Deck 31: Immune System Viral Mysteries

Question 1

Some viruses have phospholipid membranes around them,just like living cells.They are not cells,however,because they do not contain _________.

A) structural proteins
B) nucleic acid genetic material
C) ribosomes for protein synthesis
D) A and C
E) B and C

Answer 1

ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 2

Which stage of a viral infection describes the production and preparation of new viral particles that can then be released to infect other cells?

A) attachment
B) synthesis
C) assembly
D) B and C
E) A, B, and C

Answer 2

B and C

Question 3

While the genetic material of a virus allows new viral particles to be produced,the protein coat allows for what?

A) production of capsid proteins
B) attachment of the virus to the host cell
C) replication of genetic material for new viral particles
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Answer 3

attachment of the virus to the host cell

Question 4

During _______,a virus releases its nucleic acid.

A) attachment
B) synthesis
C) degradation
D) penetration
E) integration

Question 5

Besides using the host cell to replicate its genetic material and proteins,an infectious virus must be able to _________.

A) attach to and penetrate a host cell
B) assemble new capsid proteins
C) be released from the host cell
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 6

Viruses kill host cells by _________.

A) causing host cells to burst when new virus particles are released
B) depleting cell resources by using them to synthesize new viruses
C) releasing enzymes that break down host cell membranes
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 7

Is a virus alive?

Question 8

All of the following can be helpful in fighting or preventing a viral infection,EXCEPT

A) interferon.
B) antibodies.
C) plasma cells.
D) saliva.
E) antibiotics.

Question 9

You are at work and someone sneezes on a phone.One of your coworkers knowingly nods and tells you to avoid that phone because now it has millions of viruses breeding on it.Explain why the coworker's statement is not biologically accurate.

Question 10

Which of the following represent the genetic material carried within a viral particle?

A) RNA
B) DNA
C) protein coat
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 11

Explain how viruses are similar to living cells but not considered alive.

Question 12

Some viruses will only infect the cells of the respiratory tract and no other types of cells.What can you infer from this fact? Explain your reasoning.

Question 13

Which of the following represents the correct order for a viral life cycle?

A) attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release
B) attachment, synthesis, penetration, assembly, release
C) attachment, penetration, assembly, synthesis, release
D) Attachment, penetration, assembly, synthesis, release
E) attachment, penetration, synthesis, release, assembly

Question 14

Viruses can replicate in a cell referred to as the ______________ cell.

A) symbiotic
B) host
C) immune
D) synthesis
E) infectious

Question 15

In the attachment phase of viral infection,_________.

A) a virus attaches to the outside of the host cell surface
B) viral proteins attach to host cell DNA
C) newly built viral proteins attach to newly built viral DNA inside the host cell
D) new viral particles attach to the inside of the host cell surface
E) All of the above.

Question 16

While the protein coat of a virus allows for attachment to a host cell,the genetic material inside allows for what?

A) production of capsid proteins
B) production of release proteins
C) replication of genetic material for new viral particles
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 17

Why isn't a virus considered alive?

A)It doesn't have any metabolic activity outside a host cell.
B)It doesn't contain any genetic material.
C)It doesn't reproduce without the host cell.
D)A and B.
E)B and C.

Question 18

Which of the following characteristics describe viruses?

A) an infectious particle
B) contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA
C) have a capsid made of protein
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 19

The synthesis stage of infection _________.

A) is the stage in which the host cell produces new viral proteins and genetic material
B) occurs because viral genetic material takes over the host's cellular machinery
C) ends when new viral particles are released from the host cell
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 20

Viruses consist of _________.

A) a protein shell (capsid)
B) genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA
C) a cell membrane
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 21

Which of the following make viruses so infectious?

A) the ability to become aerosolized and spread in the air
B) the fact that it only takes a couple of viral particles to start an infection
C) the innate immune response
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 22

Which of the following viral infections will cause bacterial cell lysis?

A) bacteroid
B) bacteriophage
C) H1N1
D) SARS
E) polio virus

Question 23

_______ immunity provides general defense against a variety of pathogens,while _______ immunity provides defense against specific pathogens.

A) Adaptive; innate
B) Humoral; innate
C) Cellular; adaptive
D) Innate; adaptive
E) Innate; cellular

Question 24

Explain how inflammation is an immune response.

Question 25

For each of the following traits of an inflamed tissue,match it with one of the following three symptoms: redness and heatwarmth,swelling,pain

Question 26

Adaptive immunity relies upon what general kinds of defenses?

A) physical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body
B) chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body
C) lymphocytes that set off chains of events that inactivate or destroy invading pathogens
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 27

Which of the following are phagocytic cells?

A) neutrophils
B) macrophages
C) natural killer cells
D) A and B
E) B and C

Question 28

Neuraminidase is responsible for which phase of influenza viral life cycle?

A) attachment
B) synthesis
C) degradation
D) penetration
E) release

Question 29

Hemagglutinin is responsible for which phase of influenza viral life cycle?

A) attachment
B) synthesis
C) degradation
D) penetration
E) release

Question 30

What is a natural killer cell?

A) any pathogen
B) a bacterial pathogen
C) the H1N1 virus
D) a modified red blood cell
E) a white blood cell that kills virally infected cells and tumor cells

Question 31

How many new viruses will typically be released from an infected cell following synthesis and assembly?

A) 10-100
B) 1,000-10,000
C) 10,000-100,000
D) 100,000-1,000,000
E) only one viral particle is released at a time

Question 32

What is the time frame in which a virally infected cell releases new viral particles?

A) minutes
B) hours
C) days
D) weeks
E) immediately

Question 33

Innate immunity relies upon what general kinds of defenses?

A) physical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body
B) chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body
C) lymphocytes that set off chains of cellular and humoral that inactivate or destroy invading pathogens
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 34

Interferons are produced by cells infected by _________.

A) a virus
B) a bacterium
C) an animal
D) a protist
E) a fungus

Question 35

Name and provide one protective example of at least two innate immune system features.

Question 36

______ immunity is present from birth and always active.

A) Adaptive
B) Humoral
C) Cellular
D) Innate
E) Inflammatory

Question 37

The severity of any viral infection is often dictated by which of the following?

A) the number of viral particles which infect the body
B) the number of cells killed during viral replication and release
C) the immune response to the infection
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 38

Which of the following are antimicrobial chemicals that are considered innate immunity?

A) tears
B) stomach acid
C) saliva
D) complement
E) All of the above.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the four main features of innate immune function?

A) antimicrobial chemicals
B) physical barriers
C) phagocytes
D) antibodies
E) inflammation

Question 40

Interferons help keep cells from being infected by _________.

A) a virus
B) a bacterium
C) an animal
D) a protist
E) a fungus

Question 41

What is the purpose of the release of clotting factors in an inflamed tissue?

Question 42

Which of the following describe(s)histamine?

A) a signaling molecule released during an allergic reaction
B) a molecule that causes inflammation
C) can be released by damaged tissue during an infection
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 43

Which type of immune response targets specific pathogens?

A) adaptive
B) humoral
C) cellular
D) innate
E) inflammatory

Question 44

The fact that many organisms evolved similar immune system defenses over time is evidence of the importance of what important survival requirement?

Question 45

All of the following are examples of the innate immune system,EXCEPT _________.

A) memory T cells
B) phagocytes
C) skin
D) mucus
E) complement

Question 46

To defend against viruses,bacteria use _________.

A) innate physical barriers
B) mucous membranes
C) special enzymes
D) special fluids
E) acquired defenses

Question 47

In addition to humans,innate cellular defenses are found in _________.

A) bacteria defending against viruses
B) sea stars defending against bacteria
C) fruit flies defending against parasites
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 48

Phagocytes _________.

A) recognize, bind, and ingest pathogens
B) play a role in inflammation
C) trigger adaptive immune responses
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 49

Which of the following innate properties are indicative of an inflammatory response?

A) The response is triggered rapidly.
B) It can be triggered by many different kinds of pathogens.
C) It responds quicker after multiple exposures to the same pathogen.
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 50

Which of the following is(are)a physical barrier to infection?

A) skin
B) mucus
C) tears
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 51

Amoebocytes in a sea star immune function as plasmatocytes in a fruit fly.What function do these cell types have?

A) They are both innate physical barriers.
B) They are both mucous membranes.
C) They are both phagocytic cells.
D) They both are enzymes that inhibit bacterial growth.
E) There are no common characteristics between these.

Question 52

What type of defense mechanism do some organisms have to protect them from predators?

A) cellular immunity
B) humoral immunity
C) adaptive immunity
D) innate defenses
E) acquired defenses

Question 53

The heat and redness that characterize inflammation are caused by _________.

A) the initial invasion of host tissue by pathogens
B) the release of signaling molecules that increase blood flow
C) the influx of fluids from leaky blood vessels to infected tissues
D) the ingestion of pathogens by white blood cells
E) clotting reactions

Question 54

Resistance to a particular pathogen is called _____________.

A)defensiveness
B)specificity
C) immunity
D) immune signaling
E)lymphocyte proliferation

Question 55

Tears and saliva contain an enzyme that _________.

A) causes viruses to burst and die
B) coats the cell surface of bacterial cells, making them more easily found and destroyed by phagocytes
C) prevents viruses from binding to host cells, thus preventing infection
D) breaks down bacterial cell walls, causing them to burst
E) All of the above.

Question 56

Neutrophils are found in the _____________,and macrophages are found in ____________.

A) blood stream; tissues
B) tissues; tissues
C) blood stream; lymphatic system
D) lymphatic system; blood stream
E) Neutrophils and macrophages are both found ubiquitously.

Question 57

The inflammatory response is triggered when _________.

A) a pathogen first invades host tissue
B) phagocytes engulf pathogens
C) complement proteins destroy bacteria, releasing signaling chemicals
D) damaged cells release molecules that increase blood flow
E) clotting reactions seal off the infected area

Question 58

Stomach acid and complement proteins are examples of _________.

A) inflammation
B) physical barriers against infection
C) antimicrobial chemicals
D) phagocytes
E) A and B only

Question 59

The physical barriers that are part of the immune system function by having _________.

A) tightly packed epithelial cells that prevent pathogens from entering tissues
B) mucus that traps pathogens and other foreign substances
C) cilia that sweep mucus out of the throat
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 60

Encapsulation in fruit flies after an infection is similar to a human response to infections such as tuberculosis,which results in the formation of a _________.

A) granuloma
B) plasmatocyte
C) amoebocyte
D) lamellocyte
E) phagocyte

Question 61

________ is a property of the adaptive immune system,which provides lasting immunity against pathogens.

A) Memory
B) Specificity
C) Barrier defenses
D) Interferon signaling
E) Lymphocyte proliferation

Question 62

The activated B cell changes morphologically upon initiation of antibody production.It is termed a ___________ because of this morphological change.

A) phagocytic cell
B) neutrophilic cell
C) plasma cell
D) cytotoxic B cell
E) productive lymphocyte

Question 63

Antibodies are specific for antigens.Describe two general conditions caused by the recognition of aberrant targets.

Question 64

Which of the following can be targets for cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

A) cancer cells
B) virally infected cells
C) transplanted cells
D) B and C
E) A, B, and C

Question 65

Helper T cell numbers are lowered in individuals with AIDS.Which of the following are functions of these helper T cells that may contribute to the symptoms from AIDS?

A) activation of B cells to make antibodies
B) activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
C) activation of neutrophils
D) increased bone marrow production of lymphocytes
E) A and B only

Question 66

Which of the following pathogen properties are uniquely susceptible to the advantages of the adaptive immune system over the innate immune system?

A) pathogens contain many similar characteristics
B) pathogens cannot cross barrier defenses
C) pathogens evolve quickly over time
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 67

When you go to the doctor with an infection,he or she may feel under your jaw or armpits or press your left abdomen and check for tenderness and swelling.Explain why your doctor would do this in terms of your immune system.

Question 68

Use the following diagram to answer Questions

At point 1 on the diagram,_________.

A) the antibody response to pathogen A is well developed
B) the concentration of antibodies to pathogen A is very low
C) the antibody response to pathogen B is well developed
D) no antibodies are present in the blood
E) no B or T cells are present in the lymph nodes

Question 69

B and T cells wait in the ________ until they are needed.

A) lymphatic system
B) gall bladder
C) thymus
D) blood stream
E) bone marrow

Question 70

A lymphocyte is a specialized __________________?

A) white blood cell
B) red blood cell
C) nerve cell
D) immunocyte
E) erythrocyte

Question 71

The second time we are exposed to a pathogen,we often do not become ill because ________.

A) the secondary immune response develops very rapidly
B) the secondary immune response includes the production of a much stronger antibody response than does the primary immune response
C) during the secondary immune response, antibody concentrations remain high for a long period
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 72

B and T cells are both produced by the _________.

A) lymph nodes
B) gall bladder
C) thymus
D) spleen
E) bone marrow

Question 73

The division of B cells upon activation is often referred to as clonal expansion since each B cell only recognizes one antigen with the antibody it produces.Why would it be important to maintain this clonal expansion?

Question 74

Whereas B cells ________,T cells ________.

A) mature in the bone marrow; mature in the thymus
B) are produced in the bone marrow; are produced in the thymus
C) migrate to the bone marrow when mature; migrate to the thymus
D) are produced in the spleen; are produced in lymph nodes
E) are produced in lymph node; are produced in the spleen

Question 75

Describe the unique features and identify the primary cell type associated with two types of adaptive immunity: humoral and cellular immunity.

Question 76

The thymus is located _________.

A) near the heart
B) under the liver
C) above the hypothalamus
D) in the medulla
E) in the brainstem

Question 77

The first time we are exposed to a pathogen,we often become ill because _________.

A) we can't build an immune response the first time we are exposed to a pathogen
B) our primary immune response takes 7 to 10 days to develop
C) our secondary immune response takes 7 to 10 days to develop
D) our immune systems are weak
E) A and D

Question 78

Use the following diagram to answer Questions

Between points 1 and 2 on the diagram,_________.

A) B and T cells are responding to antigens on pathogen B
B) memory B and T cells are being used
C) B cells are producing antibodies to pathogen A
D) A and B only
E) B and C only

Question 79

Which of the following describe the function of antibodies in the body?

A)Antibodies can bind to antigens and physically block them from doing harm.
B)Antibodies can act as an identification signal for phagocytes to ingest pathogens.
C)Antibodies can initiate the complement proteins in the destruction of a pathogen.
D)Antibodies function purely as markers of an active adaptive response.
E)A,B,and C.

Question 80

A primed immune system from a vaccine confers immunity to a particular pathogen.However,this does not mean that the pathogen cannot still bypass innate immunity.Why then is a vaccine still effective?