Deck 4: Nutrition,metabolism,enzymes the Peanut Butter Project

Question 1

Which of the following is an organic molecule that is NOT considered a macronutrient?

A) nucleic acids
B) proteins
C) lipids
D) fats
E) sugars

Answer 1

nucleic acids

Question 2

Which of the following is a good source of fat?

A) apple
B) turkey
C) milk
D) corn
E) beans

Answer 2

milk

Question 3

Legumes are a good source of these macronutrients.

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) fats
D) nucleic acids
E) All of the above.

Answer 3

proteins

Question 4

Explain what is meant by a balanced diet in the context of the macromolecules discussed in this chapter.

Question 5

Complex carbohydrates are made up of smaller

A) nucleotides.
B) amino acids.
C) fatty acids.
D) sugar molecules.
E) All of the above.

Question 6

In the process of digestion,proteins are broken down into_______,while carbohydrates are broken down into ________.

A) nucleotides; amino acids
B) sugars; amino acids
C) glycerol; sugars
D) nucleic acids; sugars
E) amino acids; sugars

Question 7

What important macronutrient(s)would you be missing if you ate a diet that contained only meat? What would be the consequences to your cells if you were missing this/these component(s)?

Question 8

Dairy products are a good source of these macronutrients.

A) proteins and carbohydrates
B) proteins and fats
C) carbohydrates and nucleic acids
D) carbohydrates and protein
E) nucleic acids, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

Question 9

A turkey sandwich with cheese,mayonnaise,lettuce,and tomato on whole-grain bread has which of the following macronutrients?

A) protein
B) fat
C) carbohydrates
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 10

What is a macronutrient? What are the three primary macronutrients we obtain from our diet?

Question 11

Which of the following is a good source of protein?

A) apple
B) turkey
C) milk
D) steak
E) corn

Question 12

When macromolecules are ingested,into what smaller building blocks are they broken down for cell use?

A) fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins
B) amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and proteins
C) amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, fatty acids, and glycerol
D) sugar molecules, nucleotides, fats, and nucleic acids
E) fats, carbohydrates, DNA, sugar, and protein

Question 13

In the process of digestion,nucleic acids are broken down into_______,while fats are broken down into ________.

A) nucleotides; fatty acids and glycerol
B) amino acids; fatty acids
C) sugars; fatty acids and glycerol
D) nucleotides; fatty acids
E) fatty acids and glycerol; nucleotides

Question 14

If you were told you needed to consume a large dose of carbohydrates quickly,which of the following would you consume?

A) a steak
B) a glass of milk
C) a glass of buttermilk
D) a glass of orange juice
E) chicken wings

Question 15

Macronutrients provided by food include

A) proteins, fats, sugars, and minerals.
B) proteins, carbohydrates, and sugars.
C) proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.
D) proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
E) proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Question 16

Why are vegetarians often advised to consume legumes?

Question 17

Which of the following is a good source of carbohydrates?

A) apple
B) turkey
C) milk
D) steak
E) beans

Question 18

Grains,including bread,rice,and pasta,are a rich source of

A) proteins.
B) fats.
C) carbohydrates.
D) nucleic acids.
E) All of the above.

Question 19

You eat a spinach salad with croutons and Italian dressing.Which of the following additions to your salad would ensure you obtain all the macronutrients your body needs?

A) avocado
B) raisins
C) carrots
D) tomato
E) beans

Question 20

Macronutrients are

A) nutrients that are large in terms of molecular structure.
B) nutrients that our body can't make.
C) nutrients our body needs in large amounts.
D) molecules that include proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
E) A and B

Question 21

What is the complex carbohydrate used for energy storage in plant cells?

A) glucose
B) starch
C) fiber
D) glycogen
E) fat

Question 22

Cell-surface markers are made using these building blocks.

A) nucleotides
B) sugars
C) amino acids
D) nucleic acids
E) amino acids and sugars

Question 23

Describe the metabolic route of a protein molecule that is consumed by a human.

Question 24

Much of biological chemistry is the building of polymers from monomers,such as a protein made from amino acids.Many macromolecules are basically polymers made of monomers of the same chemical composition and structure.Which of the following does NOT necessarily follow this pattern?

A) fats
B) proteins
C) nucleic acids
D) carbohydrates
E) All of the above follow that pattern.

Question 25

Essential nutrients needed in only small amounts are called

A) vitamins.
B) micromolecules.
C) minerals.
D) bases.
E) micronutrients.

Question 26

Can a cheeseburger be used to make all of the macromolecules needed for a cell?

A) No, a cheeseburger does not have all the different types of subunits required to make a cell.
B) Yes, a cheeseburger has protein, carbohydrates, and fats, which can be broken down into their subunits and reassembled into cellular structures.
C) No, a cheeseburger is missing carbohydrates, which are needed to make a cell.
D) No, a cheeseburger is missing the fats needed to make a cell membrane.
E) Not enough information is given to answer the question.

Question 27

You have just been served a grilled piece of chicken with the skin intact.Which of the following macromolecules is NOT present in that chicken?

A) proteins
B) fats
C) DNA
D) glycogen
E) starch

Question 28

Which of the following is the best source of carbohydrates?

A) fish
B) meat
C) grains
D) cheese
E) beans

Question 29

_________ are metabolized and used for energy storage and for cell-surface molecules.

A) Fats
B) Phospholipids
C) Carbohydrates
D) Proteins
E) Nucleic acids

Question 30

What is the complex carbohydrate used for energy storage in animal cells?

A) fat
B) glucose
C) glycogen
D) starch
E) sucrose

Question 31

Which macromolecules can be made from fatty acids and glycerol?

A) enzymes
B) phospholipids
C) DNA
D) glycogen
E) starch

Question 32

Sugar monomers can be used to make

A) proteins.
B) starch.
C) membranes.
D) DNA.
E) lipids.

Question 33

Cells utilize these macromolecules for energy requirements.

A) nucleotides
B) sugars
C) proteins
D) nucleic acids
E) carbohydrates

Question 34

The primary material for our cell membranes comes from

A) proteins.
B) sugars.
C) starches.
D) essential amino acids.
E) fats.

Question 35

Describe the metabolic route of a fat molecule that is consumed by a human.

Question 36

Which of the following will be broken down into amino acids by the digestive system?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) nucleic acids
E) sugars

Question 37

When humans exercise,they burn up energy that was stored in their muscles as complex carbohydrates in the form of

A) simple sugars.
B) fats.
C) glycogen.
D) starch.
E) fiber.

Question 38

Glycerol is a component of which of the following?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) nucleic acids
E) sugars

Question 39

When a fat is digested,what is released?

A) fatty acids and glycerol
B) fatty acids and glycogen
C) nucleotides
D) amino acids
E) simple sugars

Question 40

Another term for vitamins and minerals is "micronutrients" because they are

A) very small compared to other molecules in the body.
B) only needed in small amounts by our body.
C) used by very few reactions in the body.
D) not very nutritionally dense.
E) used by smaller cells more than by larger cells.

Question 41

In the process of anabolism,the substrate

A) is broken down into smaller products.
B) binds to the enzyme and is released.
C) is assembled into more complex products.
D) lowers the activation energy of a reaction.
E) is completely degraded.

Question 42

Jesse visits the doctor because of weight loss due to undernourishment.The doctor determines that Jesse has adequate protein and carbohydrate intake.What is the doctor likely to recommend to Jesse?

A) a diet higher in meat
B) more exercise
C) a diet lower in fat
D) to drink more water
E) a vitamin and mineral supplement

Question 43

Enzymes are proteins that are made up of

A) nucleotides.
B) sugars.
C) amino acids.
D) nucleic acids.
E) amino acids and sugars.

Question 44

Enzymes work by

A) raising cell temperature.
B) lowering cell energy.
C) modifying carbohydrates.
D) lowering activation energy.
E) anabolizing simple sugars.

Question 45

In the process of catabolism,a substrate

A) is broken into smaller products.
B) binds to the enzyme and is released.
C) holds the enzyme in its active site.
D) lowers the activation energy of a reaction.
E) is assembled into a dimer.

Question 46

All the biochemical reactions in a cell are described as its

A) catabolism.
B) anabolism.
C) activation energy.
D) metabolism.
E) homeostasis.

Question 47

Essential amino acids are monomers required to make

A) lipids.
B) proteins.
C) glycogen.
D) carbohydrates.
E) DNA.

Question 48

Anabolic reactions_______ bonds,whereas catabolic reactions __________ bonds.

A) break; make
B) make; break
C) loosen; tighten.
D) decrease; increase.
E) weaken; strengthen

Question 49

Many traditional diets are based on a combination of a grain and a legume (e.g.,corn and beans,rice and lentils).Eaten together,the grain and legume provide complete protein for the human diet.This means that they have all the ______________ needed by humans.

A) essential amino acids
B) vitamins and minerals
C) essential enzymes
D) full-length proteins
E) essential nutrients

Question 50

When food is being digested and broken down into its constituent molecules,which macromolecular subunits are re-used to make enzymes?

A) sugars from carbohydrates
B) amino acids from proteins
C) fatty acids from fats
D) nucleotides from nucleic acids
E) All of the above.

Question 51

A healthful,well-balanced meal would contain approximately what percentage of each category of food?

A) 50% whole grains; 20% fruits and vegetables; 20% meat, fish, and beans; 10% dairy; and 10% refined sugars and fats
B) 25% whole grains; 25% fruits and vegetables; 10% meat, fish, and beans; 15% dairy; and 10% refined sugars and fats
C) 40% whole grains; 20% fruits and vegetables; 15% meat, fish, and beans; 15% dairy; and 10% refined sugars and fats
D) 30% whole grains; 30% fruits and vegetables; 15% meat, fish, and beans; 15% dairy; and 10% refined sugars and fats
E) 20% whole grains; 50% fruits and vegetables; 15% meat, fish, and beans; 15% dairy; and 10% refined sugars and fats

Question 52

There are ____ amino acids of which ____ are essential amino acids.

A) 20; 20
B) 11; 9
C) 20; 12
D) 20; 9
E) 24; 9

Question 53

_____ reactions break down food and release subunits that can be used in ______ reactions to make larger macromolecules.

A) Anabolic; catabolic
B) Catabolic; anabolic
C) Oxidizing; reducing
D) Metabolic; reductive
E) Substrate; enzyme

Question 54

What is the definition of "essential nutrient"?

Question 55

Specialized proteins called ____ help break your food down into smaller chemical units.

A) amino acids
B) nitrogenous bases
C) enzymes
D) corticosteroids
E) digestizymes

Question 56

What is the definition of "essential nutrients"?

A) nutrients that are essential for making part of the cell
B) the set of nutrients that are the minimum necessary for making the body
C) nutrients your body cannot make on its own, so they must be ingested
D) nutrients that are the basis from which more complex nutrients are made
E) nutrients that are not soluble in water and that are stored in fat cells

Question 57

Enzymes are

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins.
C) fats.
D) nucleic acids.
E) polysaccharides.

Question 58

Explain the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids in the human diet.

Question 59

Explain why each kind of enzyme only works with specific substrate molecules.

Question 60

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by

A) breaking the bonds between molecules.
B) lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
C) assembling chemical bonds.
D) increasing the cell's metabolism.
E) increasing the activation energy of the reaction.

Question 61

What is a cofactor?

Question 62

A coenzyme is another name for

A) an organic cofactor.
B) an inorganic cofactor.
C) a mineral.
D) an enzyme.
E) a pair of enzymes.

Question 63

All the chemical reactions that occur in your body are collectively called

A) anabolism.
B) catabolism.
C) metabolism.
D) nutrients.
E) enzymes.

Question 64

What is the difference between a catabolic reaction and an anabolic reaction?

Question 65

Bones are primarily made up of the minerals

A) cartilage and muscle.
B) calcium and phosphorus.
C) carbohydrates and protein.
D) calcium and potassium.
E) calcium, potassium, and phosphorus,

Question 66

Cellular respiration takes glucose and breaks it down into carbon dioxide.What type of metabolic reaction is this?

Question 67

One way a vitamin can act as a coenzyme is to

A) bind to a substrate to help it find its enzyme.
B) bind to the enzyme so the enzyme can change its shape and bind to its substrate.
C) bind to the outside of a cell, so an enzyme can enter and carry out reactions.
D) bind to another vitamin, signaling a cell to activate its enzymes.
E) replace the activation-energy-lowering activity of a missing enzyme.

Question 68

All of the following are true of most vitamins EXCEPT

A) they are essential for good health.
B) they can act as cofactors.
C) they enhance enzymatic activity.
D) they are inorganic molecules.
E) they are micronutrients.

Question 69

All of the following are true about enzymes EXCEPT

A) each enzyme is specific to one type of reaction.
B) they are proteins.
C) they speed up chemical reactions.
D) they can be used over and over again.
E) they increase activation energy.

Question 70

What would happen to enzyme function if you ate a diet that was missing one or more essential vitamins or minerals?

Question 71

Bone loss can result from

A) dietary deficiencies.
B) calcium deficiency.
C) vitamin cofactor deficiencies.
D) lifestyle choices.
E) All of the above.

Question 72

Photosynthesis builds glucose molecules from carbon dioxide.What type of metabolic reaction is this?

Question 73

Lactose is a sugar found in milk that is made of two simple sugars bonded together.If someone is lactose intolerant,they cannot digest lactose into its two parts.What,specifically,do you imagine is the cause for this problem?

Question 74

Cofactors affect

A) the rate of the reaction.
B) the active site.
C) enzyme substrate binding.
D) the products produced.
E) All of the above.

Question 75

Cofactors are important because

A) they enable enzymes to bind to their substrates.
B) they serve to inactivate an enzyme, so as to better regulate chemical reactions.
C) they are the building blocks of proteins.
D) they prevent spikes in blood sugar.
E) they signal cells to release enzymes.

Question 76

Would a mutation in an enzyme that changes the shape of its active site change the function of the enzyme?

A) No, because the enzyme would probably bind to the substrate anyway.
B) No, because another enzyme would make up for it.
C) No, because the shape of the active site has no effect on its activity.
D) Yes, because the active sites of all the enzymes have to match in order to work.
E) Yes, because the substrate has to fit specifically into the active site to undergo the reaction.

Question 77

When an enzyme is involved in a catabolic reaction

A) its active site binds the substrates and changes shape, stressing the bond, lowering the activation energy, and breaking the bond.
B) its active site binds the substrates and changes shape, bringing them close together, lowering the activation energy, and creating a bond.
C) its active site binds the substrates and changes shape, stressing the bond, increasing the activation energy, and breaking the bond.
D) its active site binds the substrates and changes shape, creating a bond by increasing the activation energy.
E) None of the above.

Question 78

If you hold a piece of food in your mouth that is made exclusively of carbohydrates,such as a cracker or cookie,that food will eventually be transformed in your mouth into simple sugars.If you hold a piece of meat in your mouth,however,that piece of meat will not dissolve.What does this tell you about what is present in saliva?

Question 79

Doctors recommend at least 15 minutes of sunlight per day.Why? What health benefit does sunlight provide?

Question 80

What are the two primary minerals that are needed to make healthy bone?