Deck 28: Mammals

Question 1

A grazing animal,such as a cow,that mainly had to shear off grass and grind it would lack

A) molars.
B) incisors.
C) canines.
D) This animal would need all these teeth.
E) This animal would only need molars.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The teeth of mammals are

A) homodont.
B) placoid.
C) diphyodont.
D) polydont.
E) continuously replaced.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The earliest mammals

A) were endothermic, although probably not as warm as modern mammals.
B) had two sets of teeth, deciduous and permanent teeth.
C) were small mouse-sized animals.
D) arose in the late Triassic.
E) All of the choices are correct

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which is NOT a correct association of mammalian glands and functions?

A) Scent glands-mark territory, defense, etc.
B) Eccrine glands-cool by evaporation
C) Apocrine glands-secrete a milky film in cue with the reproductive cycle
D) Sebaceous glands-form an oil that keeps the skin pliable
E) Mammary glands-sexual attraction

Question 5

Rhinoceros horns differ from other horns or antlers because they

A) are not attached to the skull.
B) are shed annually.
C) consist of hair-like keratinized filaments that arise from dermal papillae cemented together but not attached to the skull.
D) are one big hair follicle.
E) can be easily harvested from living animals without harming the animal.

Question 6

The specialized hairs on the nose that are tactile in function (used to "measure" width of passageways,etc.)are

A) guard hairs.
B) underfur.
C) vibrissae.
D) quills.
E) filamentous hairs.

Question 7

White fur of winter animals is due to

A) albinism, where a recessive gene blocks formation of pigments.
B) chromatophores, just as occurs in amphibians and reptiles that change their colors.
C) leukemism, a simple seasonal change in pigment.
D) aging of hair follicle cells induced by cold temperatures.
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 8

Mammals began a dramatic expansion in the

A) Pleistocene.
B) Paleocene.
C) Oligocene.
D) Triassic.
E) Eocene.

Question 9

Mammals have a variety of teeth specialized for different functions,a pattern called

A) Heterodont.
B) Diphyodont.
C) Homodont.
D) Multi-cuspid.
E) Ambidontous.

Question 10

The only therapsid group which survived to enter the Mesozoic was the

A) cynodonts.
B) pelycosaurs.
C) sphenacodontines.
D) theropods.
E) mesopods.

Question 11

Although there are exceptions,which of the following teeth are never deciduous in most mammals?

A) Incisors
B) Canines
C) Premolars
D) Molars
E) All mammal teeth are deciduous

Question 12

True horns are

A) the same as antlers.
B) restricted to males.
C) not normally shed.
D) usually branched.
E) seasonal and not continuously grown.

Question 13

All mammals share the following characteristic(s):

A) Hair
B) Mammary glands
C) A diaphragm
D) Middle ear bones
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 14

Mammals belong to the

A) anapsid lineage.
B) synapsid lineage.
C) diapsid lineage.
D) polydont lineage.
E) dinosaur lineage.

Question 15

The fur of mammals

A) consists of underhair and guard hair.
B) is molted twice annually in most mammals.
C) is composed of keratin.
D) is used for a variety of purposes such as protection, temperature regulation, etc.
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 16

The glands that are NOT derived from the mammalian integument are

A) sebaceous glands.
B) sweat glands.
C) scent glands.
D) mammary glands.
E) All of the choices are derived from integument

Question 17

The growth of antlers causes an animal to

A) become aggressive.
B) become anemic.
C) increase intake of protein.
D) increase intake of calcium salts.
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 18

Some northern mammals have a white winter fur that

A) serves to conserve body heat by reducing radiation loss.
B) represents living rather than dead hair cells.
C) serves to camouflage the animal while also allowing for the transmission of sunlight to the body.
D) insulates the body better.
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 19

The adaptive diversification of early mammals was due to

A) their homeothermic advantage.
B) their metabolic efficiency that allowed lower food consumption per unit of body mass.
C) the independence of their young.
D) the extinction of many competing amniote groups at the end of the Cretaceous.
E) their larger size which made them better predators.

Question 20

Which is NOT one of the cynodont modifications?

A) Slender bones with better muscle attachment
B) A secondary bony palate that allowed breathing while holding prey
C) A stronger bite
D) A high metabolic rate
E) All of the choices are cynodont modifications

Question 21

Hair is produced by the ___________ layer of the skin.
or
epidermis

Question 22

Hair is produced by the layer of skin called the __________.

Question 23

Examples of density-dependent and density-independent factors that affect mammal populations would be,respectively,

A) fires and hurricanes.
B) disease and fires.
C) fires and disease.
D) food supply and disease.
E) disease and food supply.

Question 24

The smaller the mammal

A) the less oxygen it uses per gram of body weight.
B) the lower its metabolic rate.
C) the less food it needs to consume per gram of its body weight.
D) the more food it needs to consume per gram of its body weight.
E) the less it needs lungs.

Question 25

Which is NOT a correct association of ruminant stomach segment and function?

A) Abomasum-true acid stomach with proteolytic enzymes
B) Reticulum-final chamber where undigested pulp is stored for disposal
C) Omasum-water, soluble food, and microbial products are absorbed
D) Rumen-first chamber where cud is formed
E) All of the choices are correct ruminant associations

Question 26

During their annual growth,antlers develop beneath a covering of highly vascular skin called ___________.

Question 27

Animals such as mammals that maintain a high body temperature by an internal heat source are called ____________.
or
endothermic

Question 28

The barren-ground _____ undergo annual migrations from winter ranges on the tundra to summer ranges in the boreal forest.

A) antelope
B) lemmings
C) caribou
D) snowshoe hare
E) polar bears

Question 29

The mammal that makes one of the longest migrations to breeding areas in the Pribilof Islands is the

A) barren-ground caribou.
B) northern fur seal.
C) humpback whale.
D) sperm whale.
E) lemming.

Question 30

Hares,rabbits,and some rodents pass food through their digestive tract twice because

A) their food supply is scarce and limiting.
B) it saves on energy for chewing.
C) it decreases the impact on the environment by half.
D) it allows more time for the fermenting action of intestinal microorganisms.
E) they are just animals with disgusting habits.

Question 31

The red blood cells of mammals typically lack a __________.

Question 32

Which is NOT a mammal strategy for mammalian herbivores digesting cellulose?

A) Regurgitation and rechewing
B) Special anaerobic bacterial "vats" where cellulose-digesting bacteria can break down grasses, etc.
C) Consuming feces in order to pass food through the digestive system twice
D) A side-pocket or diverticulum called a cecum
E) Directly digesting cellulose by stomach enzymes

Question 33

The secretion that serves as a dressing for the skin and hair is produced by the ______ ______.

Question 34

Mammals belong to an amniote lineage,the __________,characterized by a skull having a single pair of lateral openings in the skull roof.
or
Synapsida

Question 35

In mammals,estrus is the time when the animals are

A) mating.
B) pregnant.
C) menstruating.
D) giving birth to young.
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 36

A raccoon or bear that eats both plants and animals for food is

A) multivorous.
B) ambivorous.
C) carnivorous.
D) omnivorous.
E) facultatively herbo-carnivorous.

Question 37

A duckbilled platypus is an exception to many mammals because it

A) doesn't give live birth but lays eggs.
B) is "cold-blooded" or not homeothermic/endothermic.
C) lacks hair.
D) doesn't secrete milk.
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 38

The calls of echolocating bats are "frequency modulated," meaning that

A) each pulse repeatedly rises and falls in frequency.
B) the rate of pulse production declines as the bat nears an object.
C) the frequency of the pulse is high at the beginning and drops toward the end.
D) the transmission-to-reception time increases as the bat nears an object.
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT correct?

A) Most mammals have definite mating seasons
B) Many male mammals are capable of fertile copulation at any time
C) The estrous cycle allows females to mate at any time of the year
D) Estrus is a short period of mammalian "heat."
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 40

The so-called mammal-like reptiles of the early Mesozoic from which the modern mammals descended were the ____________.

Question 41

Compare the morphology and likely physiology of pelycosaurs and therapsids.

Question 42

The multi-chambered stomach of some grazing animals is called the ________________.

Question 43

Which is missing from this list: incisors,molars,canines and ___________?

Question 44

Typically,mammals produce two sets of teeth during their lifespan,a kind of dentition called ___________.

Question 45

Discuss the significance of the evolution of heterodonty - the specialization of mammalian teeth.

Question 46

Discuss the importance of NOT over-harvesting wild stocks of animals.What might happen,especially if the world's predatory species decline precipitously because of over-harvesting?

Question 47

A species of North American mammal that makes mass migrations of several hundred miles between the boreal forests and the tundra is the ___________.
or
barren-ground caribou

Question 48

The fertility cycle of the female mammal is referred to as the ___________ cycle.

Question 49

Of the two kinds of mammalian sweat glands,the one that produces a watery sweat is called the ____ gland.

Question 50

An area occupied by a mammal that it defends against invasion by other members of the same species is called its ___________.

Question 51

Why should the loss of lumbar ribs in cynodonts be correlated with the evolution of a diaphragm? What else may have been provided by the loss of lumbar ribs in this lineage?

Question 52

Explain the changes in morphology of the lower jaw,and its joint with the rest of the skull,that occurred during the evolution of mammals.

Question 53

The final chamber of the four-chambered ruminant stomach is a "true" stomach where normal digestion takes place,called the __________.

Question 54

Egg-laying mammals,such as the duck-billed platypus,are collectively called ___________.

Question 55

The only mammals having true flight are the __________ or Chiroptera.

Question 56

Discuss the significance of the evolution of a true placenta.Why would this have been an evolutionary milestone?

Question 57

Discuss a possible scenario of early mammal evolution that would have favored the evolution of hair and endothermy.

Question 58

The four kinds of teeth that are generally recognized in mammals are molars,premolars,canines,and ________.

Question 59

The North American mammal that shows 10-year cycles in population density,and that is preyed upon by lynx and other predators,is the ______ ______.

Question 60

All mammalian skin glands are derivatives of the __________.

Question 61

Discuss the recent fossil evidence on the origin of whales.What evidence suggests that they are the sister group to the hippopotamus?

Question 62

Discuss the vascularization of the gills of fish.Is this homologous or analogous to the vascularization of mammalian lungs?

Question 63

Place Paranthropus robustus,Ardipithecus ramidus,Sahelanthropus tchadensis,Australopithecus anamensis,Australopithecus africanus,
Australopithecus afarensis,Homo erectus,Homo habilis,and Homo sapiens in a general phylogeny.Where do the Neanderthals fit into this
scheme,and why?

Question 64

Discuss the significance of the evolution of echolocation in bats.Could that partially explain why bats are the most diverse group of mammals today?

Question 65

Discuss the relationship between mammalian size and the amount of energy intake needed.

Question 66

Explain why the mammalian lineage,alive and well during the "reign of the dinosaurs," may have been evolutionarily "depressed" in the ecological sense of the word.

Question 67

Compare the horns of the pronghorn antelope with the true horns of bovids and the horns of the giraffe.

Question 68

Give evidence that suggests that a chorioallantoic placenta was present in the common ancestor of marsupials and placental mammals,but later was lost in most marsupials.

Question 69

Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of placental and marsupial modes of reproduction.

Question 70

What evidence do we have that mammary glands evolved from apocrine glands?

Question 71

How does a home range differ from a territory? What is the ecological significance of these two terms?

Question 72

Explain how density independent and density dependent factors differ in their effects on mammalian populations.

Question 73

With the evolution of a new jaw joint between the dentary and squamosal (temporal)bones in mammals,bones of the previous jaw joint,the articular and quadrate continued their gradual reduction in size and became relocated.Identify what these two bones became.