat the action several weeks later.
D) repeat the action if it was practiced with their mother.

Question 21

The first stage in Piaget's cognitive theory is

A) sensorimotor.
B) preoperational.
C) concrete operational.
D) formal operational.

Question 22

A systematic process of providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting young children's developmental needs is called

A) natural child-rearing.
B) infant support.
C) early intervention.
D) developmental priming.

Question 23

Cody is 3 months old and has been given a pacifier to suck on for the first time.Since he finds sucking on the pacifier to be pleasurable,Cody repeats this activity whenever possible.According to Piaget,Cody is in the __________ substage of the sensorimotor period.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) tertiary

Question 24

A child hits a drum with different kinds of objects in order to make different sounds.According to Piaget,this child is exhibiting

A) a variability scheme.
B) classical conditioning.
C) a tertiary circular reaction.
D) object permanence.

Question 25

HOME is an instrument for evaluating the impact of a child's home environment for

A) socioeconomic status.
B) emotional health.
C) intellectual development.
D) future career success.

Question 26

Erica,who is 10 months old,is trying to solve the problem of obtaining a toy on a high shelf.According to Piaget,if she has reached the fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage,which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) She will quickly lose interest in the problem and forget the toy.
B) She will choose a strategy to attempt to get the toy and persist with that strategy even if it fails repeatedly.
C) She will become frustrated and simply cry until she falls asleep.
D) She will attempt a strategy that was successful in obtaining a book on a high shelf in the past.

Question 27

Marla finds that rubbing her face against the satin edge of her blanket feels good.She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation.According to Piaget,she has acquired a(n)

A) adaptation.
B) circular reaction.
C) unconditioned response.
D) symbolic representation.

Question 28

Which of the following defines Piaget's concept of circular reactions?

A) They are primitive reflexes in infants.
B) Circular reactions set up continuous cycles of waking and sleeping.
C) They are processes that an infant reproduces after discovering them by chance.
D) Circular reactions are another form of habituation.

Question 29

Sensorimotor Substage 6 is noted for the acquisition of

A) adaptations.
B) causality.
C) symbols.
D) schemes.

Question 30

HOME scores demonstrated that all of the following were positively related to high intelligence in children EXCEPT

A) mothers' ability to create an environment that fostered learning.
B) responsiveness of parents to children.
C) access to stimulating play materials.
D) number of children in the family.

Question 31

Which of the following do infants NOT do during the first month of life,according to Piaget?

A) Behave reflexively
B) Begin to initiate activity
C) Develop primary circular reactions
D) Make acquired adaptations with mental representations

Question 32

Tertiary circular reactions involve

A) doing three things at once.
B) varying an action to see what will happen.
C) repeating a behavior at least three times.
D) manipulating symbols, including words.

Question 33

HOME examiners rate parents on all of the following EXCEPT

A) expressions of affection.
B) number of books in the home.
C) parents' involvement in children's play.
D) feeding methods.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a concern of the HOME items assessment?

A) It may be less culturally relevant in non-Western homes.
B) It is correlational data and may not have a direct effect on intelligence.
C) There may be a genetic influence at work in the highly rated homes.
D) Examiners may bias the results by the way they ask the questions.

Question 35

At 21 months of age,Pierre has acquired a symbolic thinking system.Which substage of the sensorimotor stage is he in?

A) Substage 3-secondary circular
B) Substage 4-coordination of secondary schemes
C) Substage 5-tertiary circular
D) Substage 6-mental combinations

Question 36

According to Piaget,infants who repeat actions in order to get results beyond the infant's own body are engaging in

A) primary circular reactions.
B) secondary circular reactions.
C) deferred imitation.
D) sensorimotor conditioning.

Question 37

Piaget called organized patterns of behavior

A) operations.
B) schemes.
C) gestalts.
D) circular reactions.

Question 38

Jake has developed the ability to put his actions into memory.This ability is called

A) permanence.
B) representational ability.
C) maturity.
D) imitation.

Question 39

When Piaget's daughter,Lucienne,figured out how to remove a watch chain from a box by widening the opening,and opened and closed her mouth to signify this,she had reached what substage?

A) Substage 2-primary circular
B) Substage 4-coordination of secondary schemes
C) Substage 5-tertiary circular
D) Substage 6-mental combinations

Question 40

The Piagetian approach focuses on

A) qualitative changes in cognition.
B) quantitative differences in intelligence.
C) establishing norms for intelligence tests.
D) the relationship of brain development to speed and function.

Question 41

According to some research,a newborn who smiles at a smiling adult is engaging in

A) invisible imitation.
B) visible imitation.
C) deferred imitation.
D) circular reaction.

Question 42

According to research cited in the text,children become capable of deferred imitation

A) at an older age than Piaget suggested.
B) at a much younger age than Piaget suggested.
C) at the age Piaget suggested.
D) minutes after birth.

Question 43

According to research,infants can imitate behaviors they see as early as

A) 12 hours after birth.
B) three days after birth.
C) a week after birth.
D) a month after birth

Question 44

Habituation studies provide information on all of the following EXCEPT

A) intelligence.
B) preference for complexity.
C) sophisticated play.
D) strength of sucking reflex.

Question 45

According to Piaget,pictorial competence is an aspect of

A) symbolic development.
B) intuitive thought.
C) concrete operations.
D) formal operations.

Question 46

The dual representation hypothesis is used in an attempt to explain why children

A) make scale errors.
B) make poor judgments regarding peers.
C) make inferences about caregivers that are often wrong.
D) have difficulty forming attachments to both a mother and a father.

Question 47

Which of the following describes the correct status of Piaget's theory?

A) It has continued to be accepted with modifications.
B) Later research has revealed this theory to be deeply flawed.
C) Piaget's theory has stimulated little research.
D) Piaget's theory was influential only in the early 1950s.

Question 48

An important function of habituation seems to be

A) to increase attention to repetitive stimuli.
B) the conservation of energy.
C) to prevent important stimuli from overstimulating a baby.
D) to increase the rate of sucking responses.

Question 49

Infant Godfrey had been staring at a picture of a face,but having grown tired of that,he resumed sucking on his pacifier.Soon after,a new picture was presented and he stopped his sucking altogether.Researchers would say that Godfrey is exhibiting

A) habituation.
B) dishabituation.
C) attention-deficit disorder.
D) extraordinary perceptual skills.

Question 50

A baby,who has been given 100 presentations of a high-pitched tone,no longer reacts to the sound by stopping the sucking response.When a low-pitched tone is presented,the baby does stop sucking.This cessation of sucking caused by the new tone is called

A) dishabituation.
B) disinhibition.
C) habituation.
D) a conditioned response.

Question 51

Infants and toddlers seem to be __________ cognitively competent and to show signs of conceptual thought earlier than Piaget thought.

A) less
B) more
C) far more
D) far less

Question 52

Lenny searches for a toy that he saw his mother hide,first behind her back and then under a pillow.Lenny has acquired

A) object permanence.
B) sharp vision.
C) persistence.
D) symbolic thought.

Question 53

The realization that a person or object continues to exist even when out of sight is called

A) representational ability.
B) primary circular reaction.
C) coordination of secondary schemes.
D) object permanence.

Question 54

The ability to mentally represent and remember objects and events is

A) object permanence.
B) representational ability.
C) developed early in infancy.
D) not developed until Piaget's concrete operations stage.

Question 55

Visual recognition in infancy is often measured

A) using habituation.
B) by asking infants what they recognize.
C) by asking the infant's mother what the infant recognizes.
D) with Piaget's conservation tasks.

Question 56

A baby stops sucking to listen to a tone.Later,after the tone has been repeated frequently,the infant ignores it.This is an example of

A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) habituation.
D) dishabituation.

Question 57

Helena watches as her baby brother tries to get his jumbo teddy bear into one of his miniature race cars.Her brother's actions are indicative of

A) a lack of conservation skills.
B) a scale error.
C) superior inductive reasoning.
D) the presence of centration.

Question 58

Meredith watches her mother pour water out of a glass into the sink.The next day,at the beach,Meredith pours water from a cup into a pail.Meredith is engaging in

A) invisible imitation.
B) visible imitation.
C) deferred imitation.
D) conservation.

Question 59

Diane loves to play peek-a-boo.Peek-a-boo is played in many diverse cultures using similar routines.Which of the following is NOT an important purpose of the game?

A) It helps babies master anxiety when their mothers are not around.
B) The game helps babies develop object permanence.
C) It creates anxiety that makes babies stronger.
D) It provides a social skill-the ability to take turns.

Question 60

An infant who slows or stops sucking when a novel stimulus is presented is exhibiting

A) habituation.
B) dishabituation.
C) that he/she is full.
D) None of these

Question 61

Implicit memory seems to develop ________ explicit memory.

A) later than
B) earlier than
C) at about the same time as
D) None of these

Question 62

After everyone orders dinner,Beth proudly announces that the check with tax should be around $60.Beth was using her

A) working memory.
B) extra-sensory perception.
C) long-term memory.
D) autobiographical memory.

Question 63

Which cognitive characteristic in infants seems to be generally associated with high intelligence in middle childhood?

A) Low polymodal attention levels
B) The ability to devote more attention to familiar stimuli
C) Early appearance of the sensorimotor stage
D) Rapid processing of perceptual information

Question 64

During violation-of-expectations experiments,when an infant registers surprise at an "impossible" event,this suggests that the infant has developed

A) superior visual recognition memory.
B) object permanence.
C) conservation of volume.
D) a sense of egocentrism.

Question 65

In an experiment,an infant hears a particular sound.The next day,the infant is less likely to respond to that sound than is another infant who has never heard it before.The results of this experiment suggest that infants possess the capacity for

A) cross-modal transference.
B) tertiary circular reactions.
C) representational ability.
D) habituation.

Question 66

Research on visual-recognition memory demonstrates that very young infants

A) pay more attention to familiar patterns than to new ones.
B) pay more attention to new patterns than to familiar ones.
C) cannot discriminate new patterns from familiar patterns.
D) show no consistency in the attention they give to new and familiar patterns.

Question 67

Researchers study infants' information processing by considering all of the following EXCEPT

A) visual preferences.
B) habituation time.
C) cross-modal transference.
D) language development.

Question 68

The amount of time a baby spends looking at different sights is a measure of visual preference that is based on the ability to

A) make visual distinctions.
B) have vision loss.
C) visually habituate.
D) have visual distortions.

Question 69

__________ is the principle "that allows people to predict and control their world."

A) Innate learning
B) Violation of expectations
C) Causality
D) Information-processing ability

Question 70

Michelle is shown a new mobile,and the amount of time she spends studying it is measured.This is a technique of which approach to intellectual development?

A) Behaviorist
B) Information processing
C) Piagetian
D) Psychometric

Question 71

Some researchers propose that infants may be born with or acquire very early reasoning abilities that help them make sense of the information they encounter.These abilities are called

A) innate learning mechanisms.
B) at-birth learning abilities.
C) preprogrammed learning skills.
D) information-processing abilities.

Question 72

According to research,what seems to be a key ingredient in understanding causality for infants?

A) Highly intellectual parents
B) Self-locomotion
C) Presence of older siblings
D) A nurturing environment

Question 73

The study of the brain structures that govern thinking and memory is called

A) assessment of brain stimulus.
B) cognitive neuroscience.
C) mental stimulus evaluation.
D) neurological assessment.

Question 74

Babies who habituate rapidly are

A) highly distractible.
B) likely to be more intelligent.
C) stronger in nonverbal than verbal abilities.
D) perceptually differentiated.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the textbook as one of the indicators of an infant's ability to process information?

A) Habituation/dishabituation
B) Visual preference
C) Cross-modal transfer
D) Auditory preferences

Question 76

A child is asked to reach into a box while blindfolded and hold a small rubber duck.Later,the child is shown several pictures of different toys,including the duck,and asked to choose the one that was handled earlier.If the duck picture is chosen,this would suggest that the child is capable of

A) polymodal attention.
B) habituation.
C) cross-model transference.
D) novelty avoidance.

Question 77

The length of time an infant spends looking at a circular pattern,as compared with a square pattern,is an indicator of

A) habituation.
B) visual-recognition memory.
C) visual preference.
D) attention recovery.

Question 78

Lukas was shown two toys at the same time,one of which he had seen before.He looked for a short time at the one he had seen before and then turned to look at the other.This quick shift in attention shows that Lucas has good

A) habituation.
B) visual-recognition memory.
C) cross-modal transfer.
D) attention recovery.

Question 79

According to some theorists,infants look longer at an "impossible" event during the violation-of-expectations experiment because they can see a difference between the two scenes.These theorists support a(n)_____ awareness explanation for infants' reactions.

A) perceptual
B) conceptual
C) intellectual
D) reciprocal

Question 80

According to your text,which infant is likely to understand that a ball must be thrown to move?

A) Infant Dolly, who can roll over
B) Infant Sammie, who can hold his head up
C) Infant Darlene, who can crawl
D) Infant Celeste, who smiles when her mom walks in