Deck 29: Support, protection, and Movement

Question 1

The ________ is part of the appendicular skeleton of a vertebrate.

A) neurocranium
B) atlas
C) humerus
D) sacrum
E) mandible

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which is NOT a correct association of bone features?

A) Replacement bone-bone repair after a break
B) Cancellous bone-first stage of all bone growth
C) Compact bone-most dense form to withstand stress in long bones
D) Intramembranous bone-from sheets of embryonic cells; mostly facial bones
E) Endochondral bone-replaces cartilage

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which is NOT a correct association of animal pigments?

A) Ommachromes and pteridines-yellow pigments of mollusks
B) Melanins-black or brown pigments
C) Carotenoids-yellow and red pigments
D) Iridiophores-blue and green pigments
E) All of the choices are correct

Answer 3

D

Question 4

An example of a non-muscular hydrostatic skeleton is

A) an elephant's trunk.
B) the earthworm's body.
C) the human tongue.
D) a squid tentacle.
E) All of the choices are hydrostatic skeletons.

Question 5

How does an elephant extend a proboscis that has no bone structure in it?

A) Muscles forcibly expand
B) The trunk is an empty chamber and water is forced into it
C) The elephant trunk is an example of a muscular hydrostat
D) This is a hydraulic system similar to what was found in echinoderms
E) Antagonistic muscles operate in pairs across flexible cartilage

Question 6

Bone growth depends on a supply of calcium in the blood and bone also serves as a reservoir for stored calcium.What is responsible for maintaining a constant level of calcium in the blood?

A) a derivative of vitamin D.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) calcitonin.
D) all of the choices are involved in regulating blood calcium levels.
E) none of the choices are correct.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) calcitonin.

Question 7

Bone growth involves its destruction internally by bone resorbing cells called

A) chondrocytes.
B) osteons.
C) osteoblasts.
D) osteoclasts.
E) canaliculi.

Question 8

The epidermis of the vertebrate integument contains a tough,fibrous protein called

A) sclerotin.
B) keratin.
C) calcitin.
D) dermatin.
E) chitin.

Question 9

Which is NOT a correct association of epidermal and dermal structures and origins?

A) Fish scales-modified collagen
B) Claws-combination of epidermal and dermal components
C) Armor of crocodilians-dermal bones
D) Stratum corneum-callused epidermis
E) Cornified cells-dead keratinized skin cells

Question 10

Which statement(s)about ribs is correct?

A) ribs prevent collapse of the lungs and help make negative pressure breathing possible.
B) fishes have a pair of ribs for every vertebra.
C) leopard frogs lack ribs altogether.
D) most humans have 12 pairs of ribs but about one-in-twenty has a thirteenth pair.
E) all of the choices are correct.

Question 11

The most important protein contractile system is the

A) contractile vacuole.
B) actomyosin system.
C) ectoplasm-endoplasm system.
D) flagellar system.
E) microtubular system.

Question 12

What is the origin of the shell of the molluscan clam?

A) Clam shell is a form of skeletal bone tissue
B) Calcium carbonate is crystallized out of the salts in the surrounding water by astrocytes on the surface of the epidermis
C) Heavy layers of chitin are secreted by the molluscan epidermis
D) Mucous glands in the molluscan epidermis secrete the calcium carbonate of the shell
E) Mucous glands in the molluscan epidermis secrete a chitin that is then stiffened by calcification

Question 13

Compact bone is composed of a matrix arranged in concentric rings; the rings contain cavities interconnected by small passages called

A) lacunae.
B) osteocytes.
C) canaliculi.
D) osteons.
E) haversian system.

Question 14

The reflective properties of surface tissue may form

A) organic pigments.
B) structural colors such as iridescence.
C) chromatophores.
D) the melanin effect.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 15

The epidermis is derived from __________ while the dermis is derived from _______________.

A) ectoderm, endoderm
B) endoderm, ectoderm
C) ectoderm, ectoderm as well
D) ectoderm, mesoderm
E) endoderm, mesoderm

Question 16

Bone tissue should be characterized as

A) merely nonliving secretions of calcium.
B) a dead cell product similar to the keratin of hair.
C) active tissue with a rich blood supply.
D) a barely active, low metabolism, tissue.
E) the equivalent of a calcium carbonate clam shell.

Question 17

Cervical,thoracic,lumbar,sacral,and caudal are

A) categories of body muscle.
B) ways of walking.
C) regions of the brain.
D) regions of vertebrae.
E) types of bone tissues.

Question 18

Hyaline cartilage contains

A) collagenous fibers surrounding numerous blood vessels.
B) osteocytes surrounded by a calcium gel and a meshwork of collagenous fibers.
C) chondrocytes surrounded by a protein gel complex and a meshwork of collagenous fibers.
D) lacunae containing osteocytes and a meshwork of collagenous fibers.
E) a highly variable mixture of protein gel and carbohydrate crystals.

Question 19

Dust on bookshelves and elsewhere in a house is made mostly of

A) dry mucous.
B) white blood cells.
C) dried sweat and uric acid crystals.
D) dead skin cells.
E) pulverized minerals and "dirt."

Question 20

When you get a suntan,why does it soon fade away if you do not consistently spend time in the sun?

A) The melanin breaks down if not kept warm
B) The melanin is absorbed at a constant rate and you have to build it up faster than it is absorbed
C) "Tanned" cells are eventually sloughed off (although melanin is produced in living stem cells that continue to divide, half the melanin is lost into each daughter cell that dies and is pushed to the surface)
D) Sunlight suppresses the lighter skin pigments and they can again return to mask the melanin
E) Ultraviolet radiation destroys melanin

Question 21

In crustaceans,the cuticle is stiffened by the deposition of _____________ _________________.

Question 22

Each striated muscle cell is

A) composed of keratin and collagen.
B) a multi-nucleate cell.
C) a fully-formed muscle.
D) a myofilament.
E) a fascicle.

Question 23

In ectothermic vertebrates and crustaceans,pigments that provide color to animals are contained within large,branching cells called ___________________.

Question 24

Which best describes muscle action?

A) a nerve stimulus causes the muscle to jerk as a reflex response.
B) a nerve stimulus releases ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction.
C) the release of acetylcholine from the nerve junction flows across the muscle cell and the calcium released causes the actin and myosin molecules to spread apart.
D) myosin and actin molecules will use ATP and catch-pull-release as long as nerve stimuli prevent troponin from blocking the action.
E) none of the choices are correct.

Question 25

What begins or triggers muscle contraction?

A) high levels of oxygen and sugar.
B) release of acetylcholine at a synapse that directly causes actin and myosin to slide.
C) release of surplus ATP by a nerve motor unit.
D) a nerve releases acetylcholine, which triggers flow of calcium, which unblocks troponin.
E) a nerve releases troponin which triggers flow of calcium which unblocks acetylcholine.

Question 26

Bone that develops from cartilage is called _________ bone,a word meaning "within cartilage."

Question 27

The backbone of the thin filament of striated muscle is a double strand of the protein _____________.

Question 28

The difference(s)between a cilium and flagellum is (are)

A) their internal structure and rate of beat.
B) their internal and external structure.
C) their external structure only.
D) their size, number, and beating pattern.
E) their primary source of energy.

Question 29

Cells become cornified when the fibrous protein ___________________ accumulates within the cells.

Question 30

The first two cervical vertebrae are the ___________ and the axis.

Question 31

The functional unit of a myofibril is the __________.

Question 32

A motor unit is

A) the functional unit of smooth muscle.
B) the whole muscle that is supplied by a motor nerve.
C) only the muscle fibers it innervates.
D) a motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it innervates.
E) the part of a muscle cell that acts independently during muscle contraction.

Question 33

Bone that develops directly from sheets of embryonic cells and is mostly restricted to bones of the face and cranium,is called _______________ bone.

Question 34

Which of the following chemicals provides the "energy reserve" for muscle contraction?

A) Actin
B) Myosin
C) Creatine phosphate
D) Troponin
E) Calcium

Question 35

The organization of a muscle,from largest unit to smallest,is

A) discrete muscle-fiber-fascicle-myofibrils-myofilaments.
B) discrete muscle-myofibrils- myofilaments-fiber-fascicle.
C) discrete muscle-fiber-fascicle-myofilaments-myofibrils.
D) discrete muscle-fascicle-fiber-myofibrils-myofilaments.
E) discrete muscle-fascicle-myofibrils-fiber-myofilaments.

Question 36

In each myofibril of striated muscle,the sarcomere is the entire area between two

A) Z lines.
B) A bands.
C) I bands.
D) myofilaments.
E) troponin molecules.

Question 37

"Dynein arms link to adjacent microtubules,then swivel and release in repeated cycles,causing microtubules on the concave side to slide outward past microtubules on the convex side" describes the action moving a

A) muscle fiber.
B) cilium or flagellum.
C) contractile vacuole.
D) pseudopodium.
E) cell organelle.

Question 38

The thick filament of striated muscle is composed of the protein _____________.

Question 39

Cartilage cells are called ______________________.

Question 40

The protein complex located at intervals along the actin strand of skeletal muscle is a calcium-dependent switch called ___________ that acts as the control point in the contraction process.

A) myosin.
B) tropomyosin.
C) sarconin.
D) troponin.
E) myoglobin.

Question 41

Differentiate between calcification and sclerotization.In which groups of animals are these processes found?

Question 42

In each myofibril of striated muscle,the sarcomere is the entire area between two ______ _______.

Question 43

There are more than one type of skeletal muscle fiber in vertebrates.The red muscle fiber capable of slow,sustained contractions is ________ ________ fibers.

Question 44

Is there a limit to the size of animal that can evolve? Why are certain mechanical advantages not available to animals larger than a horse?

Question 45

Outline the various layers of human skin.What function(s)does each layer perform? What layers does intensive sunburn affect?

Question 46

Which skeletal features comprise the axial skeleton? The appendicular skeleton? Why are these skeletal features separated into two distinct categories? Is there any difference in the way they are formed?

Question 47

Compare the integument of an arthropod with that of a vertebrate.How are they different? How are they similar?

Question 48

Assume that we could successfully replace all the bone in the human body with a metal framework that was equivalent or better in withstanding stress and anchoring muscles.What functions of bone would not be accomplished with such a replacement and how would this affect our normal life?

Question 49

Why is the endoskeleton of vertebrates superior to the exoskeleton of insects when it comes to size? Discuss the physical limitations of each.

Question 50

At intervals along the actin strand of skeletal muscle is a complex of protein called ___________ that acts as a calcium-dependent switch.

Question 51

Outline the microscopic structure of compact bone.Be sure to include a discussion of the functions of the various parts.

Question 52

The type of muscle cell that allows some insects to achieve far faster wing beats than could be sustained with one-impulse-one-beat is ___________ muscle.

Question 53

How does endochondral bone differs from intramembranous (e.g.,dermal)bone? List the general derivatives of each type of bone.

Question 54

Discern between colors produced by organic pigments and those created by structural features.How do these two forms of color differ? Which type of color would be responsible for the beautiful iridescent blue of the tropical Morpho butterfly?

Question 55

A grasshopper can jump a height of 50 times the length of its body.Yet,muscles of small and large animals exert the same force per cross-sectional area.Explain how the grasshopper can still jump a relatively greater distance than can a human.

Question 56

The immediate source of energy in muscle is ______.

Question 57

How does a hydrostatic skeleton differ from a structural skeleton? Is one form of skeleton superior to another,and if not,outline which skeleton may perform better under given conditions of environment,size,etc.

Question 58

All the skeletal muscle fibers under the control of a single motor nerve neuron form a ______ ______.

Question 59

Discuss the uses of the pigment melanin in the animal kingdom (e.g.,temperature regulation,concealment,etc.).

Question 60

Define the following terms: keratin,keratinization,cornification,stratum corneum,dermis,epidermis.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the structure and function of the following muscles: smooth,cardiac,skeletal (voluntary).

Question 62

The number of cervical vertebrae is nearly constant in all animals,whether the neck is short or long.Explain this evolutionary phenomenon.Could it simply be related to an ancestral condition?

Question 63

Outline the function of the two actin-binding proteins tropomyosin and troponin.

Question 64

How do cilia and flagella differ morphologically? Explain why this may be strictly a superficial distinction based on the internal structure and action of both types of membrane-bound organelles.

Question 65

Outline the basic sequence of chemical and physiological events involved in the contraction of a muscle fiber.

Question 66

Discuss the role and function of the fibrillar muscles of insects.What types of muscles are found in insect flight muscles? Do these differ from vertebrate skeletal muscles?

Question 67

Compare the operation of fast and slow fibers.What are the functions of each type of muscle?

Question 68

Discuss how the energy for contraction involves both ATP and creatine phosphate.

Question 69

Describe the importance of tendons in energy storage during movement.

Question 70

What is the effect of body size on bone stress? Does it appear reasonable,as recent research claims,that Tyrannosaurus rex could not run because of this size and stress limitation? Explain your line of reasoning.

Question 71

Discuss the modification of the basic pentadactyl limb for life in different environments.

Question 72

Describe in detail the morphology and function of the myoneural or neuromuscular junction.