Deck 4: General Features of Cells

Question 1

To observe the three-dimensional structure of a cell the best type of microscopy would be

A)fluorescence microscopy.
B)standard light microscopy.
C)scanning electron microscopy.
D)differential-interference light microscopy.
E)transmission electron microscopy.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

FtsZ,MreB,and CreS proteins regulate the shape and structure of bacterial (prokaryotes)cells.These proteins are homologous to the _______ in eukaryotes.

A)extracellular matrix
B)DNA processing enzymes
C)cytoskeleton
D)organelles
E)cell wall

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Prokaryotes such as bacteria cells differ from eukaryotes in that prokaryotes

A)lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
B)DNA is located within the cytosol.
C)have a simpler structure relative to eukaryotes.
D)possess membrane-bound organelles.
E)they are relatively small compared with eukaryotes.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In order to gain the highest resolution when looking at a cell the best type of microscopy is

A)phase-contrast light microscopy.
B)scanning electron microscopy.
C)differential-interference light microscopy.
D)confocal microscopy.
E)fluorescence microscopy.

Question 5

When a friend falls to the floor after drinking too much alcohol the organelle that will best help them to detoxify will be

A)lysosomes.
B)smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
C)mitochondrion.
D)Golgi apparatus.
E)peroxisomes.

Question 6

In order to visualize the fine structure of viruses and cytoskeletal filaments at 10-25 nanometers in diameter the type of microscopy that would be ideal is

A)standard light microscopy.
B)phase-contrast light microscopy.
C)transmission electron microscopy.
D)darkfield light microscopy.
E)differential-interference microscopy.

Question 7

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy differ because

A)transmission electron microscopy has high resolution,but scanning electron microscopy does not.
B)transmission electron microscopy shows contrast,but scanning electron microscopy does not.
C)transmission electron microscopy has much higher magnification than scanning electron microscopy.
D)transmission electron microscopy shows two-dimensional ultrastructure,while the scanning electron microscopy shows three-dimensional structure.
E)transmission electron microscopy uses light as an illumination source,while scanning electron microscopy uses electron beams as an illumination sourcE.

Question 8

A fabric company wants to create a new material based on cell research for the army that is able to bear high levels of tension efficiently.What cellular structure should be the target?

A)Microtubules.
B)Intermediate filaments.
C)Microfilaments.
D)Centrioles.
E)Pili.

Question 9

The gonads produce steroids.The specific steroid-producing organelle in gonad cells is

A)ribosomes.
B)lysosomes.
C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D)mitochondria.
E)contractile vacuolE.

Question 10

The specialized structure that stores pigments,water,inorganic ions and maintains turgor pressure is the

A)Golgi apparatus.
B)vacuole.
C)peroxisomes.
D)vesicles.
E)lysosomes.

Question 11

The organelle responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion by the cell is the

A)Golgi apparatus.
B)lysosome.
C)vesicle.
D)endoplasmic reticulum.
E)mitochondria.

Question 12

The nucleus is to eukaryotes as the ________ is to prokaryotes.

A)plasmid
B)RNA strand
C)ribosome
D)nucleoid
E)nucleolus

Question 13

The route that most accurately describes secretory protein movement through the endomembrane would be

A)Golgi apparatus $\rarr$ lysosome $\rarr$ vesicles $\rarr$ plasma membrane
B)plasmid $\rarr$ plasma membrane $\rarr$ nuclear envelope $\rarr$ smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C)nuclear envelope $\rarr$ vesicles $\rarr$ Golgi apparatus $\rarr$ plasma membrane
D)rough endoplasmic reticulum $\rarr$ lysosomes $\rarr$ vesicles $\rarr$ cell membrane
E)rough endoplasmic reticulum $\rarr$ Golgi apparatus $\rarr$ vesicles $\rarr$ plasma membrane

Question 14

Due to the lack of an enzyme to break down lipids,excess accumulation of lipids in the brain leads to a human disease called Tay Sachs syndrome.The organelle most likely to lack the proper enzyme needed for lipid breakdown is

A)lysosomes.
B)tonoplasts.
C)mitochondrion.
D)Golgi apparatus.
E)peroxisomes.

Question 15

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in eukaryotic cells that produce

A)steroids.
B)lipids.
C)glucose.
D)starches.
E)proteins.

Question 16

Eukaryotes such as animal and plants cells differ from prokaryotes in that prokaryotes

A)lack a true nucleus.
B)lack true DNA.
C)use the cells membrane rather than ribosomes for making proteins.
D)contain numerous organelles.
E)undergo sexual reproduction.

Question 17

During a period of low water availability,the prokaryotic structure that would protect a cell from desiccation (drying out)is the

A)pili.
B)plasma membrane.
C)nucleus.
D)cell wall.

Question 18

The structure that easily distinguishes a plant or animal cell from a bacteria is its

A)chloroplasts.
B)nucleoid.
C)cell wall.
D)Golgi apparatus.
E)mitochondria.

Question 19

In animal cells,microtubules grow from

A)the plasma membrane.
B)the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
C)centrosomes containing centrioles.
D)dimerization centers located throughout the cytosol.
E)the tips of the chromosomes.

Question 20

The general structural and functional differences between a nerve and smooth muscle cell within an individual are a result of

A)the proteome (proteins in a cell)that differ between muscle and nerve cells.
B)the genome (DNA in a cell)being different between muscle and nerve cells.
C)the relative amounts of certain proteins between muscle and nerve cells.
D)the proteome and the relative amounts of certain proteins that differ between muscle and nerve cells.
E)the genome and the relative amounts of certain proteins that differ between muscle and nerve cells.

Question 21

You design a drug that transforms skin cells into cells that secrete insulin.Which cellular aspect is the drug most likely to affect?

A)Phenotypic traits.
B)Epigenetics.
C)The proteome.
D)Transcriptional factors.

Question 22

The organelle that best enables an athlete's tissues to be metabolically active are

A)ribosomes.
B)lysosomes.
C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D)mitochondria.
E)contractile vacuoles.

Question 23

The flagellum is composed of a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules called the axoneme.

Question 24

The signal recognition particle (SRP)

A)binds to a receptor in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
B)docks with the ribosome over a rough ER channel protein.
C)helps a vesicle to bud from the rough ER.
D)recognizes the ER signal sequence.
E)places proteins in the cytoplasm.

Question 25

Cyanide binds and impairs one of the molecules involved in the oxidative phosphorylation of ATP.The target organelle for cyanide must be

A)peroxisomes.
B)lysosomes.
C)ribosomes.
D)the endoplasmic reticulum.
E)mitochondria.

Question 26

What organelle and function pair can best explain their ability to divide?

A)Chloroplasts and peroxisomes because they both have their own DNA.
B)Mitochondria and chloroplasts due to their association with endosymbiosis theory.
C)Ribosomes and mitochondria as each is a result of regression theory.
D)Peroxisomes and lysosomes are both derived from engulfed bacteria.

Question 27

Colorless plastids that store starch are ______and found in ______.

A)thyloplasts,amimals and plants
B)chloroplasts,plants
C)chromoplasts,bacteria and animals
D)amyloplasts,plants
E)fibroblasts,animals

Question 28

Myosin is a motor protein that walks along intermediate filaments.

Question 29

You inject a dye into a eukaryotic cell to detect a specific functional enzyme in the cytosol.Where would you need to inject the dye and what function might the enzyme have?

A)You would have to inject the dye into the membrane of the rough ER;the enzyme's function could be synthesis of lipids.
B)The dye would go between the plasma membrane and membrane of the organelles;the enzyme may be associated with glycolysis.
C)Injection of the dye must occur in the inner membrane space of the mitochondria;the enzyme may be part of the electron transport chain.
D)The Golgi apparatus holds the cytosol,and therefore the dye must be injected there;the enzyme may assist with protein packaging.

Question 30

Some cells alter their surface area to volume ratio by increasing their size or altering their shape.A classic example of this change is

A)cuboidal epithelial cells.
B)squamous cells.
C)neutrophil cells.
D)microvilli covered intestinal cells.
E)cytotoxic T cells.

Question 31

All plant cells contain centrioles.

Question 32

In eukaryotes,most proteins contain short stretches of amino acid sequences called sorting signals which direct the protein to the correct cellular location.

Question 33

If organelles are able to divide and reproduce themselves like a cell those most likely to have this ability would be

A)mitochondria only.
B)chloroplasts only.
C)peroxisomes only.
D)both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
E)mitochondria,chloroplasts,and lysosomes.

Question 34

A patient has reduced cellular synthesis complications including low amounts of cell membrane production and no synthesis of estrogen or testosterone.Identify the organelle-symptom pair that is defective.

A)Membrane symptoms will be associated with the Golgi and the estrogen and testosterone will be a problem with the rough ER.
B)Rough ER is responsible for the membrane symptom and the smooth ER for the estrogen and testosterone.
C)Smooth ER produces lipids for the cell membrane and the Golgi produces estrogen and testosterone.
D)Peroxisomes make membranes and rough ER produces estrogen and testosterone.

Question 35

The Endosymbiosis theory best describes the origins of peroxisomes in eukaryotes.

Question 36

Determine the order of the processes occurring as a protein travels through the endomembrane system.

Question 37

The genome has more influence on the function of cells in different organs than does the proteome.

Question 38

Materials move in and out of the nucleus via endocytosis and exocytosis.

Question 39

Fluorescence microscopy enables researchers to label and visualize a particular type of cellular protein or organelle.

Question 40

The cell is the basic structural/functional unit common to all living organisms.

Question 41

The major macromolecules of the ECM are _____

A)fat and nucleotides.
B)fat and proteins.
C)nucleotides and proteins.
D)polysaccharides and proteins.
E)polysaccharides and fat.

Question 42

Cell walls contain ____.

A)chitin
B)cellulose
C)proteoglycans
D)collagen
E)laminins

Question 43

Some tissues need to be able to expand and contract,such lungs during breathing and intestines during digestion.Predict which ECM protein would be abundant in these tissues.

A)laminin
B)glycosaminoglycans
C)collagen
D)elastin
E)fibronectin

Question 44

Signals can be sent from the ECM to the cell through _____.

A)connexins
B)cadherins
C)integrins
D)claudins
E)fibronectins

Question 45

Collagen _____

A)must be secreted from a cell.
B)functions inside a cell.
C)forms junctions between cells.
D)acts as an enzyme.
E)is part of a cell wall.

Question 46

Cells can sense changes in the environment through alterations in the extracellular matrix.

Question 47

If you wanted to separate cells from a plant tissue into individual cells you would need to disrupt _____.

A)middle lamella
B)hemidesmosomes
C)plasmodesmata
D)adherens junctions
E)primary cell walls

Question 48

In animals,_____ is largely composed of extracellular matrix.

A)intestine
B)muscle
C)cartilage
D)kidney
E)eye

Question 49

These anchorage junctions interact with intermediate filaments and anchor cells to the extracellular matrix.

A)focal adhesions
B)adherens junctions
C)fibronectin
D)hemidesmosomes
E)desmosomes

Question 50

______ collagen is the most rigid and is very abundant in bones and tendons.

A)Type IV
B)Type V
C)Type I
D)Type III
E)Type II

Question 51

To make the skin more flexible and remove wrinkles ______ could be injected beneath a person's skin.

A)proteoglycan
B)collagen
C)fibronectin
D)cellulose
E)laminin

Question 52

If a plant cell is stripped of its cell wall it forms a protoplast.A protoplast would

A)contain cellulose.
B)be less rigid than a plant cell.
C)be stronger than a plant cell.
D)be able to form middle lamellae with other protoplasts.

Question 53

Proteoglycans are _____

A)both composed of polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans and provide resistance to compression.
B)composed of polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans.
C)both composed of collagen and provide resistance to compression.
D)resistant to compression.
E)composed of collagen.

Question 54

Which statement comparing hemidesmosomes with desmosomes is TRUE?

A)Hemidesmosomes are found in plant cells while desmosomes are found in animal cells.
B)Hemidesmosomes interact with actin filaments while desmosomes interact with intermediate filaments.
C)Hemidesmosomes are anchorage junctions but desmosomes are not.
D)Hemidesmosomes anchor cells to the ECM while desmosomes anchor cells to other cells.
E)Both hemidesmosomes and desmosomes associate with integrin,but not cadherin molecules.

Question 55

The protective layer outside of the plasma membrane of the plant cell is called

A)cellulose.
B)proteoglycans.
C)the cell wall.
D)chitin.
E)pectin.

Question 56

If you tear your Achilles tendon you are damaging ECM-rich ________ tissue.

A)epithelial
B)hepatic
C)nervous
D)muscle
E)connective

Question 57

Patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have a defect in their ability to synthesize collagen.Predict the symptoms would you expect them to have?

A)Thicker extra cellular matrix.
B)Thinner cell walls.
C)Tight,inflexible skin.
D)Stronger than usual bones.
E)Hyper-flexible joints.

Question 58

Emphysema is caused by an increase in elastase that breaks down elastin.Predict the symptoms you would see in a patient with emphysema?

A)Decreased ability of the lungs to expand and contract.
B)Thickening of the cell wall.
C)Thinning of the cell wall.
D)Decreased flexibility in joints.
E)Thickening of the extra cellular matrix.

Question 59

If the tight junctions in the intestine were disrupted

A)intestinal cells could not attach to integral membrane proteins.
B)small molecules would not be able to move into cells lining the intestine.
C)small molecules would not be exchanged between neighboring intestinal cells.
D)intestinal cells could not attach to the extracellular matrix.
E)bacteria could move from the intestines to the bloodstream causing an infection.

Question 60

The bones and cartilage in animals serve the same function as ________ in plants?

A)phloem
B)capillaries
C)leaves
D)xylem
E)wood

Question 61

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans resist compression and are found in large abundance in joints of the body.

Question 62

Your research is based around the size and shape of the nucleus,and for this you need to differentiate the nucleus from other structures in the cell.The parameter of the microscope you would mainly need to change would be the

A)confocal.
B)contrast.
C)resolution.
D)phase.
E)magnification.

Question 63

If a drug blocked the activity of an integrin that cell would not be able to respond to changes in the ECM.

Question 64

Unlike animals,plants lack a cell junction where small molecules can move from one cell to another cell.

Question 65

Blood vessels that can expand and contract contain a lot of collagen as a structural extracellular matrix protein.

Question 66

The function of a cell is determined the amount of surface area it has.Is this statement true or false and why?

A)False.Fewer cells with equal mass will have greater surface area and therefore greater transport efficiency.
B)True.A cell with the same mass can increase surface area with structures like microvilli that enhance absorption functions.
C)False.Cells of equal mass cannot change their surface area;therefore cell mass determines cell function.
D)True.Greater cell mass always increases cell surface area leading to greater efficiency of transport.

Question 67

Wrinkling observed with aging is do to increased production of the extracellular matrix molecule,collagen.

Question 68

Cellulose in the cell wall is a primary energy store for plants.