Deck 3: Cells

Question 1

The main function of cristae is to

A) supply enzymes for reactions.
B) increase chemical transport in mitochondria.
C) facilitate diffusion of substances into the mitochondria.
D) increase the surface area for chemical reactions.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

About how many cells constitute the body of an adult?

A) 50 to 100 million
B) 50 to 100 billion
C) 50 to 100 trillion
D) 50 to 100 quadrillion

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following describes a lysosome?

A) A double-membraned organelle that is the "powerhouse" of the cell
B) A complex network of interconnected membranes that is a communication system in the cell
C) A tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade worn cell parts and debris
D) A nonmembranous structure that is essential for mitosis

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A selectively permeable membrane

A) allows all substances to pass through.
B) allows all organic substances to pass through but excludes all inorganic substances.
C) allows some substances to pass through and excludes others.
D) does not allow any substances to pass through.

Question 5

Cytoskeletal structures that are not found in all cell types are

A) microtubules.
B) microfilaments.
C) myofibrils.
D) intermediate filaments.

Question 6

The major components of the cell membrane are

A) lipids and carbohydrates.
B) proteins and carbohydrates.
C) lipids and proteins.
D) carbohydrates and polysaccharides.

Question 7

Vesicles are formed from

A) lysosomal membrane.
B) nuclear membrane.
C) cell membrane.
D) mitochondrial membrane.

Question 8

Cellular adhesion molecules are

A) peripheral proteins.
B) integral proteins.
C) lipids.
D) receptors.

Question 9

For which of the following organelles are the structure and function correctly described?

A) Endoplasmic reticulum-a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion
B) Ribosomes-membranous vesicles containing digestive enzymes
C) Golgi apparatus-particles, composed of protein and RNA, which synthesize proteins
D) Mitochondrion-nonmembranous structure that synthesizes proteins

Question 10

Which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane?

A) A solid, rigid layer of phospholipid with loosely bound protein molecules
B) A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move
C) Rigid layers of protein molecules in which carbohydrate molecules are suspended
D) Three layers; lipid on the inside, protein in the middle, and carbohydrates (and polysaccharides) on the outside

Question 11

In a cell, lipids are synthesized in the

A) Golgi apparatus.
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum.
D) mitochondria.

Question 12

A young man who ran 6 miles a day throughout high school is injured during his first season running cross country in college, and must rest for three months, then gradually begin exercising again. The skeletal muscles in his lower limbs decrease in size during this prolonged period of inactivity. The organelles that break down his muscle protein are

A) peroxisomes.
B) lysosomes.
C) centrosomes.
D) ribosomes.

Question 13

The three major parts of a cell are

A) the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.
B) the nucleus, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope.
C) microtubules, ribosomes, and centrosomes.
D) the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.

Question 14

A protein that spans the cell membrane is termed a(n)

A) receptor protein.
B) integral protein.
C) peripheral protein.
D) anchoring protein.

Question 15

The nucleolus contains

A) DNA only.
B) RNA and protein.
C) DNA and protein.
D) RNA only.

Question 16

The sequence of organelles and cell parts involved in milk secretion is

A) cell membrane, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus.
B) nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane.
C) nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, cell membrane.
D) vesicles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, cell membrane.

Question 17

Endoplasmic reticulum is best described as a

A) component of the cytoskeleton.
B) cellular inclusion.
C) nuclear pore.
D) network of interconnected membranes.

Question 18

DNA molecules are in the nucleus

A) as free molecules.
B) complexed with protein, forming chromatin fibers.
C) complexed with protein, forming nucleoli.
D) complexed with protein on the nuclear envelope.

Question 19

The organelle where energy is captured and stored in the chemical bonds of ATP is a

A) mitochondrion.
B) ribosome.
C) peroxisome.
D) Golgi apparatus.

Question 20

The cell membrane

A) maintains the integrity of the cell.
B) controls the entry and exit of various substances.
C) provides a barrier to water-soluble substances.
D) has all of the above characteristics.

Question 21

Osmosis is the movement of

A) molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.
B) water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
C) water molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
D) ions from a low pressure region to a high pressure region through a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 22

Stages of the cell cycle unfold in the following order:

A) differentiation, cytoplasmic division, mitosis, interphase
B) interphase, differentiation, cytoplasmic division, mitosis
C) interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation
D) mitosis, interphase, cytoplasmic division, differentiation

Question 23

The relationship of osmotic pressure and the number of solute particles in a solution is:

A) the lower the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure.
B) the greater the number of solute particles, the lower the osmotic pressure.
C) the greater the osmotic pressure, the lower the number of solute particles.
D) the greater the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure.

Question 24

Which of the following does not influence the rate of diffusion?

A) Distance
B) The concentration of the substance
C) The amount of energy available for transport molecules
D) The molecular weight of the diffusing molecules

Question 25

A hypertonic solution

A) has a greater concentration (number) of solute particles than do the cells in the solution.
B) would cause cells to swell when placed in the solution.
C) has a lower osmotic pressure than do the cells in the solution.
D) causes water to rush inside cells.

Question 26

The movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration requires

A) osmotic pressure.
B) hydrostatic pressure.
C) atmospheric pressure.
D) barometric pressure.

Question 27

Cells lose water when placed in a __________ solution.

A) hypotonic
B) hypertonic
C) isotonic
D) dilute

Question 28

Which of the following is isotonic to red blood cells?

A) 0.9% NaCl solution
B) Distilled water
C) 0.9% glucose solution
D) Alcohol

Question 29

Which of the following transport processes does not require expenditure of cellular energy?

A) Phagocytosis
B) Active transport
C) Pinocytosis
D) Facilitated diffusion

Question 30

In phagocytosis

A) a cell membrane engulfs solid particles.
B) a particle enters a cell by moving down its concentration gradient.
C) a cell membrane engulfs droplets.
D) a carrier molecule moves a substance across a cell membrane using ATP.

Question 31

What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share?

A) Both require cellular energy for the transport of substances.
B) Both move water across a semipermeable membrane.
C) Both require a special carrier molecule to move substances across the membrane.
D) Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without using cellular energy.

Question 32

The function of the nucleus is to

A) direct the activities of the cell.
B) form mitochondria.
C) transfer energy.
D) provide cell shape.

Question 33

Filtration is the movement of molecules through a membrane

A) from low concentration to high concentration.
B) from low to high hydrostatic pressure.
C) by hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side of the membrane than on the other.
D) from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure.

Question 34

If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution,

A) the cell will shrink.
B) only permeable substances will leave; but concentrations in the cell do not change.
C) the cell will remain the same size and shape.
D) the cell will swell and may eventually burst.

Question 35

An isotonic solution

A) has a greater concentration of solute particles than a cell.
B) has more water entering than leaving a cell.
C) has the same osmotic pressure as the cells in the solution.
D) causes a cell to shrink.

Question 36

Chromosomes duplicate during

A) prophase.
B) interphase.
C) metaphase.
D) telophase.

Question 37

Molecules bind to receptor sites and are enclosed in vesicles in the process of

A) pinocytosis.
B) phagocytosis.
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
D) exocytosis.

Question 38

A hypotonic solution

A) has a lower concentration (number) of solute particles than do the cells in the solution.
B) would cause cells in the solution to lose water.
C) has a higher osmotic pressure than do the cells in the solution.
D) causes cells to shrink.

Question 39

If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside,

A) water will enter the cell by osmosis.
B) water will leave the cell by osmosis.
C) glucose will enter the cell by osmosis.
D) glucose will leave the cell by osmosis.

Question 40

Which organelle contains the nucleolus?

A) The mitochondrion
B) The endoplasmic reticulum
C) The Golgi apparatus
D) The nucleus

Question 41

The defining characteristic of a stem cell is

A) self-repair.
B) self-renewal.
C) the ability to turn into a cancer cell.
D) origin from a progenitor cell.

Question 42

Centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during mitotic

A) prophase.
B) metaphase.
C) anaphase.
D) telophase.

Question 43

Energy is stored in ATP molecules in ribosomes.

Question 44

A cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type is

A) pluripotent.
B) multipotent.
C) totipotent.
D) a differentiated cell.

Question 45

Bone cells and muscle cells differ in structure and function because

A) each expresses a different subset of genes.
B) each has different genes.
C) each has different chromosomes.
D) they express the same subset of genes.

Question 46

The cellular abnormality that causes cystic fibrosis is

A) absence of the ability to feel pain.
B) abnormal chloride channels that trap salt inside cells lining the lung passageways.
C) abnormal potassium channels in heart muscle.
D) extra receptors for a growth factor.

Question 47

Adrenoleukodystrophy is caused by deficiency of a protein in the outer membrane of

A) cells.
B) lysosomes.
C) mitochondria.
D) peroxisomes.

Question 48

The two types of genes that, when abnormal, cause cancer are

A) kinases and cyclins.
B) oncosuppressors and tumor activators.
C) metastatic activators and apoptosis stimulators.
D) tumor suppressors and oncogenes.

Question 49

Apoptosis is also known as

A) cell specialization.
B) programmed cell death.
C) mitosis.
D) cell differentiation.

Question 50

Lucky people who cannot be infected with HIV are protected because

A) they are already infected.
B) their cells lack receptors that admit the virus.
C) their cells have extra receptors for HIV.
D) they were vaccinated.

Question 51

The average number of divisions that a human cell cultured in a dish can undergo is

A) 10-20.
B) 30-40.
C) 40-60.
D) 60-100.

Question 52

Cytoplasm is located between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope.

Question 53

Stem cells taken from a person to be used to treat a disease in that same person come from

A) embryos or fetuses.
B) the person or a blood relative.
C) existing cell populations or reprogrammed cells.
D) two different cell types.

Question 54

The structures in the nucleus that serve as a "mitotic clock" are

A) telomeres.
B) kinases.
C) ribosomes.
D) hormones.

Question 55

Peroxisomes and lysosomes are sacs that contain enzymes.

Question 56

The framework of a cell membrane is a lipid bilayer.

Question 57

As a cell grows,

A) the relationship between its surface area and volume remains unchanged.
B) its surface area increases to a lesser degree than its volume.
C) its volume increases to a lesser degree than its surface area.
D) its requirement for nutrients increases to a lesser degree than its requirement for oxygen.

Question 58

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum does not.

Question 59

During apoptosis

A) chromosomes join.
B) the cytoskeleton forms large, complex structures.
C) mitochondria merge.
D) the cell can no longer adhere to other cells.

Question 60

Cancer can result if

A) mitosis is too infrequent.
B) mitosis is too frequent or does not stop.
C) the cell cycle runs backward.
D) the cell cycle stops.

Question 61

Cilia and flagella extend from certain cells, enabling them to move.

Question 62

Transcytosis combines diffusion and active transport.

Question 63

Filtration requires hydrostatic pressure.

Question 64

During anaphase of mitosis, centromeres separate and replicated chromosomes separate.

Question 65

During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes first condense and become visible when stained and viewed under a microscope.

Question 66

The nucleus is in the nucleolus.

Question 67

Proteins are manufactured on mitochondria.

Question 68

A cell that secretes abundant proteins would have many nucleoli.

Question 69

Cell division consists of mitosis (karyokinesis) and cell differentiation.

Question 70

The Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum take part in secretion.

Question 71

During telophase of mitosis, chromosomes elongate and form chromatin threads.

Question 72

Chromatin consists of DNA and protein.

Question 73

Facilitated diffusion moves a substance following its concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier protein.

Question 74

Stages of the cell cycle in correct sequence are interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, and differentiation.

Question 75

Abnormal rates of mitosis can lead to poor wounding healing and delayed growth.

Question 76

Active transport uses energy provided by ATP molecules.

Question 77

Microfilaments and microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton.

Question 78

If a nerve cell has a greater concentration of Na⁺ on the outside and K⁺ on the inside of the cell membrane, then the movement of Na⁺ outside and K⁺ inside is by diffusion.

Question 79

Certain white blood cells take in bacterial cells by phagocytosis.

Question 80

During interphase, a cell rests.