Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

How long does information last in sensory memory?

A) A fraction of a second to several seconds
B) 30-60 seconds
C) 2-3 minutes
D) 5 minutes

Answer 1

A fraction of a second to several seconds

Question 2

Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

A) Sensory memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Long-term memory
D) Schemas

Answer 2

Short-term memory

Question 3

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten,you rely on _____,whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago,you rely on _____.

A) sensory memory/long-term memory
B) long-term memory/short-term or working memory
C) long-term memory/procedural memory
D) semantic memory/long-term memory

Answer 3

long-term memory/short-term or working memory

Question 4

_____ involves retaining information over time.

A) Learning
B) Memory
C) Priming
D) Amnesia

Question 5

_____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

A) Imagery
B) Elaboration
C) Divided attention
D) Sustained attention

Question 6

_____ of information is linked with neural activity,especially in the brain's left frontal lobe.

A) Self-reference
B) Forgetting
C) Chunking
D) Elaboration

Question 7

_____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

A) Divided attention
B) Elaboration
C) Multitasking
D) Sustained attention

Question 8

Multitasking is an example of _____.

A) mental imagery
B) divided attention
C) priming
D) rehearsal

Question 9

According to _____,memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures,at least those that can be named,are stored as both image codes and verbal codes.

A) Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting
B) Atkinson-Shiffrin theory
C) the dual-code hypothesis
D) parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Question 10

Although _____ is rich and detailed,we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.

A) sensory memory
B) selective memory
C) long-term memory
D) declarative memory

Question 11

According to research,which of the following is an effective elaboration technique?

A) Thinking of physical characteristics
B) Thinking of smells
C) Thinking of self-references
D) Thinking of sounds

Question 12

Elsa is studying for her psychology exam with the TV on in the background.Research on the effects of divided attention suggests that watching TV while studying will _____ Elsa's exam performance.

A) slightly increase
B) strongly increase
C) decrease
D) have no effect on

Question 13

Your roommate Chuck is having difficulty in his chemistry class.He asks you for advice on how to improve his memory of the material.You suggest that rather than trying to memorize the definitions,he should learn the concept by coming up with real-world examples.You tell Chuck to work on making links between new information and everything he already knows.Which of the following memory strategies are you recommending to Chuck?

A) Elaboration
B) Imagery
C) Chunking
D) Selective attention

Question 14

Information can last up to a lifetime in _____.

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) working memory

Question 15

_____ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory.

A) The dual-code hypothesis
B) Atkinson-Shiffrin theory
C) Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting
D) Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Question 16

_____ refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.

A) Storage
B) Retrieval
C) Decay
D) Encoding

Question 17

Sensory memory _____.

A) holds information acquired through our senses for a brief amount of time
B) is a form of short-term memory
C) transfers information directly to long-term memory
D) is very vague and unclear

Question 18

Attention,deep processing,elaboration,and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) chunking

Question 19

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems.Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display.According to research on encoding processes,Matt is able to accurately recall all this information because he _____.

A) has shallowly processed this information
B) has deeply processed this information
C) has processed this information at an intermediate level
D) used non-linguistic encoding processes

Question 20

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory,memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

A) Attentive memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
B) Sensory memory, selective memory, and long-term memory
C) Sensory memory, selective memory, and exhaustive memory
D) Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Question 21

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term or working memory is between _____ units of information.

A) 2 and 7
B) 5 and 9
C) 7 and 12
D) 9 and 12

Question 22

Which of the following is true of the visual spatial sketchpad?

A) When there are many items in the visuo-spatial sketchpad, one can represent them accurately enough to retrieve them successfully.
B) The visual spatial sketchpad depends on the phonological loop for its operations.
C) The visuo-spatial sketchpad acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves attention and which should be ignored.
D) The capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad is limited.

Question 23

When asked to memorize the 15 letters,C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S,Mary reorganizes them into CIA,CBS,ABC,FBI,and IRS.Mary used the tactic of _____.

A) mental structuring
B) visual structuring
C) chunking
D) cueing

Question 24

_____ memory involves the conscious recollection of facts and events whereas,_____ memory involves non-conscious knowledge derived from past experience.

A) Explicit/implicit
B) Implicit/explicit
C) Short-term/long-term
D) Long-term/short-term

Question 25

Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical?

A) Sensory memory
B) Implicit memory
C) Nondeclarative memory
D) Episodic memory

Question 26

Based on the famous case study of H.M.,a patient who had severe epilepsy,H.M.underwent surgery that involved removing the hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres in his brain.After the surgery,his epilepsy was cured but his memory was impaired.Which of the following best describes the effect that surgery had on H.M.'s memory?

A) H.M. developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory.
B) H.M. showed major deficits in sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
C) H.M.'s procedural memory suffered the most damage.
D) H.M. could not learn new physical tasks.

Question 27

Shannon is an excellent student.She rewrites her class notes after each class.Rewriting her notes is a form of _____.

A) rehearsal
B) priming
C) chunking
D) imagery

Question 28

According to Baddeley,the _____ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language.

A) visuo-spatial sketchpad
B) central executive
C) phonological loop
D) amygdala

Question 29

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory,the _____ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore.

A) visuospatial working memory
B) central executive
C) phonological loop
D) amygdala

Question 30

Short-term memory has a _____ capacity than sensory memory and a _____ duration.

A) more limited/longer
B) less limited/longer
C) larger/shorter
D) more limited/shorter

Question 31

Working memory _____.

A) has an unlimited capacity
B) is the same as short-term memory
C) is a passive memory system
D) is an active memory system

Question 32

Chunking involves _____.

A) quickly scanning information for relevant details
B) immediately forgetting relevant information
C) using Miller's framework for memory retrieval
D) reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller meaningful units

Question 33

_____ includes the systems involved in procedural memory,classical conditioning,and priming.

A) Explicit memory
B) Implicit memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Semantic memory

Question 34

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory,which of the following contains two separate components: an acoustic code and rehearsal?

A) Phonological loop
B) Central executive
C) Visuo-spatial sketchpad
D) Amygdala

Question 35

A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) autobiographical
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 36

Which of the following can be further subdivided into episodic and semantic memory?

A) Sensory memory
B) Implicit memory
C) Explicit memory
D) Working memory

Question 37

_____ refers to auditory sensory memory,whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory.

A) Iconic memory/echoic memory
B) Declarative memory/nondeclarative memory
C) Echoic memory/iconic memory
D) Nondeclarative memory/declarative memory

Question 38

Which of the following involves being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it?

A) Sensory memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Declarative memory
D) Nondeclarative memory

Question 39

_____ has to do with remembering who,what,where,when,and why._____ has to do with remembering how.

A) Semantic memory/episodic memory
B) Episodic memory/semantic memory
C) Implicit memory/explicit memory
D) Explicit memory/implicit memory

Question 40

If all of the information on the hard drive of your computer is like long-term memory,then _____,like RAM,is comparable to what you actually have open and active at any given moment.

A) semantic memory
B) working memory
C) declarative memory
D) procedural memory

Question 41

The connectionist view of memory _____.

A) suggests that memories are large knowledge structures
B) advocates that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember
C) proposes that memories are organized only to the extent that neurons, the connections among them, and their activity are organized
D) states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Question 42

Jillian was in a car accident and sustained a serious head trauma.Since the surgery,she has forgotten her name,career,and other vital information about herself.Yet,she is still able to talk,know what words mean,and have general knowledge about the world,such as what day it is or who currently is the president of the U.S.This behavior suggests that Jillian's _____ is impaired,but her _____ is still functioning.

A) episodic memory/semantic memory
B) semantic memory/episodic memory
C) sensory memory/long-term memory
D) declarative memory/nondeclarative memory

Question 43

You go to a hypnotist to help you quit smoking.The hypnotist asks you to remember and describe things that you did differently before you started smoking.Which memory system will you use most to comply with this request?

A) Your procedural memory system
B) Your permastore memory system
C) Your episodic memory system
D) Your nondeclarative memory system

Question 44

Implicit memory,procedural memory,and priming are all part of _____.

A) declarative memory
B) nondeclarative memory
C) episodic memory
D) working memory

Question 45

Recollections of John's first family vacation to Disneyland are part of John's _____.

A) implicit memory
B) nondeclarative memory
C) episodic memory
D) procedural memory

Question 46

Although you had never been to the Fancy Foods Restaurant in your town,you weren't at all surprised when the hostess seated you,handed you the menu,and informed you that your server would soon be there to take your order.Shortly after,a man in a tuxedo came to your table.You knew exactly what was going to happen because you _____.

A) are a certified psychic
B) have a script for what happens in a restaurant
C) have been to similar Fancy Foods Restaurants in other towns
D) have a friend who works there

Question 47

Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains _____.

A) how people can remember material for several months
B) how memory functions at the neuron level
C) how cannibalized worms can pass on skills they had learned to the cannibals
D) why students should study exam material over a period of days instead of hours

Question 48

The locations of neural activity,called _____,are interconnected.

A) scripts
B) phonological loops
C) chunks
D) nodes

Question 49

The hippocampus,the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex,and other areas of the limbic system play a very important role in _____ memory.

A) repressed
B) implicit
C) explicit
D) sensory

Question 50

Vince suffered serious brain injury to his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident.What effect will this have on Vince's life?

A) He probably won't remember his name.
B) He probably won't remember how to ride his motorcycle.
C) He probably won't recognize his wife.
D) He probably won't remember where he lives.

Question 51

Which of the following involves memory for skills?

A) Semantic memory
B) Working memory
C) Procedural memory
D) Schema

Question 52

_____ is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

A) Priming
B) Procedural memory
C) Classical conditioning
D) Skill memory

Question 53

Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is stored in your _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) autobiographical
D) implicit

Question 54

Some of the answers to complex questions about neural mechanics of memory come from experimental studies of which animal?

A) Chimpanzee
B) Sea slug
C) Cat
D) Dog

Question 55

In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored?

A) Episodic memory
B) Semantic memory
C) Nondeclarative (implicit) memory
D) Declarative (explicit) memory

Question 56

Retrieval is the process of _____.

A) transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
B) bringing information to mind whenever needed
C) storing information so that it can be retained over time
D) detecting information from the world without receiving concrete sensory input.

Question 57

People very quickly adapt to the procedures and behaviors appropriate at a birthday party.General knowledge of what to expect and how to behave at a birthday is called a(n)_____.

A) script
B) implicit memory
C) discovered memory
D) working memory

Question 58

Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala.What memory problems is she most likely to have now?

A) Margaret will have difficulty remembering her address and telephone number.
B) Margaret will have difficulty adding numbers.
C) Margaret will have difficulty with emotional memories.
D) Margaret will have difficulty with short-term memories.

Question 59

The cerebellum and _____ play an important role in implicit memory.

A) cerebral cortex
B) frontal lobes
C) corpus callosum
D) hypothalamus

Question 60

Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in _____.

A) impaired explicit memory
B) enhanced memory retrieval
C) enhanced working memory
D) impaired semantic memory

Question 61

Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old.This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness.This is an example of a(n)_____.

A) implicit memory
B) schema
C) repressed memory
D) elaboration

Question 62

According to the serial position effect,if you are a waiter trying to remember all the orders for a table of 7,you should pay particular attention to the _____ orders,because these are the ones you are most likely to forget.

A) first and second
B) sixth and seventh
C) third, fourth, and fifth
D) first, third, and seventh

Question 63

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's _____ abilities,whereas essay exams involve testing _____ abilities.

A) episodic memory/semantic memory
B) semantic memory/episodic memory
C) recall/recognition
D) recognition/recall

Question 64

_____ is a situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.

A) Retroactive interference
B) Motivated forgetting
C) Transience
D) Transference

Question 65

Which of the following occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later?

A) Elaboration
B) Proactive interference
C) Transference
D) Motivated forgetting

Question 66

Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down.He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred.Aaron is exhibiting _____.

A) emotional memory syndrome
B) displacement
C) memory decay
D) motivated forgetting

Question 67

Samantha prides herself on "never forgetting a face," although she frequently cannot put the correct name with a specific "face." Samantha is really saying that she _____.

A) is better at recognition than at recall
B) is better at recall than at recognition
C) is better at memory retrieval than at memory reconstruction
D) is better at memory reconstruction than at memory recall

Question 68

Cognitive psychologist Jonathan Schooler has suggested that the term recovered memories be replaced with the term discovered memories.Why?

A) Individuals with "discovered" memories experience them as real, whether or not the memories are accurate.
B) "Discovered" memories are more accurate and detailed than "recovered" memories.
C) The term discovered memories avoids the negative connotations of the term recovered memories.
D) Individuals with "discovered" memories realize that the memories may be inaccurate.

Question 69

According to,_____ repression's main function is to protect the individual from threatening information.

A) psychodynamic theory
B) Atkinson-Shiffrin theory
C) connectionism
D) interference theory

Question 70

Proactive and retroactive interference are examples of _____.

A) encoding failures
B) storage failures
C) retrieval failures
D) brain damage

Question 71

Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect's physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a _____ task,whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible assailants is an example of a _____ task.

A) recognition/recall
B) recall/recognition
C) rehearsal/elaboration
D) chunking/rehearsal

Question 72

A few years ago,Sally had a boyfriend named Steve.Now,she has a new boyfriend named Stephen.Due to _____,she sometimes calls Stephen by Steve's name.

A) retroactive interference
B) the Ebbinghaus effect
C) latent forgetting
D) proactive interference

Question 73

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus,_____.

A) most forgetting occurs long after we originally learned something
B) most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something
C) motivated forgetting is a good treatment for overcoming traumatic events
D) motivated forgetting is a poor treatment for overcoming traumatic events

Question 74

George has just graduated from college and is going on his first big job interview.He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job.On account of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class,George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed.Why?

A) The serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicant interviewed second.
B) The serial position effect predicts that the candidate interviewed in the "middle" position will be viewed less favorably than the other two applicants.
C) Research has shown that the serial position effect is used often by management to arbitrarily hire job applicants.
D) Research has shown that people interviewed either early or late in the day are evaluated most positively.

Question 75

An encoding failure occurs when _____.

A) information fails to be stored into long-term memory
B) newly learned information interferes with pre-existing knowledge
C) pre-existing knowledge interferes with newly learned information
D) the number of neural connections decreases over time

Question 76

The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events is known as _____.

A) precognition
B) working memory
C) procedural memory
D) flashbulb memory

Question 77

Elaine is writing a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occurred at the Twin Towers on September 11,2001.She interviews ten of her classmates and asks them to remember that day.She is surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offer very detailed,vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks.Elaine has discovered that most of her classmates have _____ of September 11,2001.

A) a repressed memory
B) a flashbulb memory
C) implicit but not explicit memories
D) extrasensory perception

Question 78

Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____,whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____.

A) recency effect/primacy effect
B) primacy effect/recency effect
C) flashbulb memory effect/metamemory effect
D) metamemory effect/flashbulb memory effect

Question 79

Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories?

A) Factual information from studying
B) Traumatic memories
C) Sensory memories
D) Flashbulb memory

Question 80

The _____ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.

A) halo effect
B) ambiguity effect
C) serial position effect
D) framing effect