Deck 34: Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System

Question 1

A fast-acting hormone produced by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary and that promotes dispersion of pigment in fishes,amphibians,and reptiles is

A) pineal gland stimulating hormone (PGSH).
B) vasotocin.
C) melatonin.
D) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
E) oxytocin.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What hormone is NOT a product of the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Thyroid stimulating hormone
C) Gonadotropic hormones
D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
E) Growth hormone

Answer 2

A

Question 3

If you are interested in developing a "pesticide" hormone spray that will prevent insects from developing into adult pests,you would need to synthesize

A) a chemical that inhibits the corpora allata.
B) the hormone created by the prothoracic gland.
C) juvenile hormone.
D) PTTH.
E) ecdysone.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What hormone stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor or somatomedin by the liver in humans?

A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Thyroid stimulating hormone
C) Gonadotropic hormones
D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
E) Growth hormone (somatotropin)

Question 5

The posterior pituitary

A) is the source of releasing hormones.
B) produces four major tropic hormones.
C) secretes oxytocin and the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin.
D) produces growth hormone and prolactin.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

The hypothalamus

A) is a ventral portion of the brain.
B) contains neurosecretory cells.
C) produces hormones that stimulate the pituitary.
D) has a direct linkage, or portal communication, with the anterior pituitary gland.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone?

A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Thyroid stimulating hormone
C) Luteinizing hormone
D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
E) Growth hormone

Question 8

Peptide hormones and epinephrine

A) readily diffuse through the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane.
B) readily diffuse through the plasma membrane but not the nuclear membrane.
C) are too large to pass across the plasma membrane.
D) are steroid hormones.
E) are second messengers.

Question 9

The difference in hormone effects on two different tissues is due to

A) receptor molecules on the hormone molecule.
B) receptor molecules on the target cell.
C) presence of a second messenger.
D) presence of a compatible gene.

Question 10

Hormone control is by

A) negative feedback systems similar to a house thermostat.
B) positive feedback systems that require a shut-off mechanism.
C) input from the nervous system.
D) response to input of hormones and metabolites.
E) All of the choices control hormone levels.

Question 11

The second messenger that relays a hormone's message to the cell's biochemical machinery

A) is cyclic ATP.
B) is kinase.
C) can be any of six different molecules.
D) is GMP.
E) is DNA or RNA.

Question 12

Which pair below lists the two English physiologists who first demonstrated the action of a hormone?

A) Bayliss and Starling
B) Bayliss and Cannon
C) Banting and Best
D) Banting and Starling
E) Watson and Crick

Question 13

Peptide hormones

A) are lipid-soluble and easily pass through a plasma membrane.
B) bind selectively to receptor molecules in the cytoplasm.
C) bind selectively to receptor molecules in the nucleus.
D) form a hormone-receptor complex that is a gene regulatory protein that activates or inhibits a specific gene.
E) Bind to transmembrane protein receptors.

Question 14

The preparation of the mammary glands for secretion of milk requires the action of

A) progesterone.
B) prolactin.
C) estrogen.
D) human chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 15

The posterior pituitary lobe hormone that has the widest distribution and is probably the parent hormone from which many others evolved is

A) prolactin.
B) vasotocin.
C) melatonin.
D) insulin-like growth factor.
E) oxytocin.

Question 16

Neurosecretory cells

A) are discharged directly into the circulation.
B) link the nervous and endocrine systems.
C) occur in all animal groups.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

The actual affect of hormones on cellular functions is accomplished by

A) affecting enzyme activity.
B) changing membrane permeability.
C) regulating synthesis of cellular proteins.
D) stimulating release of hormones from other glands.
E) All of the choices are hormone actions.

Question 18

The molting hormone or ecdysone in insects

A) favors the development of adult structures.
B) favors the development of larval structures.
C) does not appear to act directly on the chromosomes.
D) is not a steroid hormone.
E) is toxic to humans.

Question 19

Most hormones travel by

A) intentionally seeking out the tissue they will affect.
B) only traveling down the bloodstream in the direction of the target tissues.
C) the lymphatic system.
D) seeking the neurons that are going to the target tissue and using them as pathways.
E) The bloodstream throughout the body, but only the target tissues will respond to their presence.

Question 20

What is the term for chemicals produced by cells to affect their own immediate region or local tissue factors?

A) Second messengers
B) Pheromones
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Kinase
E) Parahormones

Question 21

The posterior pituitary hormone that acts on the kidney to restrict urine flow is _________________.
or
ADH or
antidiuretic hormone

Question 22

The perception of pain can be relieved by

A) endorphins.
B) prolactin.
C) oxytocin.
D) prostaglandins.
E) vasotocin.

Question 23

Many hormones,upon arriving at a target cell,combine with a receptor site on the membrane to cause the release of an enzyme called the ______ ______.

Question 24

Removal of the parathyroid glands results in

A) an increase of calcium in the blood.
B) severe muscle spasms and death.
C) stimulation of the thyroid to maintain proper calcium level in the blood.
D) no noticeable effect.

Question 25

The most common invertebrate hormones are peptides and _____________________.

Question 26

Menstrual cramps are caused by overproduction of

A) endorphins.
B) prolactin.
C) oxytocin.
D) prostaglandins.
E) vasotocin.

Question 27

Calcium levels in the blood and bone are controlled by

A) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) calcitonin.
D) All of the above control calcium level.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 28

Many hormones are controlled by negative feedback mechanisms that operate between the endocrine gland and the ______ ______.

Question 29

The pancreas produces two hormones that regulate sugar metabolism by antagonistic action:

A) Insulin and glucagon
B) Insulin and diabetogenic hormone
C) Estrogen and insulin
D) Insulin and cortisone
E) Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 30

The thyroid gland

A) regulates the gonads.
B) is the smallest endocrine gland in humans.
C) acts on the kidney to restrict urine flow.
D) stimulates metabolic rate and promotes normal growth.
E) has a high concentration of calcium.

Question 31

Hormones of the adrenal medulla

A) act as neurotransmitters at the endings of sympathetic nerve fibers.
B) effect emergency body functions such as fear and rage.
C) have the same general effects as the sympathetic nervous system.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 32

Cells involved in the immune response communicate with each other through a large group of polypeptide hormones called

A) endorphins.
B) growth hormones.
C) cytokines.
D) prostaglandins.
E) glucocorticoids.

Question 33

The maintenance of circadian rhythms is related to

A) prolactin.
B) melatonin.
C) oxytocin.
D) prostaglandins.
E) vasotocin.

Question 34

The two hormones involved in insect metamorphosis are molting hormone and the __________ hormone.

Question 35

The glucocorticoid hormones

A) are involved with food metabolism, inflammation, and stress.
B) are produced by the adrenal medulla.
C) are involved with salt balance.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 36

A neurosecretory hormone stored and released from the posterior pituitary,and that has important specialized reproductive functions,is ____________.

Question 37

Growth hormone is produced by the _______ ________ gland.

Question 38

Steroid hormones diffuse directly into target cells where,after combining with nuclear receptors,they act on specific genes to cause an increase or decrease in _____________________ synthesis.

Question 39

Tadpoles metamorphose into frogs because of

A) decreases in iodine leading to less thyroid hormone.
B) decreases in juvenile hormone from the corpora alata.
C) increases in epinephrine from the adrenals.
D) activation of the thyroid gland and increases in growth hormone.
E) sex hormones.

Question 40

The intermediate lobe of an amphibian pituitary produces a pigment-dispersing hormone called ___________ - ___________ hormone.

Question 41

Discuss the membrane-bound receptors and the second messenger concept (e.g.,kinases).

Question 42

Early in the menstrual cycle of human females,the blood levels of ______ ______ hormone and luteinizing hormone begin to rise slowly,prompting the ovarian follicles to grow and release estrogen.

Question 43

The condition in humans called goiter is caused by an insufficiency of ____________ in the food and water.

Question 44

Recent evidence suggests that lipid-soluble hormones such as estrogen,may also bind to membrane-bound receptors that activate second messenger systems in the same way as peptide hormones.Explain how a hormone such as this can exhibit multiple and complex systems of control of target cells.

Question 45

The pituitary gonadotropins are _______ _______ ________ and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Question 46

Outline the process of molting in an insect.Show how juvenile or adult features are reached strictly by the titer of specific hormones present.

Question 47

The maintenance of a normal level of calcium in the blood is under the control of hormones released from the _________ glands.

Question 48

In the human menstrual cycle,ovulation is induced by a surge of ________ ________ from the pituitary gland.

Question 49

How is gene transcription altered by gene regulatory proteins?

Question 50

Explain in detail how a negative feedback system works and why it is so highly effective in preventing hormonal flux.

Question 51

Compare the functions of neurotransmitters with those of parahormones.

Question 52

After birth,suckling by the baby induces the pituitary gland to release ____________,which stimulates the secretion of milk.
or
oxytocin

Question 53

The male sex hormone testosterone is produced by the ____________ cells of the testes.

Question 54

The hormone produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland that regulates salt balance in the body is called ____________.

Question 55

A hormone that lowers the blood calcium level by inhibiting bone resorption by the osteoclasts is
____________.

Question 56

Generally we consider hormones "untargeted" or adrift in the bloodstream until they float past a target cell or tissue.How is the hypothalamus-pituitary system an exception to this? Why might this system differ?

Question 57

_____________ is a newly discovered hormone that regulates eating behavior and energy balance,probably in communication with the brain.

Question 58

Outline the basic operational mechanisms of a generalized hormone.Be sure to explain mode of transport,receptor molecules,and target cells.

Question 59

List the hormones of the neurohypophysis and their actions.

Question 60

Cortisol causes the conversion of nonglucose compounds,especially amino acids and fats,into glucose by a process called ___________________.

Question 61

Identify the following according to their functions: cytokines,prostaglandins,throxine,cretin,and parathyroid hormone.

Question 62

Discuss the potential effects of anabolic steroid abuse by teenagers.

Question 63

Identify the following according to their functions: cholesterol,glucocorticoids,gluconeogenesis,mineralocorticoids,aldosterone.

Question 64

Discuss hormonal control of diapause in insects.

Question 65

Why is it said that the brain neuropeptides blur the distinction between the endocrine and nervous systems?

Question 66

How does the pineal gland regulate sleep cycles and circadian rhythms?

Question 67

Why do you suppose there is only one hormone produced by the intermediate lobe of the anterior pituitary?

Question 68

What sort of role does growth hormone play in metabolism? How is leptin implicated in the storage of excess fat?