Deck 2: The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water

Question 1

What type of bonding is likely to occur between two water molecules or strands of DNA?

A)covalent
B)ionic
C)hydrogen
D)both hydrogen and covalent
E)both hydrogen and ionic

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When one atom loses an electron to another atom,it results in the formation of

A)a polar covalent bond and a new molecule.
B)cations and anions that can form ionic bonds.
C)a covalent bond between the two.
D)many hydrogen bonds.
E)a nonpolar covalent bond that is difficult to break.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Tritiated hydrogen (³H)differs from hydrogen (¹H)in that

A)³H has 2 more protons than ¹H.
B)³H has 2 more electrons than ¹H.
C)³H has 2 more neutrons than ¹H.
D)³H has the same number of neutrons as ¹H.
E)³H has a different electron configuration than ¹H.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The smallest functional unit and associated structures of a living organism are

A)atoms and their protons,neutrons and electrons.
B)molecules and their atoms,bonds and electrons.
C)proteins and amino acids.
D)cells with nucleus,mitochondria and ER.
E)water made of hydrogen and oxygen.

Question 5

Isotopes are different forms of the same element that

A)differ in their number of neutrons.
B)differ in their number of protons.
C)are all produced artificially.
D)cannot form covalent bonds.
E)cannot form ions.

Question 6

The first,inner-most energy shell of an atom

A)can have a maximum of 8 electrons.
B)can have a maximum of 2 electrons.
C)is called the 2p orbital.
D)is called the 1s orbital and can have a maximum of 8 electrons.
E)is called the 2p orbital and can have a maximum of 2 electrons.

Question 7

Carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativities and combine together to form hydrocarbon molecules.What type of bonds form between these atoms?

A)hydrogen
B)ionic
C)polar covalent
D)nonpolar covalent
E)electrostatic

Question 8

In water,MgCl₂ dissociates into Mg²⁺ and Cl^-.Based on this information what type of bond is involved in the formation of MgCl₂?

A)hydrogen
B)ionic
C)polar covalent
D)nonpolar covalent
E)electrostatic

Question 9

The element found in most abundance in living organisms is

A)calcium.
B)iron.
C)iodine.
D)hydrogen.
E)sodium.

Question 10

What type of bonds form from the unequal sharing of electrons?

A)hydrogen
B)ionic
C)polar covalent
D)nonpolar covalent
E)electrostatic

Question 11

Nitrogen has 7 electrons and can form a maximum of ________ bonds with other elements.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 12

The strongest chemical bonds are

A)hydrogen bonds.
B)Van der Waal forces.
C)hydrophobic interactions.
D)ionic bonds.
E)covalent bonds.

Question 13

When one oxygen atom shares two pairs of electrons with another oxygen atom,O₂ is formed via a(n)

A)single covalent bond.
B)double covalent bond.
C)triple covalent bond.
D)ionic bonD.
E)hydrogen bond.

Question 14

Amphipathic molecules

A)possess only hydrophilic properties.
B)possess only hydrophobic properties.
C)possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
D)possess neither hydrophilic nor hydrophobic properties.
E)tend not to interact with other molecules.

Question 15

The atomic number of an atom is

A)the number of protons in the atom.
B)the number of neutrons in the atom.
C)the number of protons and electrons in the atom.
D)the number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 16

The most hydrophilic substance is

A)water.
B)an ion.
C)oil.
D)an amphipathic molecule.
E)a gas.

Question 17

The nucleus of an atom is composed of

A)protons.
B)neutrons.
C)electrons.
D)protons and neutrons.
E)protons and electrons.

Question 18

Molecules

A)are derived from the ionic bonding of two or more atoms.
B)have the same physical properties as the atoms from which they were derived.
C)are not important in biological processes.
D)can form from the covalent bonding of two or more atoms.
E)cannot have a chargE.

Question 19

Carbon has 4 electrons and hydrogen has 1 electron in its outermost electron shell.A carbon atom can form covalent bonds with how many hydrogen atoms?

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3
E)4

Question 20

For water to vaporize

A)energy must be supplied.
B)energy must be released.
C)hydrogen bonds are broken.
D)both energy must be supplied and hydrogen bonds broken.
E)both energy must be released and hydrogen bonds broken.

Question 21

Based on the colligative properties of water,what would happen if one were to add a solute to water?

A)The freezing point of water would decrease.
B)The freezing point of water would increase.
C)The boiling point of water would increase.
D)Both the freezing point of water would decrease and the boiling point of water would increase.
E)Nothing would change with respect to the freezing point or boiling point of water.

Question 22

Water

A)is nonpolar.
B)has a low heat of vaporization.
C)has cohesive properties.
D)evaporates and increases body temperature.
E)is a relatively poor solvent.

Question 23

If a person ingested a can of soda with a pH of 3,the body would work to maintain homeostasis by

A)increasing the amount of H⁺ in an acidic solution.
B)reducing the amount of H⁺ in an acidic solution.
C)reducing the amount of H⁺ in an alkaline solution.
D)increasing the amount of OH^- ions in an alkaline solution.
E)reducing the amount of OH^- in an acidic solution.

Question 24

Sulfur 35 (³⁵S)is an isotope of ³²S.These elements differ in their number of neutrons.

Question 25

If lithium has an atomic number of 3 then it will have 1 valence electron.

Question 26

If orange juice has a pH of 4 then it can be described as

A)having a H⁺ concentration is 4.
B)an acidic solution.
C)an alkaline solution.
D)an acidic solution with a H⁺ concentration of 4.
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 27

Molecules are generally rigid structures and rarely change shape.

Question 28

The molarity of a solution is

A)a measure of solute concentration.
B)the weight of a solid substance.
C)often expressed as grams per unit volume.
D)reflects a measure of the amount of oil dissolved in water.
E)a scientific term for determining the solubility of a substance in water.

Question 29

Helium is an inert gas that rarely reacts with other elements because it has the maximum number of valence electrons in its outer shell.

Question 30

You notice that the majority of the electrons in NaCl spend their time around the chlorine.You also notice that the electrons in H₂ are evenly distributed among the two atoms.Which two types of bonds are represented in these molecules?

A)Covalent bonds in NaCl;ionic bonds in H₂.
B)Covalent bonds in NaCl;covalent bonds in H₂.
C)Ionic bonds in NaCl;ionic bonds in H₂.
D)Ionic bonds in NaCl;covalent bonds in H₂.

Question 31

One gram of hydrogen,which has an atomic mass of 1,would have fewer atoms than 1 gram of carbon that has an atomic mass of 12.

Question 32

Most enzymes or bioactive molecules work effectively within a broad range of pH.

Question 33

A significant role played by pH buffers is to

A)prevent fluctuations in the acidity of solutions.
B)increase the strength of acids and bases.
C)prevent fluctuations in the salinity of solutions.
D)limit major shifts in the amount of H⁺ and OH^- in solution.
E)keep pH low.

Question 34

The hydroxyl (OH^-)concentration of a solution with a pH of 8 would be 10^-6 molar.

Question 35

Isotopes are different forms of the same element.

Question 36

Zn + 2H⁺ = Zn2⁺ + H₂ is an example of a redox reaction.What is happening during this interaction? Is a bond created between the atoms during this reaction?

A)Oxidation reaction and acceptance of an electron;bond is formed.
B)Reduction reaction and acceptance of an electron;no bond is formed.
C)Reduction reaction and donation of an electron;no bond is formed.
D)Covalent interaction;bond is formeD.

Question 37

Table salt forms from sodium and chloride via hydrogen bonding.

Question 38

A dehydration reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller units requires the addition of a water molecule.

Question 39

The electronegativity of an atom is a measure of its ability to attract electrons to its outer shell from another atom.

Question 40

The addition of a strong acid like HCl to an aqueous solution would result in

A)the release of H⁺ into the solution.
B)an increase in pH.
C)a decrease in pH.
D)both the release of H⁺ and an increase in pH.
E)both the release of H⁺ and a decrease in pH.

Question 41

A bottle of Na in solution and a bottle of Cl in solution are mixed together.What type of bond will be created between the atoms,and what will be the product?

A)Covalent bonds;sodium chlorine
B)Ionic bonds;table salt
C)Hydrogen bonds;sodium hydroxide
D)Carbon bonds;carboxyl groups

Question 42

In the periodic table,the value that refers to the number of protons and neutrons is

A)atomic mass.
B)molecular molarity.
C)atomic molarity.
D)molecular number.

Question 43

Using the periodic table as a tool,identify the atomic characteristic that would most quickly and efficiently identify any single element.

A)number of shells
B)number of neutrons
C)number of protons and electrons
D)number of neutrons and electrons

Question 44

The single atom you would choose to remove from living organisms in order to remove the highest percentage of atoms would be

A)oxygen.
B)nitrogen.
C)hydrogen.
D)carbon.

Question 45

1 mole = 1000 millimoles (mmol);1millimole = 1000 micromoles (µmol).If a solution contains 38231 µmol,what is that amount in mmol?

A)382.31 mmol
B)38.231 mmol
C)3.8231 mmol
D)3823.1 mmol

Question 46

You want to simulate the production of carbon dioxide (CO₂)in a laboratory setting using carbon and oxygen atoms.What type of reactions do you need to facilitate in order to create CO₂?

A)An oxidation,or the gain of an electron,and a reduction,or the loss of an electron.
B)An oxidation,or the loss and electron,and a reduction,or the loss of an electron.
C)An oxidation,or the gain of an electron,and a reduction,or the gain of electron.
D)An oxidation,or the loss of an electron,and a reduction,or the gain of an electron.

Question 47

Five unknown compounds are added to water.Four of the compounds go into solution while one does not.What property does water possess that allows these four compounds to dissolve? Why might the fifth compound not dissolve?

A)The positive and negative charge in water will dissolve many substances;the substance is not structurally similar to water.
B)The negative charge of water dissolves many substances;the substance is too structurally similar to water.
C)The positive charge of water dissolves many substances;the substance is too structurally similar to water.
D)The nonpolar qualities of water dissolves many substances;the substance is not structurally similar to water.

Question 48

What would be the most likely outcome if water molecules had a straight geometry instead of a bent geometry?

A)Hydrogen bonding between water molecules would have potentially shorter bond distance.
B)The partially positive ends would be at the poles of the molecule and the partially negative would be in the middle.
C)Water would tend to stack more closely and water would become more dense.
D)Water would take up more physical space.
E)Basic principles of chemistry and bonding would be violated.

Question 49

During photosynthesis the reactants,carbon dioxide and water can become glucose and oxygen.Glucose and oxygen can also be reactants to form water and carbon dioxide.If the two reactions are working at a constant rate this would form a

A)homeostasis.
B)constant polarity.
C)universal balance.
D)chemical equilibrium.

Question 50

Water has fewer hydrogen atoms than lemon juice and a pH of around 7.Predict what will happen to the pH level of water when lemon juice is added.

A)The pH will become higher.
B)The pH will become lower.
C)The pH will remain the same.
D)There is not enough information to decide.

Question 51

If 1000 millimoles make up a mole,how many grams of magnesium (Mg),which has an atomic mass of 24.305,will make a solution of 150 µmol?

A)3.6mg
B)2.4mg
C)0.24mg
D)36mg

Question 52

You've been asked to stabilize a compound whose general state is altered by excess electrons.The element you would add to the compound to most effectively stabilize the compound would be? Why?

A)Carbon,because it is capable of neutralizing electrons.
B)Nitrogen,because it has five electrons on its outer shell.
C)Fluorine,because it is the greediest atom on the periodic table.
D)Oxygen,because it can easily bind with the compounD.

Question 53

You have been asked to synthesize a new isotope for cadmium.Which part of the original atom would you need to manipulate in order to create an isotope?

A)Neutrons
B)Protons
C)Protons and neutrons
D)Electrons

Question 54

What is most accurate when comparing solutions with a pH of 6 and a pH of 8?

A)The solution with a pH of 8 has a 100 times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6.
B)Solutions with a pH of 8 has a 2 times lower concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6.
C)The solution with a pH of 6 has a 100 times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 8.
D)The solution with a pH of 6 has a 100 times lower concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 8.
E)The solution with a pH of 6 has a 2 times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 8.

Question 55

You've been given three new elements.One element had all its protons removed,one element had all its neutrons removed,and one element had all its electrons removed.The removal that would have the largest effect on atomic mass would be

A)removing the protons.
B)removing the neutrons.
C)removing the electrons.
D)all the changes would affect the atomic mass.