Deck 22: Microorganisms: The Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists

Question 1

The atmosphere and seas of the early Earth lacked oxygen.What kind of organisms could NOT have lived under those conditions?

A)obligate aerobes
B)obligate anaerobes
C)facultative anaerobes
D)chemoautotrophs
E)cyanobacteria

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Cyanobacteria,or blue-green algae,are considered the most ancient organisms capable of photosynthesis.Given what you know about cyanobacteria,which of the following is the more similar species?

A)Rickettsia rickettsii;A unicellular intracellular pathogen that infects warm-blooded animals,including humans,causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
B)Halobacterium salinarum;A unicellular obligate aerobe that often inhabits hypersaline lakes.This species produces gas vesicles in order to maximize its access to oxygen at the lake's surface.
C)Nitrosolobus multiformis;A unicellular rod-shaped nitrifying bacterium that inhabits subsurface soils at depths associated with plant roots.
D)Nostoc verrucosum;A filamentous species often found in shallow streams and creeks that is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen using specialized cells known as heterocytes.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Archaea have very diverse environmental requirements and tolerances.From what you have learned about them,which among the following conditions or substances do ALL archaeans require for survival and reproduction?

A)oxygen
B)carbon
C)moderate pH
D)moderate temperature
E)moderate salinity

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the source of energy for the synthesis of organic molecules in a photoautotroph?

A)carbon dioxide
B)inorganic compounds
C)other organic compounds
D)light
E)heat

Question 5

Because they differ from other living organisms by lacking a discrete nucleus and many other cell inclusions,bacteria and archaea are more closely related to one another than they are to eukaryotes.

Question 6

Bioremediation is:

A)the use of microorganisms to treat open wounds
B)the use of microorganisms to break down harmful substances in the environment
C)the use of bacteria to attack cancer cells
D)the use of microorganisms to attack pathogenic bacteria
E)the use of bacteria in the production of biofuels

Question 7

Bird influenza is an emerging disease.If you were given the task of using Koch's postulates of finding the pathogen causing bird flu,what sequence of procedures should you use?

A)(1)Inoculate a healthy bird with the suspected pathogen to see whether it becomes sick,(2)compare symptoms of that bird with those of a bird known to have the disease,(3)isolate the pathogen from both birds in pure culture and stain them to see whether they are both Gram-positive,and (4)make a vaccine from the pure culture of one bird and inject it into another to see if it recovers.
B)(1)Take blood samples from a sick bird,(2)isolate the pathogen in pure culture,(3)treat the bird for the disease and when it recovers take a second blood sample,and (4)test the blood to check whether it no longer contains the pathogen.
C)(1)Inject a bird with the suspected pathogen,(2)inject another bird with a control that doesn't contain the suspected pathogen,(3)repeat with more birds,and (4)plate out samples of blood from both kinds of birds to see if you can isolate the pathogen in pure culture.
D)(1)Isolate in pure culture the suspected pathogen from sick birds,then (2)use a series of medications to treat the sick birds,(3)select the medication that worked best,(4)apply that medication to pure cultures of the pathogen,and (5)see whether it kills the pathogen,compared to control treatments without the medication.
E)(1)Check whether the suspected pathogen is present in sick birds,then (2)isolate the pathogen from an infected bird and grow it in pure culture,(3)inoculate cells from pure culture into a healthy bird to see whether it causes the disease,and (4)attempt to isolate the suspected pathogen from the inoculated bird.

Question 8

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a function of the cell walls of bacteria?

A)They maintain cell shape.
B)They prevent horizontal gene transfer.
C)They avoid disintegration in water with low concentrations of salt.
D)They protect against other bacteria.
E)They protect against viruses.

Question 9

Which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary relationships among the three domains?

A)Bacteria and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with EukaryA.
B)Bacteria and Eukarya diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Archaea.
C)Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria.
D)All three domains diverged from a common ancestor at the same time.

Question 10

Methanotrophs affect global temperature.This is because:

A)Methanotrophs metabolize methane,thereby reducing the amount of methane in the atmosphere.Since methane is one of the greenhouse gases whose accumulation causes a rise in global temperature,its reduction by methanotrophs helps prevent global warming.
B)Methanotrophs convert methane to carbon dioxide and increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.Since carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases whose accumulation causes a rise in global temperature,its production by methanotrophs contributes to global warming.
C)Methanotrophs convert carbon dioxide to methane and increase the amount of methane in the atmosphere.Since methane is one of the greenhouse gases whose accumulation causes a rise in global temperature,its production by methanotrophs contributes to global warming.
D)Methanotrophs convert methane to carbon dioxide,thereby decreasing the amount of methane in the environment but increasing the amount of carbon dioxide there.Since both methane and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases whose accumulation causes a rise in global temperature,the decrease in one cancels the increase in the other and methanotrophs have no net effect on global warming.
E)Methanotrophs combine carbon dioxide and methane to form petroleum and in this way take both methane and carbon dioxide out of the atmospherE.Since both methane and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases whose accumulation causes a rise in global temperature,the decrease in both helps prevent global warming.

Question 11

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by endospore-forming bacteria?

A)Strep throat
B)botulism
C)anthrax
D)tetanus
E)lockjaw

Question 12

You have discovered a new species of bacteria.Its characteristics include a thick peptidoglycan layer and the ability to produce antibiotics.What do you think is true about this species?

A)They are Gram-negative and are likely to form spores.
B)They are Gram-positive and have a lipopolysaccharide-rich outer envelope.
C)They are likely to be Gram-positive Actinobacteria.
D)They are likely to be Gram-negative Actinobacteria.

Question 13

Archaea are resistant to damage by harsh conditions because their membrane lipids,unlike those of bacteria and eukaryotes,have

A)ether linkages
B)ester linkages
C)fatty acid chains
D)isoprene chains
E)peptidoglycan

Question 14

Members of the Nostoc genus have large numbers of thylakoid membranes,and many have gas vesicles.What statement is also most likely true about Nostoc?

A)They are pathogenic.
B)They form an endosymbiotic mutualism with plant roots.
C)They are photoautotrophs.
D)They are methanogens.
E)They are archaea.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a way that bacteria benefit humans?

A)production of foodstuffs such as cheese
B)production of antibiotics
C)breaking down wastes,toxins,explosives,and petrochemicals
D)killing harmful insects
E)transferring nutrients across intestinal membranes

Question 16

The proteobacterium Rhizobium lives in a close association with legume roots,providing a source of nitrogen for the plant.In return,the plant provides Rhizobium with food produced by photosynthesis.In this relationship,Rhizobium is an example of a(n):

A)pathogen
B)parasite
C)producer
D)methanogen
E)mutualist

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of mucilage in bacteria?

A)protection against a host's immune system
B)facilitating acquisition of mineral nutrients
C)acting as a flotation device
D)nitrogen fixation
E)holding cells together for communication among them

Question 18

The photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria takes place in their:

A)thylakoids
B)mitochondria
C)pili
D)gas vesicles
E)magnetosomes

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT true of horizontal gene transfer?

A)It occurs when genes are transferred from parent to progeny.
B)It increases genetic diversity for a species.
C)It has important implications for inferring phylogeny.
D)It can occur through endosymbiosis.
E)It occurs commonly in bacteria.

Question 20

The difference between an akinete and endospore is that

A)Akinetes are whole cells filled with food,whereas endospores are bodies produced inside of cells.
B)Akinetes are not capable of locomotion whereas endospores move freely.
C)Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can.
D)Endospores cannot resist stressful conditions whereas akinetes can.
E)Akinetes are reproductive structures whereas endospores are dormant,resistant structures.

Question 21

The plastids of kelps and other brown algae arose through secondary endosymbiosis.What modern organisms are most closely related to the type of cell that eventually became these plastids?

A)cyanobacteria
B)Chlamydomonas (a single-celled green alga)
C)Trypanosoma (a kinetoplastid)
D)dinoflagellates
E)coccolithophorids

Question 22

Microcystis aeruginosa is a species of cyanobacteria.What CANNOT be true of this species?

A)It synthesizes organic molecules.
B)It is an obligate anaerobe.
C)Its cells contain an extensive thylakoid.
D)It uses ammonia to produce proteins.
E)It secretes mucilagE.

Question 23

Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists?

A)green algae
B)red algae
C)brown algae
D)cyanobacteria
E)dinoflagellates

Question 24

The evolution of organisms that use oxygen in their respiration was possible only because of the action of a group of bacteria that produced oxygen and changed the Earth's atmosphere from an anoxic one to one rich in oxygen.That group of bacteria was:

A)cyanobacteria
B)spirochaetes
C)proteobacteria
D)Staphylococcus
E)actinobacteria

Question 25

Which protist would most likely be phytoplankton?

A)Kelp (a brown seaweed)
B)Plasmodium falciparum (the pathogen that causes malaria)
C)Polysiphonia (a red seaweed)
D)Euglena (a unicellular alga)
E)Phytophthora infestans (the pathogen that causes late-blight)

Question 26

Plastids originated from which of the following groups of prokaryotes?

A)Cyanobacteria
B)Spirochaetes
C)Proteobacteria
D)Archaea
E)Actinobacteria

Question 27

Archaea that tolerate and/or require high salinities are called halophiles.

Question 28

Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess:

A)double plastids
B)hairy flagella
C)alveoli
D)flexible protein ribbons beneath the plasma membrane
E)calcium carbonate crystals

Question 29

Some protists bear a small number of external cellular structures that facilitate swimming by repeatedly bending and straightening.These protists are informally known as:

A)amoebae
B)ciliates
C)algae
D)periphyton
E)flagellates

Question 30

Phagocytosis is:

A)the movement of small organic molecules across the cell membrane.
B)the capture and ingestion of food particles by a cell.
C)the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules using light as an energy source.
D)the ability to use photosynthesis and osmosis or particle ingestion for nutrition.

Question 31

You are studying the bacteria in the water of a nearby pond.From a 100 mL sample,you use a 0.5 mL subsample to inoculate a plastic dish filled with a semisolid nutrient medium that fosters growth of coliform bacteria.After an appropriate incubation period,you count 100 bacterial colonies growing on the surface of the medium.What conclusion can you make about the coliform bacteria in the pond water?

A)There is approximately one coliform bacterial cell per milliliter.
B)There are approximately 200 coliform bacterial cells per milliliter.
C)There is approximately one coliform bacterial species per milliliter.
D)There are approximately 200 coliform bacterial species per milliliter.

Question 32

Most extremophiles are archaea.

Question 33

The human microbiome is:

A)the collection of pathogenic microbes that attack humans and cause disease
B)the collection of symbiotic microbes living on or within the human body,often performing functions that humans do not possess
C)the collection of microbes that benefit human society,providing services such as bioremediation and assisting in food production
D)the collection of microbes that share the same environmental requirements as humans
E)the collection of microbes that are necessary for human survival,such as photoautotrophs and nitrogen fixing bacteria

Question 34

Archaea,Bacteria,and Eukarya are:

A)phyla
B)kingdoms
C)families
D)domains
E)orders

Question 35

Plasmodium falciparum is a protistan parasite,borne by mosquitoes,that constitutes a serious health problem for humans.The disease it causes is:

A)diabetes
B)malaria
C)yellow fever
D)dengue fever
E)Lyme disease

Question 36

An obligate anaerobe is an organism that:

A)is poisoned by oxygen
B)requires oxygen
C)can use oxygen but can get along without it
D)does not use oxygen but is not poisoned by it
E)produces oxygen

Question 37

Phytophthora infestans is a pathogen that attacks a variety of plants.This pathogen is an example of what type of protist?

A)algae
B)fungus-like protists
C)protozoans
D)periphyton
E)plankton

Question 38

Mitochondria originated from proteobacteria.

Question 39

The process by which genetic material is exchanged between different species,such as an endosymbiont and its host,is:

A)vertical gene transfer
B)horizontal gene transfer
C)binary fission
D)mutualism
E)parasitism

Question 40

A massive immigration of Irish to the United States in the mid-19th century because of a failure of the Irish potato crop was most likely caused by what protist?

A)Trichomonas vaginalis
B)Plasmodiuim falciparum
C)Phytophora infestans
D)Giardia lamblia
E)Pfiesteria shumwayae

Question 41

The sexual phase of Plasmodium is called a

A)sporozoite
B)gametocyte
C)merozoite
D)plasmacyte
E)anthracite

Question 42

Slime molds are in the supergroup

A)Opisthokonta
B)Rhizaria
C)Amoebozoa
D)Stramenopila
E)Alveolata

Question 43

The collars on the cells of choanoflagellates have the function of:

A)protecting the flagellum
B)filtering bacterial food from the water
C)directing currents away from the flagellum
D)storing waste materials of the cell
E)attaching to the substrate

Question 44

Which of the following statements DOES NOT characterize decomposers?

A)They feed on nonliving organic matter.
B)They play an important role in nutrient cycling.
C)They break down wastes.
D)They release nutrients that other organisms can use.
E)They synthesize organic molecules.

Question 45

Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites produce merozoites in the human

A)blood
B)brain
C)lymph glands
D)liver
E)spleen

Question 46

In the Gulf of Mexico,red tides caused by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis cause massive fish kills as well as respiratory problems in humans.As an environmental scientist,what would you suggest concerned citizens do to help prevent these red tides?

A)Purchase fuel-efficient vehicles
B)Decrease the amount of artificial light in coastal areas
C)Encourage sustainable fishing
D)Reduce fertilizer use on lawns and gardens
E)Participate in beach cleanup efforts

Question 47

Some algae are more closely related to plants than they are to other algae.

Question 48

The disappearance of diatoms from the world's oceans would result in an overall increase in the concentration of atmospheric oxygen.

Question 49

Which of the following statements best describes secondary endosymbiosis?

A)A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and later acquires another one by phagocytosis.
B)A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont.
C)A host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously.
D)A host cell ingests one symbiont and then later ingests another one.
E)A host cell without plastids ingests a prokaryotic cell.

Question 50

The malarial stage infecting red blood cells of humans are the

A)merozoites
B)sporozoites
C)saprophytes
D)gametocytes
E)neophytes

Question 51

Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because:

A)it allows scientists to cause mutations in the DNA thereby killing the pathogen
B)it allows scientists to prevent meiosis and the duplication of genes necessary for the survival of the pathogen
C)it allows the development of drugs that make antibodies against the pathogen
D)it allows the development of drugs that target metabolic pathways unique to the pathogen
E)it allows scientists to predict likely hosts of the pathogen using phylogenetic analysis

Question 52

African sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma brucei,a flagellated protist with a kinetoplast.What human disease is caused by the protist most closely related to T.brucei?

A)malaria
B)giardiasis
C)amoebic dysentery
D)dinoflagellate toxin-induced nervous disorders

Question 53

An environmental testing laboratory is unable to identify a single-celled organism isolated from a well water sample.Inspection of the microorganism with a compound microscope reveals that it uses pseudopodia for movement and is not enclosed within a mineral shell.Based on this information,this organism can be classified to which supergroup?

A)Opisthokonta
B)Alveolata
C)Amoebozoa
D)Rhizaria
E)Excavata

Question 54

Protozoa are monophyletic.

Question 55

A pharmaceutical company develops a drug inhibiting mitosis of sporozoites in an effort to prevent malaria.How would this affect the next step of the infection cycle of Plasmodium falciparum?

A)Merozoites would not be produced.
B)Gametocytes would not be produced.
C)Gametes would not be produced.
D)Infected red blood cells would not attach to the linings of capillaries.
E)Infected red blood cells would not burst.

Question 56

Amphistegina gibbosa is a species of protist with filose pseudopodia found near coral reefs.What cannot be true of
A)They are enclosed within a shell composed of calcium carbonate.

A)gibbosa?
B)They have sacs under the cell membrane.
C)They are heterotrophic.
D)They are closely related to radiolarians.

Question 57

Members of the supergroup Amoebozoa are characterized by:

A)locomotion via pseudopodia
B)hard shells composed of calcium carbonate
C)plastids acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis
D)alveoli beneath the plasma membrane
E)the presence of a feeding groove

Question 58

The symptoms of malaria are

A)jaundice
B)abdominal cramps
C)diarrhea and dehydration
D)headaches and nausea
E)alternating chills and fever

Question 59

The choanoflagellates are in the supergroup

A)Opisthokonta
B)Rhizaria
C)Amoebozoa
D)Stramenopila
E)Alveolata

Question 60

The group of protists to which you are most closely related is:

A)the choanoflagellates
B)slime molds
C)Rhizaria
D)Foraminifera
E)Stramenopila

Question 61

Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either is to plants.

Question 62

Fungus-like protists are more related to true fungi in the supergroup Opisthokonta than they are to members of any other supergroup.

Question 63

Red algae,green algae,and plants are so closely related that they are grouped in the same supergroup by most biologists.

Question 64

Protists are organisms that are generally microscopic,live in moist environments,and cannot be classified in the animal,plant,or fungal kingdoms.

Question 65

Nitrogenase is the enzyme that is responsible for nitrogen fixation.In cyanobacteria,where is this enzyme likely to carry out nitrogen fixation?

A)Nucleus
B)Heterocyte
C)Plastid
D)Akinete