Deck 14: Health Psychology

Question 1

The stages of change model _____.

A) describes the process by which individuals evolve to think about others before themselves
B) describes the process by which individuals develop physically and mentally in adolescence
C) describes the process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier life-styles
D) describes the process by which individuals give up their inhibitions and behave against the norms of society

Answer 1

describes the process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier life-styles

Question 2

Which of the following lists the stages of the stages of change model in the correct order?

A) Preparation, precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance
B) Preparation, action, precontemplation, contemplation, maintenance
C) Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
D) Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, action

Answer 2

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

Question 3

According to _____,effective change requires individuals to have specific intentions about their behaviors,as well as positive attitudes about a new behavior,and to perceive that their social group looks positively on the new behavior as well.

A) the stages of change model
B) the theory of reasoned action
C) the general adaptation syndrome
D) Lazarus's model of stress and coping

Answer 3

the theory of reasoned action

Question 4

Health psychology reflects the belief that _____.

A) health is predetermined by genetics and biology
B) lifestyle choices, behaviors, and psychological characteristics can play important roles in health
C) the body has a tremendous impact on the mind, but the mind has very little impact on the body
D) health has very little to do with psychology, so research should focus more on an exclusively physiologic al model of health

Question 5

Behavioral medicine _____.

A) explains the importance of social ties as an important variable in predicting health
B) focuses on motivational tools for self-change that involve changing for the right reasons
C) is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating behavioral and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness
D) explains the importance and usage of medicines in everyday life

Question 6

Which of the following is not considered a health behavior?

A) Brushing your teeth
B) Practicing safe sex
C) Exercising
D) Reading

Question 7

Raising one's consciousness is the key component of which of the following stages of change?

A) Precontemplation
B) Contemplation
C) Preparation/determination
D) Action/willpower

Question 8

Dan has a problem with smoking.If Dan were in the _____ stage of change,the best stage-matched intervention would be to inform him about the dangers of continuing this unhealthy behavior.However,if he were in the _____ stage,you would do well to provide him with training in specific skills that can help him to actually stop smoking.

A) contemplation/precontemplation
B) precontemplation/contemplation
C) preparation/contemplation
D) precontemplation/preparation

Question 9

Some of the characteristics that distinguish people who are in the _____ stage of change are that they possess a beginning awareness of their problem behavior but they are not yet ready to change it.

A) action/willpower
B) contemplation
C) maintenance
D) preparation/determination

Question 10

Although the concerns of behavioral medicine and health psychology overlap,behavioral medicine primarily focuses on _____ factors,whereas health psychology primarily focuses on _____ factors.

A) behavioral and biomedical/behavioral and cognitive
B) behavioral and cognitive/behavioral and biomedical
C) conscious/unconscious
D) unconscious/conscious

Question 11

What is the main difference between the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior?

A) The theory of reasoned action includes the stages of change model.
B) The theory of planned behavior includes the stages of change model.
C) The theory of reasoned action includes the idea that perceptions of control over the outcome are important.
D) The theory of planned behavior includes the idea that perceptions of control over the outcome are important.

Question 12

_____ emphasizes psychology's role in establishing and maintaining physical well-being and preventing and treating illness.

A) Evolutionary psychology
B) Social psychology
C) Developmental psychology
D) Health psychology

Question 13

Sam has a problem with alcohol.He gets substantially drunk at parties four to five nights a week and it is not uncommon for him to experience blackouts.Despite his friends' concerns,Sam doesn't think he has a problem and believes that he is just being a typical college student.Sam would most likely be classified as being in the _____ stage of change.

A) maintenance
B) contemplation
C) precontemplation
D) preparation/determination

Question 14

Suzanne wants to lose 20 pounds before her honeymoon to Hawaii.Although she realizes that being thinner will make her feel stronger and healthier,she has a weakness for ice cream.She's not sure that she will be able to give up the short-term pleasure of indulging in an ice cream cone for dessert today in exchange for the long-term benefits of weight loss.Suzanne appears to be in which of the following stages of change?

A) Maintenance
B) Contemplation
C) Preparation/determination
D) Action/willpower

Question 15

Which of the following is the first stage in the stages of change model?

A) Preparation/determination
B) Precontemplation
C) The action/willpower
D) Contemplation

Question 16

During the _____ stage,individuals are not yet genuinely thinking about changing.

A) preparation/determination
B) maintenance
C) precontemplation
D) contemplation

Question 17

You are having fun at a New Year's Eve party when your friend Dominic tells you that he really wants to quit smoking.He asks you to share what you know about health psychology so that he can use your advice to help him to successfully quit.If you apply the theory of reasoned action to Dominic's situation,which of the following statements best represents the advice you should offer?

A) "Dominic, you should make an explicit commitment. If you are really serious about quitting, you should make a New Year's resolution to stop smoking. "
B) "Dominic, you should envision quitting smoking as a form of punishment for your previous behavior. Think of quitting as a negative behavior."
C) "Dominic, you should make sure you surround yourself with friends who smoke and who don't support your goal of quitting. Having a little adversity from your social network will keep you motivated."
D) "Dominic, you should give in to the 'higher power' and realize that you can't truly control your smoking behavior. Just hope and pray for the best."

Question 18

During the _____ stage individuals acknowledge the problem but may not be ready to commit to change.

A) preparation/determination
B) maintenance
C) action/willpower
D) contemplation

Question 19

Your roommate has been engaging in risky sexual behavior all semester,yet she denies that anything is wrong.She is likely in the _____ stage of the stages of change model.

A) preparation/determination
B) contemplation
C) Termination
D) precontemplation

Question 20

The theory of planned behavior includes the basic ideas of the theory of reasoned action but adds another important variable to the model.This variable is _____.

A) genetic health history
B) a person's perception of control over the outcome of the situation
C) level of introversion
D) intelligence and cognitive ability

Question 21

According to the stages of change model,when conscious attention is no longer required to maintain the new,healthy behaviors and such behaviors simply are part of the individual's lifestyle,_____ has been achieved.This occurs during the _____ stage of change.

A) determination/action-willpower
B) transcendence/maintenance
C) optimistic appraisal/contemplation
D) hardiness/preparation

Question 22

Maria,Nicole,Abby,and Jessica are adolescents currently enrolled in an obesity treatment program.According to self-determination theory,which teen will be most likely to achieve her weight loss goals?

A) Maria (who was forced by her parents to come to the program)
B) Nicole (who was forced by her doctor to come to the program)
C) Abby (who voluntarily enrolled because she made a personal commitment to herself)
D) Jessica (who wants to get thinner so that she can get her ex-boyfriend's attention)

Question 23

Your co-worker Christina was just laid off.You immediately inform her about a relevant job opening that you recently heard about.You have tried to help Christina by offering _____.

A) tangible assistance
B) emotional support
C) an important source of information
D) affirmation

Question 24

Which of the following statements would be most typical of someone in the preparation/determination stage of change?

A) "Problem? What problem? I don't have a problem."
B) "I am going to focus on learning new alternative healthy behaviors that will replace the old unhealthy ones."
C) "I know that my behavior is problematic, but I'm just not ready to change it yet."
D) "I'm going to do something about this problem, starting first thing next week."

Question 25

Andrea was just fired from a job she really loved.You are her best friend so you try to offer her all the support that she needs.Giving Andrea a hug when she is down and telling her that you will "be there for her" is an example of _____ support,whereas loaning her money and telling her that she can stay with you until she finds another job is an example of _____ support.

A) tangible/emotional
B) emotional/tangible
C) psychological/physical
D) physical/psychological

Question 26

You are trying to change your exercise routine in order to have a healthier lifestyle.You develop a new exercise schedule and plan to implement it starting next month.You are in the _____ stage of the stages of change model.

A) precontemplation
B) contemplation
C) preparation/determination
D) action/willpower

Question 27

When Wendy first started trying to eat healthier it felt like she was a "dieter." She was constantly thinking about how to eat healthy.After several months of successfully opting to eat nutritious food as opposed to her old fast food favorites,Wendy does not feel like a dieter anymore.She no longer has to consciously think about trying to eat healthy foods; rather,her new lifestyle has become a part of who she is.Wendy is in which of the following stages of change?

A) Preparation/determination
B) Maintenance
C) Action/willpower
D) Contemplation

Question 28

A number of studies have linked religious participation to _____.

A) increased loneliness and isolation
B) a longer and healthier life
C) greater self-esteem
D) hardiness

Question 29

Which of the following is the last stage in the stages of change model?

A) Resolution
B) Resistance
C) Action/willpower
D) Maintenance

Question 30

Which of the following is the strongest predictor of mortality rates?

A) Cigarette smoking
B) Social isolation
C) Optimism
D) Intelligence

Question 31

_____ refer(s)to specific strategies for dealing with the challenges of making a life change.

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Attribution strategies
C) Implementation intentions
D) Extraversion

Question 32

Your textbook describes a study that investigated the effects of diverse social ties on the susceptibility to getting a common cold.Results of this study showed that those with diverse social networks were _____ than their counterparts with less diverse social networks.

A) more likely to get a cold
B) less likely to get a cold
C) less likely to volunteer to participate in the study
D) more likely to volunteer to participate in the study

Question 33

One challenge during the maintenance stage is to avoid _____.

A) relapse
B) boredom
C) stagnancy
D) denial

Question 34

Uncle Leo quit smoking two months ago.He is hoping that he can continue to stay tobacco-free so he has been trying to find ways to support his new,healthy behavior pattern.He eats mint whenever he gets a craving to smoke.Uncle Leo seems to be in the _____ stage of the stages of change model.

A) preparation/determination
B) contemplation
C) action/willpower
D) maintenance

Question 35

In the long run,writing about traumatic life events _____.

A) is harmful because one relives the trauma over and over again
B) increases distress among men but not among women
C) is associated with physical and psychological health benefits
D) has no impact on reducing stress

Question 36

Bob decided that he was a bit overweight and in order to do something about it,he created a new exercise program,something he'd never tried before.Though he initially had some difficulty setting it up and sticking with it,he has consistently done his exercise workout for the last eight months.Though it is becoming more habitual,the program is still not yet automatic for him and he reinforces himself with new CDs each month if he has successfully completed his workouts.According to the stages of change model,Bob would most likely be in the _____.

A) contemplation stage
B) maintenance stage
C) termination stage
D) preparation/determination stage

Question 37

_____ our accomplishments can motivate consistent behavior.

A) Bragging about
B) Forgetting
C) Downplaying
D) Acknowledging, enjoying, and celebrating

Question 38

Belief in one's ability to successfully change and "see it through" is characteristic of which of the following stages of change?

A) Preparation/determination
B) Maintenance
C) Action/willpower
D) Contemplation

Question 39

According to the stages of change model,during the _____ stage,individuals commit to making a real behavioral change and enact a plan for effective change.

A) action/willpower
B) contemplation
C) maintenance
D) preparation/determination

Question 40

When Samantha's father passed away,Ronnie got food for Samantha's family.The giving of food after the death of a loved one is an example of _____.

A) extrinsic motivation
B) emotional support
C) implementation intentions
D) tangible assistance

Question 41

Individuals who have high self-efficacy are least likely to do which of the following?

A) Persist in the face of obstacles
B) Expend effort in coping with stress
C) Experience less stress in challenging situations
D) Perceive that they have no control over the situation

Question 42

Self-efficacy is the belief that you can _____.

A) teach others to be self-reliant
B) show unconditional positive regard for others
C) be empathetic to your own problems
D) master a situation and produce positive outcomes

Question 43

According to the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS,)biological damage (e.g.,weakened immune system,heart attack,or death)can occur during the _____.

A) exhaustion stage
B) resistance stage
C) coping stage
D) alarm and mobilization stage

Question 44

According to the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS),once resistance to a persisting stressor collapses,individuals enter the _____.

A) resistance-coping stage
B) exhaustion stage
C) alarm and mobilization stage
D) irritability phase

Question 45

Which of the following statements about optimism is false?

A) Optimism is associated with how an individual explains the causes of life events.
B) Optimists expect that good things are more likely and that bad things are less likely to occur in the future.
C) Optimism is something that you are born with. It cannot be learned or cultivated.
D) Optimists generally are physically and mentally healthier than pessimists.

Question 46

Which hormonal response in Seyle's GAS model is responsible for providing instant energy?

A) plasma immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS)
B) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)
C) systemic glucagon regulation (SGR)
D) $\beta$ -endorphin and prolactin (PRL)

Question 47

Two years ago,Walter's business went bankrupt.Two months ago,his wife left him.Two days ago,Walter began having panic attacks.Selye would say that Walter is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Alarm
B) Reaction
C) Resistance
D) Exhaustion

Question 48

Denise has just finished a stressful week of final exams and she now feels as though she is coming down with the flu.According to the general adaptation syndrome,Denise's reaction to stress suggests that she is now in the _____ stage.

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) primary appraisal

Question 49

Once you get over the initial stress associated with your first exam of finals week,the fact that you have several more exams will likely lead your body to enter the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) action/willpower

Question 50

A key hormone shared by the central nervous system and the immune system is _____,which is produced in the hypothalamus and unites the stress and immune responses.

A) oxytocin
B) testosterone
C) estrogen
D) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 51

Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Alarm, resistance, and challenge
B) Primary appraisal, alarm, secondary appraisal
C) Challenge, frustration, and exhaustion
D) Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Question 52

Pauline is responsible and reliable.She likes structure and always sees a task through until it is completed.She exercises,eats healthy foods,and always wears her seatbelt.Pauline would score high on which of the following personality traits?

A) Extraversion
B) Conscientiousness
C) Agreeableness
D) Openness to new experiences

Question 53

The general adaptation syndrome describes the _____.

A) steps taken during cognitive appraisal
B) body's response to stressors
C) frustration created by conflict
D) top three stressful personality types

Question 54

According to Selye,in which stage does the person exert an all-out effort to combat stress?

A) Alarm stage
B) Resistance stage
C) Primary appraisal
D) Secondary appraisal

Question 55

When a rat is first introduced to an over-crowded cage,it will likely enter the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) action/willpower

Question 56

_____ is associated with high levels of emotional well-being,successful coping,and good health.

A) An external locus of control
B) A sense of personal control
C) Strong extrinsic motivation
D) Type-A behavior

Question 57

The body's first reaction to a stressor,in the _____,is a temporary state of shock during which resistance to illness and stress falls below normal limits.

A) alarm stage
B) resistance stage
C) exhaustion stage
D) irritability phase

Question 58

_____ is the power of belief in yourself and how long you persist in the face of obstacles.

A) Problem-solving skill
B) Placebo effect
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-esteem

Question 59

Self-efficacy influences _____.

A) whether an individual tries to develop healthy habits
B) whether a person uses emotion-focused or problem-focused coping strategies
C) a person's resting heart rate
D) a person's level of happiness

Question 60

According to Seligman,optimists explain the causes of bad events as _____,whereas pessimists explain them as _____.

A) internal, stable, and global/external, unstable, and specific
B) external, unstable, and specific/internal, stable, and global
C) internal, unstable, and global/external, stable, and specific
D) external, stable, and global/internal, unstable, and specific

Question 61

_____ reduces stress by directly targeting the stressor itself.

A) Problem-focused coping
B) Emotion-focused coping
C) Denial
D) Repressive coping

Question 62

Leslie,a first-grade teacher,recently received a pink slip notice informing her that she would be laid off next year.She has had some time to think about how this change will impact her life,and now she is actively evaluating her resources and trying to come up with a "game plan." According to Lazarus's model,Leslie is now engaging in _____.

A) primary appraisal
B) secondary appraisal
C) emotion-focused coping
D) social sharing

Question 63

According to Lazarus,_____ occurs when an individual interprets how significant a stressor is.

A) initial assessment
B) initial intake
C) primary appraisal
D) secondary appraisal

Question 64

Rosemary is interested in studying the relationships between emotion,the nervous system,and the immune system.Given these interests,she will probably want to pursue future study in the field of _____.

A) cognitive psychology
B) psychopharmacology
C) psychoneuroimmunology
D) anatomy and physiology

Question 65

You just received a letter informing you that the college you really wanted to attend next semester has denied your application for enrollment.If you use the emotion-focused coping method you would _____.

A) confront the source of your stress head-on
B) acknowledge your problem and actively try to solve it
C) calm yourself and visit a friend
D) retake the SAT to try to raise your standardized test score

Question 66

Although many individuals use both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies,over the long term,_____.

A) emotion-focused coping rather than problem-focused coping usually works best
B) problem-focused coping rather than emotion-focused coping usually works best
C) both problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping strategies are equally effective
D) neither problem-focused nor emotion-focused coping strategies are effective

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hardiness?

A) Compatibility
B) Control
C) Commitment
D) Challenge

Question 68

Melissa just landed her dream job.The only problem is that her workplace is far from her home.She spends about 3 hours commuting in the car every day.Traffic is normally quite heavy and Melissa is experiencing a great deal of stress.If Melissa moved closer to her place of employment in order to decrease her commute time,this would be an example of _____.

A) emotion-focused coping
B) problem-focused coping
C) repressive coping
D) denial

Question 69

Based on your text's discussion,which of these is an accurate conclusion concerning the relationship of stress to the immune system and cancer?

A) The physiological effects of stress provide resistance to cancer.
B) The physiological effects of stress inhibit immune responses to cancer.
C) The physiological effects of stress slow the progression of cancer.
D) The physiological effects of stress cause smoking, which causes cancer.

Question 70

Kirby just got divorced.He is currently thinking about how disruptive and significant this life change will be for him.According to Lazarus,Kirby's behavior is an example of _____.

A) primary appraisal
B) secondary appraisal
C) daily hassles and uplifts
D) the general adaptation syndrome

Question 71

Which of the following is true about coping strategies?

A) Emotion-focused coping is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.
B) Problem-focused coping entails responding to the stress that one is feeling-rather than confronting the root problem.
C) Emotion-focused coping can never be beneficial in dealing with life's problems.
D) Problem-focused coping might involve coming up with goals and implementation intentions.

Question 72

Cancer patients show _____ activity in the blood.

A) diminished B lymphocytes
B) increased cardiomyocyte
C) diminished natural killer cell (NK-cell)
D) increased red blood cells (RBCs)

Question 73

In _____,individuals evaluate their resources and determine how effectively they can be marshaled to cope with the event.

A) initial assessment
B) initial intake
C) primary appraisal
D) secondary appraisal

Question 74

_____ reduces stress by controlling or managing one's emotional reaction to the stressor.

A) Problem-focused coping
B) Emotion-focused coping
C) Social sharing
D) Optimism

Question 75

The Type A behavior pattern is defined by a cluster of characteristics,including being excessively _____.

A) competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile
B) relaxed, easygoing, flexible, and carefree
C) optimistic, resilient, friendly, and intelligent
D) assertive, introverted, angry, and rational

Question 76

Martha likes her new job but her workplace is far from her home.She spends a lot of time driving every day.Traffic is normally quite heavy and Martha is experiencing a great deal of stress.Telling herself to relax,listen to music,and to enjoy "alone time" in the car rather than dreading the commute would be an example of _____.

A) emotion-focused coping
B) problem-focused coping
C) social sharing
D) repressive coping

Question 77

_____ is linked with a higher incidence of heart disease,whereas _____ is linked with a lower incidence of heart disease.

A) The Type A behavior pattern/the Type B behavior pattern
B) The Type B behavior pattern/the Type A behavior pattern
C) The Type B behavior pattern/the Type D behavior pattern
D) The Type D behavior pattern/the Type A behavior pattern

Question 78

_____ is defined by a cluster of characteristics,including being relaxed and easy going.

A) The Type A behavior pattern
B) The Type B behavior pattern
C) Hardiness
D) Optimism

Question 79

Which of the following is true about exercise?

A) Exercise designed to strengthen muscles is referred to as aerobic exercise.
B) Exercise typically increases levels of anxiety.
C) Exercise that stimulates heart and lung functioning is known as muscle strengthening exercise.
D) Exercise refers to structured activities whose goal is to improve health.

Question 80

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between the immune system and stress is false?

A) Acute stressors produce superior immune system functioning.
B) Acute stressors can produce immunological changes.
C) Chronic stressors are associated with an increasing downturn in immune system responsiveness.
D) Chronic emotional stress is associated with high blood pressure, heart disease, and early death.