Deck 2: Theory and Research

Question 1

Organismic theorists emphasize __________ change,while mechanistic theorists emphasize __________ change.

A) quantitative; qualitative
B) behavioral; developmental
C) qualitative; quantitative
D) mechanistic; organismic

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements about theories is true?

A) Theories change to incorporate new findings.
B) Theories are based on certain assumptions.
C) Theories and research are interwoven.
D) All of these.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which early philosopher described children as a tabula rasa on which society writes?

A) John Locke
B) Jean Piaget
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) Erik Erikson

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A good theory develops __________,which can then be tested by research.

A) data
B) hypotheses
C) findings
D) facts

Question 5

Psychoanalytic theory was developed by

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) Albert Bandura.
D) Erik Erikson.

Question 6

If Bill's behavior is viewed as passive and reactive,he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior.

A) naturalistic
B) mechanistic
C) organismic
D) maturationistic

Question 7

Galton's mom was surprised to hear her young son say the phrase "Holy cow!" when he saw his new toy.It is a phrase she says often,but not directed toward her son.Her son's actions are indicative of the

A) reactive model of development.
B) active model of development.
C) presence of the language acquisition device.
D) influence of siblings on young children's vocabulary.

Question 8

Most of the early pioneers in psychology,such as Sigmund Freud,Erik Erikson,and Jean Piaget,favored the __________ perspective on human development,which views development as occurring in specific stages.

A) organismic
B) quantitative
C) mechanistic
D) behavioristic

Question 9

A therapeutic approach aimed at giving patients insight into their unconscious conflicts is called

A) repression analysis.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) psychosexual analysis.
D) psychoconsciousness.

Question 10

In the study of human development,a theory is a set of

A) logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict development.
B) facts derived from research.
C) research results that can prove behaviors.
D) opinions of a well-known authority in a field.

Question 11

The proper order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development is

A) anal, phallic, oral, latency, genital.
B) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
C) anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic.
D) oral, latency, genital, anal, phallic.

Question 12

"If children learn aggression from models,then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows." This is an example of a

A) theory.
B) finding.
C) hypothesis.
D) conclusion.

Question 13

According to psychosexual theory,4-year-old Austin would be in which stage?

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Latency

Question 14

A mechanistic researcher would be most interested in

A) the influence of violent video games on aggression.
B) the family history of a person with aggression problems.
C) the neurotransmitters linked to aggression.
D) All of these

Question 15

Stacy's mother believes that most of Stacy's acting out lately has been caused by unconscious forces within her that motivate her behavior.Stacy's mother follows the ______ perspective.

A) humanistic
B) ethological
C) psychoanalytic
D) learning

Question 16

Tentative explanations or predictions that can be scientifically tested are called

A) theories.
B) hypotheses.
C) research findings.
D) conclusions.

Question 17

If Troy's behavior is viewed as active and self-determining,he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior.

A) naturalistic
B) mechanistic
C) organismic
D) maturationistic

Question 18

The quantitative changes,such as documenting the number of words added to a child's vocabulary,support which theory?

A) Mechanistic
B) Developmental
C) Qualitative
D) Organismic

Question 19

Freud's theory on human development states that people develop in an unvarying sequence of maturationally determined stages of __________ development.

A) psychosocial
B) psychoanalytic
C) psychoconscious
D) psychosexual

Question 20

A set of logically related concepts that seek to organize,explain,and predict data is called a

A) theory.
B) hypothesis.
C) law.
D) rule.

Question 21

Although parts of his theory have been heavily criticized,Freud's contribution to the field of human growth included all of the following EXCEPT

A) the importance of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations.
B) the role of childhood experiences.
C) the ambivalence of emotional responses.
D) the importance of developing formal operational thought.

Question 22

As an adult,Mary spends considerable time each day cleaning her apartment,arranging her socks in a drawer until they are just right,and making schedules on a calendar.According to Freud,Mary is probably fixated in the __________ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) genital
D) phallic

Question 23

According to Freud,during early childhood boys develop sexual attachment to their mothers.Freud called this development

A) the Electra complex.
B) the unconscious complex.
C) the Oedipus complex.
D) regressing.

Question 24

In contrast with Freud,Erikson placed more emphasis on

A) physical development.
B) intellectual development.
C) the role of parents.
D) social and cultural influences.

Question 25

An example of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt would be

A) an infant learning that she can depend on being fed.
B) a 3-year-old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills.
C) a 10-year-old learning to read fluently.
D) a 4-year-old asking his mother for a cookie.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT part of the personality as proposed by Freud?

A) Superego
B) Libido
C) Id
D) Ego

Question 27

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,the first stage of development,which occurs during infancy,is

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question 28

Which one of the following personality entities would be most similar to what is called "conscience"?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Libido

Question 29

Freud's research stressed the importance of

A) conscious behavior.
B) the role of heredity in parenting.
C) ways in which early relationships affect later ones.
D) the lack of use of recalling childhood experiences.

Question 30

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,a teenage girl would be facing the crisis of

A) intimacy versus isolation.
B) integrity versus despair.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) identity versus identity confusion.

Question 31

One of the criticisms of Freud's work is that he

A) did not make us aware of the importance of unconscious thoughts.
B) focused too little on childhood feelings and experiences in motivation.
C) based his theories on patients and not the general population.
D) used too large a subject pool.

Question 32

A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to the environment is called

A) modification.
B) cognition.
C) learning.
D) behaviorism.

Question 33

The stage of psychosexual development that occurs during middle childhood and is characterized by relative calm is called the __________ stage.

A) oral
B) childhood
C) latency
D) anal

Question 34

Each of Erikson's stages involves a major developmental issue that is particularly important at that time.Erikson referred to these issues as __________ in personality.

A) traumas
B) crises
C) stages
D) phases

Question 35

According to Freud,the part of the personality that operates on the "reality principle," realistically finding ways to obtain gratification,is the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) conscience.

Question 36

Pauline is in her fourth stage of development according to the developmental stage theory that Erikson put forth.Under normal conditions,if Pauline lives into old age,in how many stages will she ultimately participate?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 8
D) 12

Question 37

Christa,a rather demonstrative 7-year-old,hits her brother for laughing at her and feels guilty about it afterward.According to Freud,Christa's guilty feelings reflect the operation of the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) defense mechanism.

Question 38

According to Erikson,the resolution of the crisis at each stage of psychosocial development must include a _______ between positive and negative traits.

A) balance
B) skewing toward the positive
C) skewing toward the negative
D) synthesis

Question 39

According to Freud,the part of the personality that operates on the "pleasure principle," seeking the immediate gratification of desires,is the

A) Id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) ego ideal.

Question 40

Unlike Freud's theory,Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

A) sees society as a positive force.
B) focuses on biological instincts.
C) covers infancy and childhood but not adulthood.
D) has much in common with behaviorism.

Question 41

The psychologist who formulated the principles of operant conditioning was

A)John B.Watson.
B)Sidney Pressey.
C)B.F.Skinner.
D)Ivan Pavlov.

Question 42

According to the _________ perspective,people's actions are reactions to aspects of their environment that they find pleasing,painful,or threatening.

A) organismic
B) behaviorism
C) psychoanalytic
D) humanistic

Question 43

__________ is the principle that an organism will repeat behaviors when these behaviors are reinforced.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Pleasure principle
D) Reality principle

Question 44

Learning theorists are most concerned with

A) measurable, observable behaviors.
B) unconscious determination of behaviors.
C) development of intelligence.
D) personality conflicts between parents and children.

Question 45

Any consequence of a behavior that INCREASES the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called

A) punishment.
B) reinforcement.
C) an aversive event.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 46

According to social learning theory,the most important element in how children learn a language,deal with aggression,develop a sense of morality,and learn gender-appropriate behavior is

A) classical conditioning.
B) observation and imitation.
C) punishment of inappropriate behavior.
D) shaping of appropriate behavior.

Question 47

The use of operant conditioning to modify or shape human behavior is called

A) classical conditioning.
B) punishment.
C) behavior modification.
D) reinforcement.

Question 48

Which of the following researchers worked with "Little Albert" in one of the earliest and most famous examples of classical conditioning in human development?

A)John B.Watson
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)B.F.Skinner
D)Edward Thorndike

Question 49

Edwin is learning to ride his bike.Each time that he rides onto the gravel driveway,he loses control of the bike and falls.Eventually Edwin will no longer ride in the driveway.This example represents the learning process of

A) negative reinforcement.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) conditioning.

Question 50

The ________ perspective emphasizes the influence of the environment rather than thought processes or unconscious fantasies.

A) psychoanalytic
B) learning
C) organismic
D) humanistic

Question 51

Punishment __________ a behavior by bringing on a(n)__________event.

A) increases; aversive or unpleasant
B) suppresses; aversive or unpleasant
C) suppresses; positive or pleasant
D) increases; negative or unpleasant

Question 52

A child learns to whine to get items at the store because when she whines,her parents get frustrated and give her the desired items.She is being rewarded for her whining,but her parents do not seem to realize this and are frustrated because the whining is increasing.This is an example of ______ conditioning.

A) operant
B) classical
C) behavior
D) unconscious

Question 53

Ann's mother has stopped reinforcing Ann to make her bed.Ann's bed-making behavior is likely to be

A) increased.
B) decreased.
C) punished.
D) learned permanently.

Question 54

Based on the connections between Erikson's stages,an infant who resolves the crisis of basic trust versus basic mistrust is most likely to become

A) an independent 2-year-old.
B) a shy, reclusive 2-year-old.
C) emotionally stuck in the infant stage.
D) a child who develops stranger anxiety.

Question 55

The principles of classical conditioning were developed by

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Ivan Pavlov.
C)B.F.Skinner.
D)Edward Thorndike.

Question 56

Behaviorists maintain that human behavior is determined by

A) defense mechanisms.
B) self-actualization.
C) unconscious conflicts.
D) conditioning.

Question 57

Reinforcement is most effective when it is __________ after the behavior it is designed to reinforce.

A) delayed
B) immediately
C) constant
D) aversive

Question 58

In classical conditioning,an association is learned between

A) an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.
B) an operant response and a reinforcer.
C) a conditioned stimulus and an operant response.
D) an internal stimulus and an external stimulus.

Question 59

Two important learning theories are ____________ and _______________.

A) behaviorism; cognitive therapy
B) social learning theory; behaviorism
C) social learning theory; psychoanalytic theory
D) psychoanalytic theory; cognitive theory

Question 60

A girl receives an injection and cries.Each time she receives an injection again,the same nurse gives it.Her mother notices that the child now cries when she sees this nurse even if no injection is given.This is an example of

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) fixation.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 61

According to Jean Piaget,what is the primary goal or need that leads children to change their ways of thinking to adapt to new experiences?

A) Satisfaction of id impulses
B) Equilibrium
C) Stable sense of identity
D) Approval from parents

Question 62

From Jean Piaget's perspective,a child who alters her behavior to more effectively deal with a new situation is exhibiting

A) accommodation.
B) primary process thinking.
C) assimilation.
D) generalization.

Question 63

Piaget's term for the process of taking information and incorporating it into existing ways of thinking is

A) schematization.
B) shaping.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.

Question 64

The process of modeling,or observing and imitating others,is referred to as

A) classical conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) efficacious learning.
D) psychoanalytical learning.

Question 65

__________ is the researcher best known for his theory of cognitive development.

A) Abraham Maslow
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Erik Erikson
D) Jean Piaget

Question 66

A teacher is helping to direct and organize Jay's learning with blocks to help him master and internalize his skills.This reflects Vygotsky's notion of

A) structured application.
B) zone of proximal development.
C) distal learning.
D) zone of distal development.

Question 67

The two major points of Jean Piaget's cognitive perspective are that people are active in their environment and that behavior develops

A) in specific stages regardless of culture.
B) randomly at any developmental stage.
C) in a specific order that may vary based upon cultural variables.
D) randomly based upon the child's environment.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT one of the cognitive stages through which a child progresses,as theorized by Jean Piaget?

A) Post-conceptual
B) Sensorimotor
C) Preoperational
D) Concrete operations

Question 69

Psychologist Lev Vygotsky saw cognitive growth as a collaborative process in which children learn through social

A) cognition.
B) status.
C) learning.
D) interaction.

Question 70

Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed.Stacy has developed

A) cognition.
B) behavioral analysis.
C) social learning.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 71

When little Sasha calls her neighbor's dog "Kitty," she is exhibiting

A) assimilation.
B) accommodation.
C) insight.
D) accelerated cognitive development.

Question 72

Piaget's use of questions and flexible exploration of a child's responses is known as the __________ method.

A) Socratic
B) clinical
C) field observation
D) interview

Question 73

It is important for parents and teachers to understand how children think so they can more effectively _________ them.

A) discipline
B) teach
C) organize
D) manage

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory of development?

A) His focus on formal logic as central to cognitive development is too narrow.
B) It pays little attention to the influence of education on intellectual development.
C) It overestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.
D) It does not say much about individual differences in ability.

Question 75

The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes is called the __________ perspective.

A) cognitive
B) thinking
C) behavioral
D) intellectual

Question 76

When a child first sucks on a sippy cup the same way the child sucked from a bottle,the child is trying to learn to drink from the cup using the process of

A) assimilation.
B) modification.
C) accommodation.
D) adaptation.

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT one of the interrelated principles developed by Piaget to explain the gradual development of a child's mental processes?

A) Organization
B) Adaptation
C) Equilibration
D) Unconscious processing

Question 78

According to Piaget,children strive for understanding when they are in a state of

A) equilibration.
B) disequilibrium.
C) assimilation.
D) accommodation.

Question 79

____________ develops as children gradually learn to master challenges and achieve goals.

A) Social cognitive theory
B) Applied behavioral analysis
C) Social learning theory
D) Self-efficacy

Question 80

A structure of organized patterns of behavior that a person uses to think about and act in a situation is that person's

A) scheme.
B) situation.
C) adaptation.
D) assimilation.