Deck 2: Chemistry and Molecules of Life Mission to Mars

Question 1

What is the atomic mass of calcium (atomic number = 20)?

Answer 1

40

Question 2

Which of the following statements about neutrons is CORRECT?

A) An atom has the same number of neutrons and electrons.
B) Most neutrons are found in the last two shells of the atom.
C) All neutrons are found in the valence shell of the atom.
D) One-half of neutrons are positive and one-half are negative, giving them an overall neutral charge.
E) All neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom.

Answer 2

All neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom.

Question 3

The atomic mass is equal to

A) the number of protons.
B) the number of neutrons.
C) the number of electrons.
D) the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
E) the number of protons plus the number of electrons.

Answer 3

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

Question 4

In order for an element to have no charge,which must be equivalent in number?

A) subatomic particles and electrons
B) subatomic particles and protons
C) electrons and neutrons
D) neutrons and protons
E) protons and electrons

Question 5

An element's identity is defined by its

A) protons.
B) neutrons.
C) electrons.
D) protons and neutrons.
E) protons and electrons.

Question 6

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of an element is

A) a proton.
B) a neutron.
C) an electron.
D) an atom.
E) a molecule.

Question 7

An element's atomic number refers to its number of

A) protons.
B) neutrons.
C) electrons.
D) protons and neutrons.
E) protons and electrons.

Question 8

The periodic table is a chart describing

A) the known elements ordered by their atomic number.
B) the number of electrons of each element.
C) the size of an element.
D) the elements that are found in living organisms.
E) the abundance of each element on Earth.

Question 9

An isotope is the form of an element that has more or fewer neutrons than its most common form.Given this,what is the atomic number of an isotope with one extra neutron,if its atomic mass is 15?

A) 7
B) 8
C) 14
D) 16
E) 30

Question 10

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Protons, neutrons, and electrons are found inside the nucleus of an atom.
B) Protons and electrons are found in the nucleus and neutrons orbit around them.
C) Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus and electrons orbit around them.
D) Electrons are relatively heavy compared to protons and neutrons.
E) Protons are positively charged while electrons are neutral.

Question 11

Atoms are made up of

A) positively charged protons, negatively charged neutrons, and neutral electrons.
B) positively charged electrons, negatively charged neutrons, and neutral protons.
C) positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and neutral neutrons.
D) negatively charged protons, positively charged electrons, and neutral neutrons.
E) positively charged neutrons, negatively charged electrons, and neutral neutrons.

Question 12

Each element is made up of a unique type of

A) atom.
B) protein.
C) neutron.
D) proton and neutron.
E) macromolecule.

Question 13

What is the atomic mass of lithium (atomic number = 3)?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6
E) 9

Question 14

Potassium (K)has an atomic number of 19 and it has 20 neutrons.What is its atomic mass?

A) 19
B) 20
C) 38
D) 39
E) 40

Question 15

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons equals

A) the atomic number.
B) the atomic mass.
C) the number of electrons.
D) the number of bonds the atom can form.
E) the electrical charge of the atom.

Question 16

The atomic particles responsible for forming bonds with other atoms are

A)protons.
B)neutrons.
C)electrons.
D)protons and neutrons.
E)protons and electrons.

Question 17

The nucleus of an atom contains atomic particles called ______ and _______.

Question 18

The six most abundant elements in the human body are

Question 19

Elements are ordered in the periodic table by their

A) atomic weight or electron and neutron number.
B) atomic mass or electron and proton number.
C) atomic number or electron number.
D) atomic number or proton number.
E) atomic number or proton and neutron number.

Question 20

The ______ is the smallest unit of matter that exhibits the characteristics of an element and cannot be chemically divided into a smaller unit.

A) atom
B) electron
C) proton
D) nucleus
E) neutron

Question 21

The six most abundant elements in the human body,listed from most common to least common (highest percentage to lowest percentage),are

Question 22

Organic molecules contain at least

A) three carbon to hydrogen bonds.
B) one carbon to oxygen bond.
C) one ionic bond.
D) one carbon to hydrogen bond.
E) one hydrogen to oxygen bond.

Question 23

What are the four categories of organic macromolecules found in living organisms?

Question 24

What structural motif is shared among complex carbohydrates,DNA,and proteins?

Question 25

A bond formed by atoms sharing electrons is known as

A) an ionic bond.
B) an electric bond.
C) a covalent bond.
D) a shared bond.
E) a hydrogen bond.

Question 26

In addition to carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and nitrogen,which elements make up the bulk of the human body?

A) water, phosphorus, and calcium
B) phosphorus and calcium
C) potassium and sodium
D) phosphate and sodium
E) water, potassium, and sodium

Question 27

Carbon has _____ potential bonding sites.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
E) 3

Question 28

A covalent bond is formed by

A) the donation of an electron from one atom to another.
B) the acceptance of an electron from one atom to another.
C) both donation and acceptance of an electron between atoms.
D) the sharing of electrons between atoms.
E) a weak interaction between two atom's electrons.

Question 29

Which of the following is considered an inorganic molecule?

A) carbon dioxide
B) glucose
C) protein
D) sugar
E) a hydrocarbon skeleton

Question 30

Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules.

Question 31

What is the maximum number of atoms to which a single carbon can bind?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Question 32

How many electrons does carbon (atomic number = 6)contain in its first and second valence shells?

A) 1; 5
B) 2; 4
C) 3; 3
D) 4; 2
E) 5; 1

Question 33

_________ provide(s)a way to store large amounts of energy and provide thermal insulation and padding in animals.

A) Sterols
B) Phospholipids
C) Fats
D) Water
E) Proteins

Question 34

Which of the following lists the most abundant elements in the human body from most abundant to least abundant?

A) Oxygen→hydrogen→nitrogen→carbon
B) Oxygen→carbon→hydrogen→nitrogen
C) Hydrogen→oxygen→carbon→nitrogen
D) Hydrogen→carbon→oxygen→nitrogen
E) Nitrogen→carbon→oxygen→hydrogen

Question 35

Organic molecules are defined as having

A)a carbon backbone.
B)at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
C)at least one carbon-hydrogen bond.
D)A and B,but not C.
E)A and C,but not B.

Question 36

Why is CO₂ classified as an inorganic molecule and not as an organic molecule?

Question 37

How many electrons does carbon (atomic number = 6)contain in its outer valence shell?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Question 38

The four elements that make up most of your body are

Question 39

A covalent bond can best be described as

A) two atoms sharing electrons.
B) two atoms sharing protons.
C) one atom losing an electron to another, then sticking to it due to the attraction between opposite charges.
D) one atom losing a proton to another, then sticking to it due to the attraction between opposite charges.
E) a bond between atoms of two different elements.

Question 40

An organic molecule must have

A) carbon.
B) a hydrogen-carbon bond.
C) hydrogen.
D) covalent bonds.
E) ionic bonds.

Question 41

Lipids may function in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A) hormones.
B) energy storage.
C) components of cell membranes.
D) structural support.
E) insulation.

Question 42

DNA,deoxyribonucleic acid,has a "backbone" of sugars and

A) phosphate groups.
B) starch.
C) acids.
D) glycogen.
E) glycerol.

Question 43

Which functional trait does a mule NOT share with all living organisms?

A) growth
B) reproduction
C) responding to their environment
D) obtaining and using energy
E) maintaining a stable internal environment

Question 44

What are the four types of large complex organic molecules that are found in living organisms?

Question 45

The monomers of proteins are

A) nucleic acids.
B) amino acids.
C) nucleotides.
D) lipids.
E) monosaccharides.

Question 46

Which of the following are energy-storing polymers?

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
D) proteins and lipids
E) carbohydrates and lipids

Question 47

When a plant bends toward sunlight,the bending is an example of which characteristic of life?

A) growth
B) reproduction
C) responding to their environment
D) obtaining and using energy
E) maintaining a stable internal environment

Question 48

When you eat more food than your body requires,you will store the extra energy as

A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) lipids.
D) proteins and lipids.
E) carbohydrates and lipids.

Question 49

Name the five functional traits of all living organisms.

Question 50

An example of a nucleic acid is

A) DNA.
B) protein.
C) glucose.
D) fat.
E) sugar.

Question 51

All of the following are true of proteins EXCEPT

A) they help speed up chemical reactions.
B) their function is dependent on their shape.
C) they serve as energy-storage molecules.
D) they help move things around inside of cells.
E) they contain peptide bonds.

Question 52

DNA differs from RNA because

A) RNA is not made up of nucleotides, but DNA is.
B) RNA is a nucleotide, whereas DNA is a nucleic acid.
C) RNA does not contain a sugar molecule, but DNA does.
D) RNA is only one linear chain, whereas DNA consists of two chains bonded together.
E) RNA has an attached lipid, but DNA does not.

Question 53

Sterols are

A) lipids.
B) carbohydrates.
C) proteins.
D) nucleic acids.
E) important solvents.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a functional trait of a living organism?

A) growing and reproducing
B) moving from place to place
C) responding to their environment
D) obtaining and using energy
E) maintaining a stable internal environment

Question 55

There are _____ different amino acids.

A) 12
B) 73
C) 21
D) 5
E) 20

Question 56

Whether or not viruses are alive is frequently debated.Name one characteristic of viruses that makes them similar to other living organisms and one characteristic that challenges our understanding of life.

Question 57

Which of the following macromolecules are insoluble in water?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) lipids
D) nucleic acids
E) amino acids

Question 58

Nucleotides are composed of

A) sugar, phosphate group, and a base.
B) sugar, amino acid, and a base.
C) lipid, phosphate group, and base.
D) ribose, phosphate group, and an amino acid.
E) deoxyribose, lipid, and a base.

Question 59

The ability of living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment is termed

A) feedback inhibition.
B) anabolism.
C) catabolism.
D) homeostasis.
E) metabolism.

Question 60

Which of the following do NOT share all of the functional traits of a living organism?

A) bacteria
B) mushrooms
C) plants
D) dogs
E) viruses

Question 61

The NASA rover Curiosity is looking for signs of life on Mars by analyzing soil for what substance?

A) inorganic molecules
B) organic molecules
C) carbon dioxide
D) water
E) oxygen

Question 62

If life exists on Mars,what form is it likely to be?

A) microscopic
B) silicon-based
C) large and mobile
D) the same as on Earth
E) intelligent

Question 63

Scientists have strong evidence that water on Mars

A) is in liquid form.
B) forms a cloud of vapor.
C) is absent in frozen form.
D) was present in liquid form in the past.
E) has a different molecular structure than water on Earth.

Question 64

Which part of a cell membrane phospholipid is exposed to the aqueous (watery)exterior?

A) hydrophilic head and tail
B) hydrophilic tail
C) hydrophilic head
D) hydrophobic head
E) hydrophobic tail

Question 65

What is the basic structural unit of life?

A) membranes
B) molecules
C) cells
D) organisms
E) atoms

Question 66

Hydrophobic means

A) not quite alive, like a virus.
B) something that will not dissolve in water.
C) water loving.
D) a solute.
E) something with a negative charge.

Question 67

Which part of a cell membrane phospholipid is exposed to the aqueous (watery)interior?

A) hydrophilic head and tail
B) hydrophilic tail
C) hydrophilic head
D) hydrophobic head
E) hydrophobic tail

Question 68

Describe what happens when phospholipids are put into water.How do they arrange themselves?

Question 69

Which part of the cell membrane is a barrier to the movement of water into or out of the cell?

Question 70

If you were to dissect a plant into smaller and smaller units,what is the smallest unit that would still be considered alive?

A) whole plant
B) leaves
C) cells
D) cell membranes
E) cell DNA

Question 71

Cell membranes are made up of

A) phospholipids.
B) phosphates.
C) potassium.
D) phosphorus.
E) proteins.

Question 72

Maintaining a separate and distinct internal environment from the external environment is called

A) life.
B) cell exclusion.
C) metabolism.
D) hydrophobicity.
E) homeostasis.

Question 73

What protects a cell from the environment?

A) hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads of phospholipids
B) a phospholipid bilayer
C) a semipermeable phospholipid barrier
D) the cell membrane
E) All of the above.

Question 74

Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?

Question 75

Viruses contain genetic material.They can make copies of themselves,but only by using the services of a living host cell.Viruses are assembled in their final form and size by the host cell.Viruses use the host cell's energy mechanisms; they lack any of their own.Is a virus alive? Support your answer.

Question 76

Which of these is NOT a necessary characteristic of life?

A) ability to grow
B) ability to move around in the environment
C) ability to reproduce
D) ability to respond to stimuli
E) ability to use energy

Question 77

All of the following are true of phospholipids EXCEPT

A) they are the primary components of cell membranes.
B) part of the molecule is hydrophobic.
C) the tails of the molecule are hydrophilic.
D) they form a bilayer when placed in water.
E) the tails congregate in the middle.

Question 78

Cyanobacteria

A) first evolved about 2.5 billion years ago.
B) are sensitive to extreme conditions.
C) added carbon dioxide to Earth's early atmosphere.
D) are multicellular organisms.
E) require a warm environment to grow.

Question 79

Why is a cell membrane like a phospholipid sandwich?

A) The lipid is the bread and proteins are the spread.
B) It is a two-layered semipermeable structure with heads on the outside, tails in the middle, and heads on the inside.
C) It is a two-layered semipermeable structure with tails on the outside, heads in the middle, and tails on the inside.
D) It is a two-layered semipermeable structure with tails on the outside, tails on the inside, and heads in the middle.
E) It is a one-layered semipermeable structure with heads on the outside and heads on the inside.

Question 80

Which of the following are considered by most scientists to be nonliving?

A) viruses and bacteria that grow in arsenic
B) cyanobacteria and viruses
C) prions and mules
D) cyanobacteria and bacteria that grow in arsenic
E) prions and viruses