Deck 7: DNA Structure and Replication Biologically Unique

Question 1

Human DNA is located in the _______ and is divided into ______ chromosomes.

Answer 1

nucleus,46

Question 2

Where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells?

A) cytoplasm
B) nucleus
C) specialized protein sacs
D) tightly wrapped together
E) centromeres

Answer 2

nucleus

Question 3

In humans,a male's 23rd pair of chromosomes are called ___ and ___,which is in contrast to a female's ___ and ___.

Answer 3

X,Y; X,X

Question 4

A boy's Y chromosome will generally NOT be identical to that of his

A) father.
B) grandfather on father's side of family.
C) great-grandfather on mother's side of family.
D) brothers.
E) All of the above.

Question 5

What is DNA?

A) a molecule that is passed down to children from the father but not the mother
B) a molecule found only in blood
C) a molecule common to all life forms
D) a molecule found only in mammals
E) a molecule made of a single strand of nucleotides

Question 6

If the defective gene for color blindness is carried on the X chromosome,and a colorblind mother's 23rd pair of chromosomes carries the defect on both X chromosomes,what is the likelihood that her son will have color blindness? Why?

Question 7

Cells in your kidneys produce different proteins and carry out different tasks than cells in your brain.How is that possible?

A) Kidney and brain cells have completely different DNA.
B) Kidney and brain cells have some DNA that's the same and some that's different.
C) Kidney and brain cells have the same DNA but use different genes.
D) Kidney cells have Mom's DNA, but brain cells have Dad's DNA.
E) Kidney cells use only some of the genes in the DNA, but brain cells use all of the genes.

Question 8

Explain how and why males should be able to trace a direct lineage of male ancestors through analysis of their Y chromosome.

Question 9

Humans inherit chromosomes from each parent; and a male inherits the chromosome from his father.

Question 10

Liver cells and kidney cells do different tasks because they

A) start off with the same DNA, but destroy unnecessary genes.
B) start off with the same DNA, but gain different genes from stem cells.
C) contain completely different DNA and genes.
D) contain the same DNA but use different genes.
E) have different sequences of DNA in their genes.

Question 11

You are hired as a research assistant to help determine the genome of a wild onion plant.At the end of this project,you expect to have the

A) sequence of all of its genes.
B) sequence of all of its DNA.
C) sequence of all of its proteins.
D) total amount of RNA, DNA, and protein in its cells.
E) number of chromosomes in its nucleus.

Question 12

While studying the cells of a newly discovered fungus,you notice that its organelles resemble those of most eukaryotes,but some of their shapes are a little different.Although you're pretty sure you can identify each organelle,you analyze its chemical composition just to make sure.One organelle is shaped like a ball,and it is composed of proteins,membranes,and nucleic acids.That organelle is most likely the

A) nucleus.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) chromosome.
D) Golgi body.
E) lysosome.

Question 13

An individual's DNA is

A) different in every cell.
B) varies depending on cell type.
C) identical in all cells.
D) identical only in some cells.
E) identical to their mother's DNA.

Question 14

What is a genome?

A) the complete set of genetic material encoded within the DNA of an organism
B) the total number of base pairs within a DNA sequence
C) a short sequence of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic
D) the total amount of RNA within an organism
E) strands of DNA wound around proteins; humans have 23 pairs

Question 15

Red blood cells go through some special modifications as they mature.As a final step,the cells lose their nucleus.Which of the following is a likely consequence?

A) Red blood cells have extra genes not found in other cells.
B) Red blood cells have less DNA than other cells.
C) Red blood cells have less carbohydrate than other cells.
D) Red blood cells have more DNA than other cells.
E) Red blood cells are larger than most other cells.

Question 16

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe human DNA?

A) Human DNA is a unique combination of DNA inherited from both parents.
B) Males receive one X chromosome from their mother.
C) Females receive two X chromosomes from their mother.
D) Humans have 22 pairs of chromosomes and two gender chromosomes.
E) Human DNA is located within the nucleus.

Question 17

What is a chromosome?

A) a large piece of DNA found within the cytoplasm of a cell
B) a large protein that surrounds and protects DNA
C) a large, tightly bound piece of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of cells
D) a starting material used for producing DNA in a cell
E) a term used to describe all the genetic material found within a person's cells

Question 18

What is the significance of the "23rd pair" of chromosomes in humans?

A) It is inherited only from the mother.
B) It is inherited only from the father.
C) It doesn't exist; there are only 22 pairs.
D) It doesn't contain thymine.
E) It determines a person's sex.

Question 19

Explain how DNA is organized.Why is it necessary for DNA to be organized in this way?

Question 20

Choose the statement(s)that correctly describe the organization of DNA. ______ is/are made of ______,and ______ contain(s)many ______

A) DNA; chromosomes; chromosomes; genes
B) Chromosomes; DNA; chromosomes; genes
C) DNA; genes; genes; chromosomes
D) Genes; DNA; chromosomes; gene
E) Both B and D

Question 21

Bases holding two single strands of DNA together into a double strand of DNA interact through ___________ bonds.

A) covalent
B) hydrogen
C) ionic
D) chemical
E) carbon

Question 22

What are nucleotides?

A) enzymes that copy DNA
B) molecules that make up the information contained in DNA
C) molecules that consist of a sugar, a protein, and a base
D) molecules around which chromosomes coil
E) enzymes that split DNA apart so that the DNA can be copied

Question 23

Which of the following base pairs would be found in normal DNA?

A) A and T
B) G and G
C) C and A
D) T and C
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 24

How is the structure of a DNA molecule arranged?

A) Each nucleotides' phosphate group binds to the corresponding phosphate group of another nucleotide.
B) Each nucleotides' sugar group binds to the corresponding sugar group of another nucleotide.
C) Each nucleotides' phosphate group binds to the sugar group of the next nucleotide.
D) Each nucleotides' base binds to the next nucleotide base.
E) Each nucleotides' base binds to the phosphate group of another nucleotide.

Question 25

What are the four nucleotide bases that make up the "rungs" of the nucleotide ladder of DNA?

A) adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
B) adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
C) adenine, thymine, cytosine, phosphate
D) adenine, cytosine, nitrogen, phosphate
E) adenine, cytosine, sugar, phosphate

Question 26

DNA can be visualized as a ladder.Which parts would be the rungs (where you step)and which would be the stringers (the sides where you hold on)?

A) The sugars and bases are rungs, and the phosphates are stringers.
B) The phosphates and bases are rungs, and the sugars are stringers.
C) The H-bonded sugars are rungs, and the phosphate bases are stringers.
D) The bases are rungs, and the sugars and phosphates are stringers.
E) The bases are the rungs, and the sugars the stringers.

Question 27

What are nucleotides?

A) subunits found in proteins
B) subunits that combine to make DNA
C) molecules made of a sugar, a protein, and a base
D) molecules around which chromosomes coil
E) machinery the cell uses to copy its DNA

Question 28

DNA is called a double helix because

A) two bases are the rungs.
B) the bases are complementary paired.
C) two DNA strands twist together.
D) one DNA strand binds to a sugar.
E) a DNA strand folds into an alpha helix.

Question 29

Why is DNA called a "double helix"?

A) It has two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other.
B) It has two strands of nucleotides, folded back and forth like an accordion.
C) It has helical bases, arranged together in complementary pairs.
D) It has four strands of nucleotides bound together with sugars.
E) It has two chromosomes, linked and twisted together.

Question 30

Identify the correct nucleotide base pairing.

A) A-C; G-T
B) A-G; C-T
C) A-T; G-C
D) A-A; T-T
E) A-G; A-C

Question 31

A science museum hires an interior designer to create a spiral staircase that will represent DNA.The model must be as accurate as possible,but also allow people to climb.You are asked to evaluate the model for scientific accuracy.Which of the following design suggestions would you accept?

A) The steps in the staircase are painted to look like phosphates and sugars.
B) People climbing the stairs will hold onto handrails made of sugars.
C) A support post runs down the very center, representing a string of phosphates.
D) People climbing the staircase will step on pairs of bases.
E) All of the above.

Question 32

What is the complementary base-pairing rule?

A) Adenine will always pair with guanine.
B) Guanine will always pair with thymine.
C) Adenine can pair with either guanine or thymine.
D) A nucleotide can base-pair to any other nucleotide using hydrogen bonds.
E) Adenine will always pair with thymine, and cytosine will always pair with guanine.

Question 33

Explain which parent determines the gender of a child.

Question 34

Explain how gender is related to the X and Y chromosomes.

Question 35

Which is the best description of how nucleotides are attached to make DNA? Nucleotides are attached to each other ________.

A) phosphate to phosphate
B) sugar to sugar
C) phosphate to sugar
D) base to base
E) base to phosphate

Question 36

DNA is a type of molecule called a _________.Its smaller parts are called __________.

A) protein; amino acids
B) deoxyribonucleic acid; amino acids
C) deoxyribonucleic acid; nucleotides
D) nucleotide; deoxyribonucleic acids
E) protein; nucleotides

Question 37

You have a segment of DNA with a nucleotide sequence reading AATAGC on one strand.Which of the following nucleotide sequences would match it on the opposite strand?

A) AATAGC
B) CCGCTA
C) GGCGAT
D) TTATCG
E) AAGACG

Question 38

The width (diameter)of the DNA helix normally varies a lot,depending on which bases are paired together at that location.

Question 39

What is the correct pattern of nucleotide base pairing?

A) adenine-cytosine; guanine-thymine
B) adenine-guanine; cytosine-thymine
C) adenine-thymine; guanine-cytosine
D) adenine-adenine; thymine-thymine
E) adenine-guanine; adenine-cytosine

Question 40

What is the "double helix" when referring to the structure of DNA?

A) two strands of linked nucleotides that are twisted around each other
B) two strands of linked nucleotides that fold back and forth like an accordion
C) four strands of linked nucleotides that are bound by phosphate groups
D) four strands of linked nucleotides that are bound by sugar groups
E) two chromosomes that twisted around each other

Question 41

When DNA is copied to make more DNA before cell division,what happens to the original DNA molecule?

A) The original DNA goes to one cell; the new DNA goes to the other cell.
B) Only new DNA is passed on; original DNA is broken down and recycled.
C) Each of the cells contains half of the original DNA and half new DNA.
D) The original DNA is twisted into a double helix and passed to one of the daughter cells.
E) Either A or C are true, depending on the organism.

Question 42

Two strands of nucleotides pair up and twist around each other to form the shape of DNA,called a .

Question 43

Find the sequence that would base pair correctly with ATTCGGC.

A) ATTCGGC
B) TAAGCCG
C) AUUCGGC
D) UAAGCCG
E) None of the above.

Question 44

DNA replication occurs

A) in the Golgi.
B) in the cytoplasm.
C) in the nucleus.
D) in lysosomes.
E) in vesicles.

Question 45

To make a copy of DNA,all of the following must occur EXCEPT

A) hydrogen bonds break.
B) adenine pairs with thymine.
C) DNA polymerase binds to the DNA.
D) the old strand is used as a template.
E) the DNA coils to form a replication helix.

Question 46

The original strand of DNA used for DNA replication is known as the

A) coding strand.
B) nonconservative strand.
C) messenger strand.
D) template strand.
E) transcription strand.

Question 47

DNA can generally be extracted from

A) hair.
B) blood.
C) saliva.
D) skin cells.
E) All of the above.

Question 48

To condense DNA into a smaller size,it is wrapped around _______ molecules.

Question 49

A nucleotide is composed of a sugar,a ____ and a ______.

Question 50

When one DNA molecule is duplicated,the resulting two DNA molecules contain

A) one new and one old strand in each.
B) two new strands in one and two old strands in the other.
C) four new strands in each.
D) four old strands in each.
E) four new strands in one and four old strands in the other.

Question 51

The process of DNA replication requires

A) breaking of hydrogen bonds.
B) unwinding of the DNA.
C) enzymes.
D) nucleotides.
E) All of the above.

Question 52

Which of the following is a nucleotide?

A) polymerase
B) guanine
C) phosphate
D) DNA
E) STR region

Question 53

DNA replication results in __________ copies of a cell's genome.

A) two similar
B) two identical
C) four similar
D) four identical
E) None of the above.

Question 54

What is DNA polymerase?

A) an enzyme that breaks DNA down into fragments
B) an enzyme that deletes specific regions of DNA
C) an enzyme involved in DNA replication that binds to DNA and facilitates the formation of a new strand of DNA
D) an enzyme that allows the chromosomes to coil around proteins so that the chromosomes can fit into the nucleus
E) an enzyme that removes the sugar molecule from a nucleotide so that the phosphate groups can be linked together

Question 55

DNA is made of the following nucleotide bases,EXCEPT

A) adenine.
B) guanine.
C) phosphate.
D) cytosine.
E) thymine.

Question 56

If a strand of DNA has the sequence ATTCGGC,the complementary strand would be .

Question 57

Nucleotide bases are noncovalently held together in the DNA helix by .

Question 58

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that

A) breaks DNA down into fragments.
B) deletes specific regions of DNA.
C) makes copies of DNA.
D) tightly winds DNA into chromosomes.
E) removes sugars from nucleotides to link them together.

Question 59

How does complementary base pairing make DNA replication more efficient?

Question 60

What is meant by "semiconservative" replication?

A) As the new strands of DNA are formed, the old strands are broken down and recycled.
B) As the new strands of DNA are formed, one of the old strands is broken down and recycled while the other is used as a template for the creation of a new strand.
C) The original strands of DNA are used to make newer strands, resulting in two copies of the DNA, one made entirely of new DNA, the other entirely of old DNA.
D) As DNA replication occurs, two new strands of DNA are produced without use of the original strands.
E) Each newly replicated strand of DNA consists of one original strand and one newly formed strand.

Question 61

PCR amplification of DNA is a useful technique when

A) there is limited sample.
B) there is abundant sample.
C) there is no other evidence.
D) dental evidence is excluded.
E) contamination of evidence occurred.

Question 62

You start a PCR process with two copies of a DNA molecule.After three cycles of PCR,how many copies of the DNA will be present?

A) 5
B) 6
C) 8
D) 16
E) 27

Question 63

Explain base pairing in DNA.

Question 64

Sequential cycles of heating and DNA extension of primer-specific DNA regions is known as .........................................................

Question 65

The nucleotides used in DNA replication during PCR ____ compared to the nucleotides used during DNA replication within a cell.

A) are exactly the same
B) are somewhat different
C) are completely different
D) contain the base U instead of A
E) contain the base U instead of T

Question 66

Which of the following shows the steps of PCR amplification in the correct order?

A) extract DNA, add nucleotides, heat, add polymerase, cool
B) extract DNA, add polymerase, cycles of heating and cooling, add nucleotides
C) extract DNA, add polymerase, heat, add nucleotides, cool
D) extract DNA, heat, add nucleotides, cool, add polymerase, repeat
E) extract DNA, add nucleotides and polymerase, cycles of heating and cooling

Question 67

Why is heating a first step in PCR amplification of extracted DNA?

A) The enzyme DNA polymerase works at a higher temperature.
B) The nucleotides bind together at high heat.
C) It is necessary for DNA strands to anneal to each other.
D) It permits hydrogen bonds between DNA strands to dissociate.
E) It is required for primers to bind permanently to the DNA.

Question 68

STRs are

A) single tandem repeats.
B) sequence tandem reactants.
C) single technique runs.
D) short tandem repeats.
E) several tandem repeats.

Question 69

Explain what is meant by semiconservative duplication of DNA.

Question 70

What is the name of the laboratory technique used to amplify DNA?

A) DNA replication
B) RNA replication
C) polymerase chain reaction
D) short tandem repetition
E) gel electrophoresis

Question 71

DNA replication is called because it results in one original strand paired with one newly synthesized strand.

Question 72

Which of the following describes the pattern of increasing copies of DNA during PCR amplification?

A) 1?2?3?4
B) 1?2?4?8
C) 1?10?100?1000
D) 1?100?10000?1000000
E) The number of increasing copies does not follow a pattern.

Question 73

Explain why a heating step is needed during PCR.

Question 74

If you start with one copy of a DNA fragment,how many rounds of PCR amplification will it take to end up with a total of 16 copies?

A) 1
B) 4
C) 7
D) 10
E) 15

Question 75

Before DNA can be duplicated,it must be ________ so that DNA polymerase can access the DNA strands.

Question 76

PCR amplification of DNA requires

A) DNA, primers, RNA polymerase, and deoxyribonucleotides.
B) DNA polymerase and deoxyribonucleotides.
C) DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, and deoxyribonucleotides.
D) DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleotides, and primers.
E) DNA, primers, RNA polymerase, and ribonucleotides.

Question 77

How does PCR aid in detecting genetic differences from a small starting sample,say a strand of hair?

Question 78

From a forensic sample,you have 15 copies of a short length of DNA.You need at least 450,000 copies to start your DNA analysis,and it takes 3 minutes per cycle with your PCR equipment.How many cycles are needed? How long will it be before you can start analyzing your DNA?

Question 79

PCR stands for

A) polymers confer reactants.
B) polymerase chain reaction.
C) polymerase cell reproduction.
D) potential chain reaction.
E) polynucleotide cycling reaction.

Question 80

Which statement about PCR is FALSE?

A) PCR will amplify DNA, even from just a single DNA molecule.
B) Amplification of DNA in a PCR reaction is exponential.
C) PCR works on only a single strand of DNA at a time.
D) PCR uses primers to amplify both DNA strands simultaneously.
E) PCR requires DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.