Deck 17: Genomes, Repetitive Sequences, and Bioinformatics

Question 1

Which of the following is TRUE regarding plasmids?

A)Plasmids are small,usually a few thousand to ten thousand base pairs.
B)Plasmids are linear.
C)Plasmids are contained within the bacterial chromosome.
D)Plasmids are rarely found in prokaryotes.
E)Plasmids dominate in eukaryotes.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Genome databases have been created for all of the following model organisms except?

A)fruit fly
B)mouse
C)humans
D)Escherichia coli
E)American alligator

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What is required for the transposition of a retroelement? Select all that apply.
_____ transposase
__X__ RNA polymerase
__X__ Reverse transcriptase
__X__ Integrase

Answer 3

Review transposable elements in 17.3.

Question 4

A researcher is interested in comparing the DNA sequence for the gene encoding myosin between a cheetah (mammal)and a red snapper (fish).What database would be most helpful to her?

A)GenBank
B)Swiss Prot
C)PIR (Protein Information Resource)
D)GenPept
E)PDB (Protein Data Bank)

Question 5

What is the most likely explanation of how 14 genes for globins,each specialized in their function (i.e. ,hemoglobin,myoglobin),arose in the genome of animals?

A)misaligned crossover
B)gene deletion
C)gene mutation
D)misaligned crossover and gene mutation
E)misaligned crossover and gene deletion

Question 6

Which of the following statements is TRUE of highly repetitive sequences?

A)They play a vital role in transcription.
B)They play a vital role in translation.
C)They can be found millions of times in a eukaryotic genome.
D)They typically increase fitness of the organism.
E)They typically decrease fitness of the organism.

Question 7

A researcher has mapped the entire genome of an insect.She notices that the genome contains around a thousand copies of a particular DNA sequence.What is the most likely function of this DNA sequence?

A)The sequence most likely has no function.
B)Its function is to code for rRNA.
C)Its function is to provide antibiotic resistance.
D)Its function is to copy and move within the genome via an RNA intermediate.

Question 8

The nuclear genome of Species A is three times as large as the nuclear genome of Species
B.
Review portions of section 17.2 pertaining to genome size.
B.
__X__ Species A has a more complex body plan than Species
B.What are some potential explanations for the larger size of Species A's genome? Select all that apply.
__X__ Species A has many repetitive sequences of DNA while Species B has relatively few.
__X__ Species A has larger cells than Species B
__X__ Species A has more complex cells than Species

Question 9

Which pair of organisms would have the most homologous b-globin genes?

A)dolphin and bumble bee
B)catfish and crocodile
C)snake and mouse
D)frog and cheetah
E)human and chimpanzee

Question 10

What functions does transposase perform during transposition of a DNA transposon? Select all that apply.
__X__ Recognizes inverted repeats at the end of the TE.
__X__ Cleaves the ends of the TE.
__X__ Moves TE to a new site in the genome.
__X__ Cleaves target DNA in a staggered manner.
_____ Fills in the base pairs at the staggered ends of the target DNA.

Question 11

How many genes are generally found for every million bases of prokaryotic DNA?

A)10
B)100
C)1,000
D)10,000
E)100,000

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes is FALSE?

A)Prokaryotic genomes are less complex than eukaryotic genomes.
B)Prokaryotic genomes have centromeres,whereas eukaryotic genomes do not.
C)Eukaryotic genomes have telomeres,whereas prokaryotic genomes do not.
D)Prokaryotic genomes have one origin of replication,whereas eukaryotic genomes have multiple origins of replication.
E)Chromosomes of prokaryotes have little repetitive DNA compared with chromosomes of eukaryotes.

Question 13

If the nitrogenous bases of both a DNA transposon and a retroelement were tagged with fluorescent markers,what statement best describes the result after transposition of both types of TEs has occurred?

A)The markers would be found at the new site of the DNA transposon,but not at the new site of the retroelement.
B)The markers would be found at the new site of the retroelement,but not at the new site of the DNA transposon.
C)The markers would be found at the new sites of the DNA transposon and the retroelement.
D)The markers would be not be found at either new site.

Question 14

Researchers are interested in the genomes of prokaryotic species for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)bacteria cause many diseases that affect people,plants,and animals.
B)bacteria reveal modes of infection.
C)bacteria are more highly advanced than humans.
D)the origin of the first eukaryotic cell probably involved a union between an archaeal and a bacterial cell.
E)All of the choices are reasons for studying genomes of prokaryotic species.

Question 15

Homologous chromosomes pair with each other during meiosis,but are misaligned.What is the likely outcome if crossing over occurs?

A)One daughter chromosome contains a gene duplication,the other three are normal.
B)One daughter chromosome contains a gene deletion,the other three are normal.
C)Two daughter chromosomes contain a gene duplication,the other two are normal.
D)Two daughter chromosomes contain a gene deletion,the other two are normal.
E)One daughter chromosome contains a gene duplication,one contains a gene deletion,and the remaining two are normal.

Question 16

14 homologous genes encoding globins (hemoglobin,myoglobin)in the human genome were originally derived from a single ancestor that duplicated 500-600 million years ago.What term best describes the relationship between these genes?

A)sister chromatids
B)gene family
C)gene cluster
D)moderately repetitive sequences
E)highly repetitive sequences

Question 17

DNA can be found in all of the following cellular locations EXCEPT the

A)mitochondriA.
B)chloroplast.
C)nucleus.
D)golgi apparatus.
E)plasmid.

Question 18

Functionally important gene sequences such as those encoding ribosomal RNA are

A)highly repetitive sequences.
B)moderately repetitive sequences.
C)transposable sequences.
D)highly mutated sequences.

Question 19

Small chromosomal duplications provide raw material for the addition of genes into a species' genome.These duplications create two or more copies of the same gene,where one or both of the genes can subsequently mutate.These genes are referred to as

A)sister chromatids.
B)homologous chromosomes.
C)homologous genes.
D)transposable elements.
E)duplicated chromosomes.

Question 20

Which of the following most adequately describes how the Alu element may have proliferated to constitute 10% of the human genome?

A)Multiple retroelements code the same gene.
B)Retroelements increase with every generation.
C)A single retroelement can be copied into many RNA transcripts.
D)Retroelements increase with each cell division.
E)Retroelements show self-proliferation.

Question 21

What is needed if a researcher wants to analyze genes in different species for their homologies? Select all that apply.
__X__ Amino acid or nucleotide sequences from both species.
__X__ A computer program with the ability to search large amounts of data for matching sequences.
_____ Knowledge of the function of the gene in both species.
__X__ Database containing nucleotide or amino acid sequences of many species.

Question 22

A nerve cell and a brain cell taken from the same individual would have two different sets of genes.

Question 23

The current genome databases are biased towards species that are important from a research,medical,or agricultural perspective.

Question 24

In humans,one set of chromosomes is made up of 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.

Question 25

Prokaryotic genomes often contain a circular chromosome with hundreds of thousands of genes and highly repetitive DNA.

Question 26

What is true of the comparison between the myosin of a rat and a mouse?

A)The nucleotide sequences are identical.
B)The genes encode for different proteins.
C)Each species has accumulated random mutations,but the sequences are similar.
D)Both species are so far apart that there is no homology between the two sequences.
E)The genes encoding myosin closely resemble those encoding actins.

Question 27

A researcher runs a BLAST program comparing turkey phenylalanine hydroxylase,which functions in the metabolism of phenylalanine,with known database sequences.Which of the following would most likely provide the closest match?

A)green pufferfish
B)zebrafish
C)chicken
D)orangutan
E)fruit fly

Question 28

If a gene's sequence is compared among several different vertebrates and they are found to be 95% homologous,one can assume that the genes are derived from the same ancestral gene.

Question 29

Homologous genes in different species are called

A)analogs.
B)paralogs.
C)orthologs.
D)dialogs.
E)monologs.

Question 30

What question is most likely to be answered if the goals of the Human Genome Project are met?

A)Should companies that discover disease-related genes (ex: BRCA genes)and develop tests for those genes be allowed to patent them?
B)How did plasmids evolve?
C)How many genes does the genome of Borrelia burgdorferi contain?
D)What are the functions of repetitive sequences in prokaryotic organisms?

Question 31

You overhear colleagues discussing their current research.They mention that they need to purchase a large quantity of dideoxynucleoside triphosphates and that they will be using sonic technology.You also hear them discussing the pros and cons of several computer programs that can align large amounts of overlapping data.What technique do you think your colleagues are preparing for?

A)transposition
B)Gel electrophoresis
C)shotgun sequencing
D)data mining

Question 32

Some transposable elements contain a central region that encodes transposase,an enzyme that facilitates the actual transposition.

Question 33

At the time that transposable elements were discovered by Barbara McClintock,many of her colleagues agreed with her discovery.

Question 34

What must be provided to the BLAST program for identifying homologous sequences within the database?

A)nucleotide sequence
B)amino acid sequence
C)protein molecular weight
D)protein molecular weight or nucleotide sequence
E)nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence

Question 35

What tool would best help researchers determine if two genes are homologous to each other?

A)Punnett square
B)BLAST program
C)GenBank database
D)polypeptide structure
E)geometric analysis

Question 36

You are part of a research team trying to sequence the genome of bacterial species X,which has a genome size of 2.2 Mb.You plan to use shotgun DNA sequencing and want to sequence at least 99% of the genome.How many Mb of DNA should you sequence?

A)10.13
B)4.61
C)0.01
D)9.02