Deck 20: Urinary System

Question 1

A renal corpuscle includes the

A) glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
B) glomerulus and renal tubule.
C) glomerular capsule and renal tubule.
D) renal tubule and collecting tubule.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The first capillary bed associated with the nephron

A) filters.
B) reabsorbs nutrients.
C) adjusts pH.
D) reverses the flow of blood.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the

A) distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
B) proximal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
C) ascending limb of the nephron loop.
D) descending limb of the nephron loop.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Athletes might abuse which of the following chemicals made in the urinary system to improve performance by increasing red blood cell production?

A) ADH
B) Erythropoietin (EPO)
C) Glomerular filtrate
D) Urea

Question 5

Podocytes and pedicels are part of the

A) collecting duct.
B) distal convoluted tubule.
C) glomerular capsule.
D) peritubular capillaries.

Question 6

Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys?

A) The right kidney is usually higher than the left one.
B) They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.
C) Their upper borders are about at the level of the third lumbar vertebra.
D) They are against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity.

Question 7

Once in the glomerular capsule, the filtrate moves into the

A) renal pelvis.
B) minor calyx.
C) renal tubule.
D) ureter.

Question 8

Which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end?

A) Proximal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of nephron loop, descending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
B) Distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of nephron loop, descending limb of nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule
C) Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
D) Collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

Question 9

A renal corpuscle is a _____, whereas a renal tubule is a _____.

A) cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule
B) special blood cell in the kidneys; tubule that leads from the kidneys to the bladder
C) storage area for urine; tubule that carries urine from the urinary bladder outside
D) glandular structure that regulates blood pressure; blood vessel that regulates the flow of blood into the glomerulus

Question 10

The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the

A) glomerular capsule.
B) nephron loop.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) distal convoluted tubule.

Question 11

The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the

A) renal corpuscle.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) nephron loop.

Question 12

A nephron consists of

A) a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
B) an afferent and an efferent arteriole.
C) a cortex and a medulla.
D) a bladder and a ureter.

Question 13

Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?

A) Decreased blood pressure
B) Increased blood pressure
C) A constricted afferent arteriole
D) A dilated efferent arteriole

Question 14

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?

A) Maintaining volume, pH, and composition of body fluids within normal ranges
B) Removal of excess chemicals
C) Removal of metabolic wastes
D) Synthesis of plasma proteins

Question 15

When plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold,

A) the glomerular filtration rate increases.
B) the volume of urine decreases.
C) glucose is secreted into the peritubular capillary.
D) glucose appears in the urine.

Question 16

The organs of the urinary system are

A) the renal cortex, renal pelvis, and renal medulla.
B) the glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.
C) a kidney, a ureter, and paired bladders and urethras.
D) paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.

Question 17

A biochemical important in glomerulus formation in the embryo is

A) ADH.
B) ADP.
C) renin.
D) VEGF.

Question 18

Most hydrogen ions are secreted

A) passively into the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) passively from the distal convoluted tubule.
C) actively into the entire renal tubule.
D) actively from the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 19

When sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are

A) reabsorbed by active transport.
B) reabsorbed by passive transport.
C) secreted by active transport.
D) secreted by passive transport.

Question 20

The renal medulla is composed of _____, whereas the renal cortex is composed of _____.

A) renal pyramids; ureters from nephrons
B) renal columns; renal pyramids and nephrons
C) renal corpuscles; nephron loops
D) renal pyramids; renal corpuscles

Question 21

Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be

A) excreted and potassium ions to be conserved.
B) excreted and potassium ions to be excreted.
C) conserved and potassium ions to be conserved.
D) conserved and potassium ions to be excreted.

Question 22

An increase in urine volume is termed

A) anuresis.
B) dialysis.
C) diuresis.
D) urinary edema.

Question 23

Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine?

A) Urea
B) Water
C) Creatinine
D) All of the above

Question 24

A decrease in the glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure will _____ the rate of glomerular filtration.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) not change
D) have a variable effect on

Question 25

If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid, ___________ increases.

A) hydrostatic pressure
B) glomerular filtration rate
C) sodium reabsorption
D) the osmotic pressure

Question 26

An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is

A) thin walls.
B) rugae folds that increase surface area.
C) secreting enzymes that activate absorption of substances.
D) microscopic projections called microvilli.

Question 27

As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A) rises and filtration increases.
B) rises and filtration decreases.
C) drops and filtration increases.
D) drops and filtration decreases.

Question 28

An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure ________ the rate of glomerular filtration.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) does not change
D) has a variable effect on

Question 29

Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.

A) podocytes
B) cytopores
C) aquaporins
D) pyrogens

Question 30

The countercurrent mechanism in the nephron

A) creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water.
B) is a method to move sodium to control its concentration.
C) keeps the volume of water lost in the urine relatively constant.
D) keeps interstitial fluid hydrated to maintain blood pressure.

Question 31

Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by

A) vasodilation of the afferent arteriole only.
B) vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole only.
C) both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.
D) both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.

Question 32

The composition of glomerular filtrate differs from that of plasma by including

A) many different substances that are absent from plasma.
B) the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules.
C) less water and electrolytes than does plasma.
D) much more uric acid and creatinine than plasma.

Question 33

A by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is

A) uric acid.
B) urea.
C) ammonia.
D) water.

Question 34

Glomerular filtration produces about ________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours.

A) 40
B) 96
C) 144
D) 180

Question 35

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by _____.

A) vasodilation of the peritubular capillaries
B) vasoconstriction of the peritubular capillaries
C) renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting both the afferent and efferent arterioles
D) increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule

Question 36

In which of the following regions of the nephron is water actively transported?

A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Descending limb of the nephron loop
C) Peritubular capillaries
D) None of the above

Question 37

Barbara has the disease gout. The inflammation and pain in her joints is due to excess _____________ in her plasma, which leads to crystal deposits in her great toe joint.

A) uric acid
B) urea
C) calcium ions
D) amino acids

Question 38

A renal clearance test determines the rate at which the kidneys can

A) excrete water.
B) reabsorb ions.
C) remove a particular substance from the blood.
D) add a substance to the blood.

Question 39

Michael is 26 years old. He becomes dehydrated after a long run if he has not drunk enough. His infant son Sean, however, becomes dehydrated fairly frequently. This difference in susceptibility to dehydration is because

A) adults drink more liquid.
B) infants grow rapidly.
C) infant kidneys are less able to conserve water.
D) the infant thirst mechanism is underdeveloped.

Question 40

Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop?

A) Water moves out of the ascending limb; sodium moves in the ascending limb
B) Water moves in the ascending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb
C) Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb
D) Water moves in the descending limb; sodium moves out of the descending limb

Question 41

Up to ______ of urea is filtered and recycled.

A) 33%
B) 55%
C) 80%
D) 100%

Question 42

The ________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body.

A) ureter
B) urethra
C) collecting duct
D) nephron loop

Question 43

The trigone is

A) a group of three neighboring nephrons in a kidney.
B) a triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder.
C) a region where the glomerulus meets the glomerular capsule.
D) a muscle layer that surrounds each kidney.

Question 44

The micturition reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the

A) person controlling contraction and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter.
B) sympathetic impulses stimulating the internal urethral sphincter.
C) relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.
D) voluntary contractions or inhibition of the prostate gland.

Question 45

Which of the following is not part of the male urethra?

A) Prostatic urethra
B) Membranous urethra
C) Penile urethra
D) Ductus deferens

Question 46

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat

A) kidney failure.
B) a urinary tract infection.
C) kidney stones.
D) gout.

Question 47

The micturition reflex center is in the

A) sacral segments of the spinal cord.
B) medulla oblongata.
C) pons.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 48

A product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases is

A) uric acid.
B) urea.
C) ammonia.
D) water.

Question 49

Nocturnal enuresis is

A) an infection.
B) bedwetting.
C) kidney damage from a toxin that
D) a form of kidney cancer.
E) coli produces.

Question 50

Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide

A) decreases sodium excretion.
B) increases sodium excretion.
C) decreases potassium excretion.
D) increases potassium excretion.

Question 51

The ureter extends downward

A) behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above.
B) behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below.
C) in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above.
D) in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below.

Question 52

At the renal plasma threshold

A) more glucose is in the filtrate than active transport can handle.
B) blood volume is so great that nephrons cannot keep up.
C) the urine has too little glucose.
D) more glucose is in the blood, limiting the amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed.

Question 53

Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?

A) calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
B) renal pelvis, calyx, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
C) calyx, renal pelvis, urethra, ureter, urinary bladder
D) renal pelvis, calyx, urinary bladder, ureter, urethra

Question 54

Marvin goes on vacation to Maine and for a week eats nothing but seafood. The next week, he experiences intense pain in his big toe. He probably has

A) Balkan endemic nephropathy.
B) diuresis.
C) edema.
D) gout.

Question 55

The detrusor muscle is in the

A) ureter.
B) urethra.
C) kidneys.
D) urinary bladder.

Question 56

Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the

A) medulla oblongata.
B) spinal cord.
C) brainstem and cerebral cortex.
D) pons and hypothalamus.

Question 57

The relative concentration of potassium is

A) higher in urine than in plasma or glomerular filtrate.
B) higher in plasma and glomerular filtrate than in urine.
C) about equal in plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine.
D) lower in urine than in plasma or glomerular filtrate.

Question 58

Autoregulation refers to

A) maintaining constant GFR.
B) secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide at a constant rate.
C) secretion of renin at a constant rate.
D) actions of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 59

Shigatoxin is associated with

A) endemic nephropathy.
B) urinary tract infection.
C) edema.
D) hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Question 60

The layers of a ureter are

A) outer fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, inner mucous coat.
B) inner fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, outer mucous coat.
C) inner muscular coat, middle fibrous coat, outer inner mucous coat.
D) inner vascular coat, middle neural coat, outer mucous coat.

Question 61

If the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma is decreased, the glomerular filtration rate is increased.

Question 62

Hemodialysis involves

A) an artificial kidney.
B) an artificial liver.
C) a kidney transplant.
D) a bone marrow transplant.

Question 63

Glomerular filtrate is similar to tissue fluid in composition.

Question 64

Glomerular filtration produces about 18 liters of fluid formed in twenty-four hours.

Question 65

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the

A) glomerular capsule.
B) peritubular capillaries.
C) glomerular capillaries.
D) collecting ducts.

Question 66

The new parents are stunned at the state of their newborn's soiled diaper - it is blue! What might be the cause of the odd diaper stain?

A) ADH deficiency
B) A defect in transport of the amino acid tryptophan in the small intestine
C) A buildup of uric acid in the blood
D)E. coli poisoning

Question 67

At rest, the kidneys receive about a quarter of the blood coming from the heart.

Question 68

During a kidney transplant procedure, the renal artery and vein of the donor kidney are connected to the recipient's

A) renal artery and vein.
B) iliac artery and vein.
C) aorta and inferior vena cava.
D) aorta and portal vein.
Boxed Reading: Clinical Application 20.1

Question 69

The story of Balkan endemic nephropathy indicated that

A) a toxin in food can damage kidneys and cause cancer in the urinary tract.
B) kidney disease only affects people in Croatia.
C) drinking too much alcohol can strain the kidneys.
D) a terrorist can poison peoples' urinary systems by putting bacteria in the water supply.
Boxed Reading: Vignette

Question 70

Sympathetic nerve impulses usually cause proportional degrees of vasodilation in the afferent and efferent arterioles.

Question 71

Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of

A) uric acid.
B) calcium oxalate.
C) cholesterol.
D) magnesium phosphate.

Question 72

The glomerular filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is isotonic to the plasma of the peritubular capillary.

Question 73

Females are at higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because

A) the female urethra is shorter than the male's.
B) the female urethra is longer than the male's.
C) women sit down to urinate.
D) women use toilet paper when they urinate.

Question 74

When the concentration of water in body fluids increases, the secretion of ADH increases.

Question 75

As a consequence of widespread edema associated with nephrotic syndrome, blood volume

A) increases and blood pressure drops.
B) decreases and blood pressure drops.
C) increases and blood pressure rises.
D) decreases and blood pressure rises.
Boxed Reading: Clinical Application 20.3

Question 76

Kidney cells die as early as age

A) 20.
B) 30.
C) 40.
D) 50.

Question 77

Which of the following does not occur with aging of the urinary system?

A) Decreased GFR
B) Renal tubules become encased in fat
C) Fibrous connective tissue accumulates around the kidney capsule
D) Nephrons invert

Question 78

Kidney shrinkage with age is due to

A) spooling of collecting ducts.
B) loss of glomeruli.
C) merging of proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
D) proliferating nephron loops.

Question 79

The glomerular capsule is composed of two layers of squamous epithelial cells.

Question 80

The efferent arteriole supplies blood to the capillary of the glomerulus.